Taxonomy & Classification

1.​ Q: What is the branch of science that deals with naming, identifying, and
classifying organisms called?​
​
A: Taxonomy.
2.​ Q: What is the smallest unit of classification in taxonomy?​
​
A: Species.
3.​ Q: How many living species have been scientifically named to date?​
​
A: 1,900,000 (1.9 million).
4.​ Q: How many total species are estimated to live on Earth?​
​
A: 30 million or more.
5.​ Q: How many kingdoms is the biological world divided into in the modern
classification system?​
​
A: 5 kingdoms.
6.​ Q: Whose classification system introduced kingdoms like 'Monera' and
'Plantae'?​
​
A: R.H. Whittaker's classification.
7.​ Q: Who is known as the Father of Zoology?​
​
A: Aristotle.
8.​ Q: Who is known as the Father of Botany?​
​
A: Theophrastus ($320\text{ BC}$).
9.​ Q: Who invented the binomial nomenclature system?​
​
A: Carolus Linnaeus.
10.​Q: In which book was binomial nomenclature first published?​
​
A: Species Plantarum.
11.​Q: What components make up a scientific name?​
​
A: Genus and Species.
12.​Q: What is the scientific name of humans?​
​
A: Homo sapiens.
13.​Q: What is the scientific name of the tiger (sometimes referred to locally as
'Tuli' or 'Puli')?​
 ​
A: Panthera tigris.
14.​Q: Grouping related organisms together is called what?​
​
A: Classification.

The Five Kingdoms & Microorganisms

15.​Q: What are organisms called that have only one cell in their body?​
​
A: Unicellular organisms.
16.​Q: What is the kingdom name for the animal world?​
​
A: Animalia.
17.​Q: What is the kingdom name for the plant world?​
​
A: Plantae.
18.​Q: What is the kingdom name for fungi?​
​
A: Fungi.
19.​Q: Unicellular and multicellular organisms belong to which respective
kingdoms?​
​
A: Protista and others (like Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).
20.​Q: Bacteria belong to which kingdom?​
​
A: Monera.
21.​Q: Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?​
​
A: Prokaryotic (they lack a true nucleus).
22.​Q: Name an organism belonging to the kingdom Monera.​
​
A: Vibrio cholerae.
23.​Q: Euglena belongs to which kingdom?​
​
A: Protista.
24.​Q: Amoeba belongs to which kingdom?​
​
A: Protista.
25.​Q: Give an example of a unicellular eukaryotic organism.​
​
A: Amoeba.
26.​Q: What entity is considered the borderline between living and non-living
things, invisible even under a light microscope?​
 ​
A: Virus.
27.​Q: What kind of disease is Rabies (Hydrophobia)?​
​
A: A viral disease.
28.​Q: Which microorganism is responsible for Typhoid and Cholera?​
​
A: Bacteria.
29.​Q: The organism that causes Typhoid belongs to which kingdom?​
​
A: Monera.
30.​Q: Which disease is characterized by fever with shivering?​
​
A: Malaria.
31.​Q: The microorganism that causes Malaria belongs to which kingdom?​
​
A: Protista.
32.​Q: The organism that causes Dysentery belongs to which kingdom?​
​
A: Protista.
33.​Q: What is the scientific name of the organism that causes dysentery?​
​
A: Entamoeba histolytica.
34.​Q: Ringworm (Dad) is caused by what type of organism?​
​
A: Fungi.
35.​Q: Which microorganism in the starter culture (saja) turns milk into curd?​
​
A: Bacteria.
36.​Q: What is the fungal body called, which lacks chlorophyll?​
​
A: Mycelium (made of hyphae).
37.​Q: What substance makes up the cell wall of fungi?​
​
A: Chitin.
38.​Q: To which kingdom does Mucor belong?​
​
A: Fungi.
39.​Q: Name two food items that develop fungal growth when they rot.​
​
A: Bread and Lemon.
40.​Q: Why are mushrooms white?​
​
A: Because they lack chlorophyll.
Animal Kingdom (Animalia)
41.​Q: What is a defining characteristic of vertebrates during their embryonic
stage?​
​
A: A rod-like structure called a notochord.
42.​Q: In vertebrates, what does the notochord develop into?​
​
A: Vertebral column (spine).
43.​Q: To which phylum does a prawn belong?​
​
A: Arthropoda.
44.​Q: To which phylum do snails and mussels belong?​
​
A: Mollusca.
45.​Q: To which phylum does an octopus belong?​
​
A: Mollusca.
46.​Q: What is the name of the phylum consisting of spiny-skinned animals?​
​
A: Echinodermata.
47.​Q: Sea urchins belong to which phylum?​
​
A: Echinodermata.
48.​Q: Roundworms belong to which phylum?​
​
A: Aschelminthes (Nematoda).
49.​Q: Name an animal that is incapable of locomotion.​
​
A: Sponge.
50.​Q: Which of the following is a cartilaginous fish? (Shark / Stingray / Koi /
Catla)​
​
A: Shark.
51.​Q: Which of the following is a vertebrate? (Earthworm / Snake / Leech /
Starfish)​
​
A: Snake.
52.​Q: Frogs, fishes, and snakes are examples of what type of animals based on
body temperature?​
​
A: Cold-blooded animals.
53.​Q: Which vertebrate lays eggs on land, grows on land, and moves by
dragging its chest on the ground?​
 ​
A: Reptile.
54.​Q: Which group do tortoises belong to?​
​
A: Reptiles.
55.​Q: Which animal lacks external ears? (Horse / Snake / Tiger / Pigeon)​
​
A: Snake.
56.​Q: What is a special characteristic of mammals?​
​
A: Presence of external ears (pinna) and hair.
57.​Q: What type of animal is a whale?​
​
A: A vertebrate and a mammal.
58.​Q: Name a flying mammal.​
​
A: Bat.
59.​Q: What is the scientific name of the Indian carp (Rui fish)?​
​
A: Labeo rohita.
60.​Q: What is the larval stage of a frog called?​
​
A: Tadpole.
61.​Q: Which animals have dry scales on their bodies?​
​
A: Reptiles.
62.​Q: Mammals belong to which phylum?​
​
A: Chordata.
63.​Q: Which class of animals nourishes its young with mother's milk?​
​
A: Mammals.
64.​Q: Animals whose bodies are full of pores are called what?​
​
A: Porifera (Sponges).
65.​Q: Name an animal that lives in the human intestine.​
​
A: Roundworm (or Tapeworm).
66.​Q: What is the scientific name of the tapeworm?​
​
A: Taenia solium.
67.​Q: Name an animal whose body is composed of ring-like segments.​
​
A: Earthworm.
68.​Q: What is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom?​
​
A: Arthropoda.
69.​Q: Insects, spiders, prawns, and crabs belong to which phylum?​
​
A: Arthropoda.
70.​Q: What is the defining feature of Arthropods?​
​
A: Jointed appendages (legs).
71.​Q: What is the calcareous outer covering of an oyster or snail called?​
​
A: Shell.
72.​Q: Name two animals that have a muscular foot.​
​
A: Snail and Mussel.
73.​Q: Which invertebrate phylum consists exclusively of marine animals?​
​
A: Echinodermata.
74.​Q: Give two examples of Echinoderms.​
​
A: Starfish and Sea cucumber.
75.​Q: Which animal has spiny skin and its mouth on the ventral (lower) side?​
​
A: Starfish.
76.​Q: In which phylum are tube feet found?​
​
A: Echinodermata.
77.​Q: Echinus (sea urchin) belongs to which phylum?​
​
A: Echinodermata.
78.​Q: Name two animals that do not have bones (skeleton).​
​
A: Octopus and Jellyfish.
79.​Q: What is the respiratory organ of a fish?​
​
A: Gills.
80.​Q: Name a fish that possesses lungs.​
​
A: Lungfish.
81.​Q: Name two amphibians.​
​
A: Frog and Salamander.
 82.​Q: Name a reptile that has a four-chambered heart.​
​
A: Crocodile.
83.​Q: Which classes of animals are considered cold-blooded?​
​
A: Pisces (Fish), Amphibia, and Reptilia.
84.​Q: Which class of animals has a body completely covered with feathers?​
​
A: Aves (Birds).
85.​Q: Which animal has webbed feet?​
​
A: Frog (or Duck).
86.​Q: What are the locomotory organs of a pigeon?​
​
A: A pair of wings and legs.
87.​Q: What covers the body of a mammal?​
​
A: Hair/Fur.
88.​Q: Name an egg-laying mammal.​
​
A: Platypus.

Plant Kingdom (Plantae)

89.​Q: What common feature is shared by algae, ferns, mosses, and paddy
plants?​
​
A: They can all produce their own food.
90.​Q: What type of plant is a potato plant?​
​
A: Herb (Birut).
91.​Q: Give an example of a shrub.​
​
A: China rose (Hibiscus).
92.​Q: What kind of plant is 'Water Silk' (Spirogyra)?​
​
A: Algae (Syaola).
93.​Q: In which of the following are rhizoids found? (Moss / Algae / Fungi /
Gymnosperm)​
​
A: Moss.
94.​Q: Which of the following is a non-flowering, autotrophic plant with
chlorophyll? (Hibiscus / Fern / Agaricus / Pinus)​
 ​
A: Fern.
95.​Q: Dheki Shak is an example of what type of plant?​
​
A: Fern.
96.​Q: What type of plant is Cycas?​
​
A: Gymnosperm.
97.​Q: Which plant has needle-like leaves and naked seeds arranged in a cone
resembling a wooden flower?​
​
A: Pine.
98.​Q: Woody female and male cones are formed in which plant?​
​
A: Pine tree.
99.​Q: What type of plant is a mango tree?​
​
A: Angiosperm.
100.​ Q: Gram (chickpea) is an example of what type of plant?​
​
A: Flowering plant (and Dicotyledon).
101.​ Q: What type of plant is a banana tree?​
​
A: Monocotyledon.
102.​ Q: What type of plant is a pumpkin?​
​
A: Dicotyledon.
103.​ Q: What type of plant is a Peepal (Ashwattha) tree?​
​
A: Dicotyledon.
104.​ Q: Plants categorized as 'Herbs' (Birut) have stems that are soft and what?​
​
A: Succulent (Juicy).
105.​ Q: A chili plant is a type of what?​
​
A: Shrub (Gulma).
106.​ Q: Plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves are called what?​
​
A: Thallophytes (Algae).
107.​ Q: Why are algae slippery?​
​
A: Due to the presence of mucilage.
108.​ Q: Give an example of a thalloid plant.​
​
A: Algae.
109.​ Q: In which plant is a 'capsule' structure seen?​
​
A: Moss.
110.​ Q: What is the most advanced among non-flowering plants?​
​
A: Ferns.
111.​ Q: The young leaves of which plant look like a dog's curled tail?​
​
A: Ferns.
112.​ Q: Which type of plant produces seeds but no fruits?​
​
A: Gymnosperms.
113.​ Q: If a seed is enclosed within a fruit, what kind of plant is it?​
​
A: Angiosperm.
114.​ Q: How many cotyledons are found when a paddy husk is removed?​
​
A: 1 cotyledon (Monocot).
115.​ Q: How many cotyledons are found when a pea seed coat is removed?​
​
A: 2 cotyledons (Dicot).
116.​ Q: If leaves have parallel venation on both sides of the midrib, what type
of plant is it?​
​
A: Monocotyledon.
117.​ Q: If leaves have reticulate (net-like) venation, what type of plant is it?​
​
A: Dicotyledon.
118.​ Q: What type of venation is seen in a mango leaf?​
​
A: Reticulate venation.
119.​ Q: What type of venation is seen in a taro (kochu) leaf?​
​
A: Parallel venation.
120.​ Q: What type of venation is seen in a banana leaf?​
​
A: Parallel venation.
121.​ Q: Name two herb (Birut) plants, one being monocot and the other dicot.​
​
A: Paddy (Monocot) and Gram (Dicot).
122.​ Q: What are bushy plants called?​
​
A: Shrubs (Gulma).
123.​ Q: Give an example of a unicellular plant.​
​
A: Volvox (or Chlamydomonas).
124.​ Q: Which algae is commonly known as Water Silk?​
​
A: Spirogyra.
125.​ Q: Give an example of an edible algae.​
​
A: Laminaria.
126.​ Q: Give an example of a plant known as the 'amphibian of the plant
kingdom'.​
​
A: Moss.
127.​ Q: Give an example of a thalloid moss.​
​
A: Riccia.
128.​ Q: Give an example of a leafy moss.​
​
A: Funaria.
129.​ Q: How do mosses primarily reproduce?​
​
A: Through spores.
130.​ Q: Give an example of a free-floating aquatic fern.​
​
A: Azolla.
131.​ Q: What type of plant is Sushni Shak?​
​
A: Pteridophyte (Fern).
132.​ Q: What is the stem of a fern plant called?​
​
A: Rhizome.
133.​ Q: How do non-flowering plants reproduce?​
​
A: By means of spores.
134.​ Q: Name two gymnosperms.​
​
A: Pine and Gnetum.
135.​ Q: Name a monocotyledonous cereal plant.​
​
A: Paddy (Rice).
 136.​ Q: Give the scientific name of an angiospermic dicot plant.​
​
A: Mango (Mangifera indica).
137.​ Q: What type of plant is a gram (chickpea)?​
​
A: Dicotyledonous herb (Birut).
138.​ Q: What is the cap-like structure on top of a moss plant containing spores
called?​
​
A: Capsule.

Cells & Microscopic Structures

139.​ Q: The small compartments that make up the bodies of all living
organisms are called what?​
​
A: Cells.
140.​ Q: What is the round structure found inside a cell called?​
​
A: Nucleus.
141.​ Q: Are protozoans unicellular or multicellular?​
​
A: Unicellular.
Force, Motion & Energy Concepts
1.​ Q: How is the state of motion described for all moving objects in the
universe?​
​
A: Relative motion.
2.​ Q: Which of the following is a non-contact force? (Mass / Weight / Volume /
Pressure)​
​
A: Magnetic force (or weight).
3.​ Q: In which of the following scenarios is a non-contact force being applied?
(Washing hands with soap / Brushing teeth / A ball falling downward due to
Earth's gravity / Hitting a ball with a cricket bat)​
​
A: A ball falling downward due to Earth's gravitational pull.
4.​ Q: What is the SI unit of weight?​
​
A: Newton ($\text{N}$).
5.​ Q: When kicking a football, which word best describes the action instead of
"kick"? (Pulling / Pushing / Shoving / Throwing)​
​
A: Push (or shove).
6.​ Q: Which of the following is a magnetic substance? (Nickel / Copper / Gold /
Silver)​
​
A: Nickel (or Iron).
7.​ Q: Which of the following is NOT a magnetic substance? (Nickel / Iron /
Copper / Cobalt)​
​
A: Copper (or Aluminium).
8.​ Q: What form of energy is stored in an object due to its change in shape or
deformation?​
​
A: Potential energy.
9.​ Q: Which of the following possesses both kinetic energy and potential
energy? (A flying bird / A stretched bow just before releasing an arrow / A
running sprinter / None of these)​
​
A: A flying bird.
10.​Q: The burning of paper is an example of which energy transformation?​
​
A: Chemical energy into light and heat energy.
11.​Q: When an electric horn is sounded, which energy conversion takes place?​
​
A: Electrical energy into sound energy.
12.​Q: Why does a rolling football stop after moving some distance across a
field?​
​
A: Due to the frictional force acting between the ball and the ground.
13.​Q: When quicklime is added to water, the vessel becomes hot. What energy
transformation occurs here?​
​
A: Chemical energy into heat energy.
14.​Q: Water evaporation plays a major role in generating which type of power?
(Thermal power / Hydroelectric power / Solar power / Wind power)​
​
A: Thermal power.
15.​Q: From which energy source does the majority of current human energy
demand come? (Solar / Chemical / Tidal / Fossil fuel)​
​
A: Fossil fuel energy.
16.​Q: From which raw material is kerosene derived?​
​
A: Petroleum.
17.​Q: Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel? (Coal / Natural gas / Petroleum
/ Straw)​
​
A: Straw.
18.​Q: Which energy source has NO direct relationship with the sun? (Coal /
Mineral oil / Nuclear energy / Hydroelectricity)​
​
A: Nuclear energy.
19.​Q: What is the mathematical formula for the kinetic energy of an object of
mass $m$ moving with velocity $v$?​
​
A: Kinetic Energy ($E_k$) = $\frac{1}{2}mv^2$.
20.​Q: What form of energy can ultimate forms of energy be converted into?​
​
A: Heat energy.
21.​Q: Solar energy is what type of energy source? (Non-renewable / Renewable /
Conventional)​
​
A: Renewable energy.
22.​Q: Which of the following is a conventional or non-renewable energy source?
(Natural gas / Water / Plants / Wind)​
 ​
A: Natural gas (or Coal / Petroleum).
23.​Q: What is the relationship between weight and mass?​
​
A: $\text{Weight (Weight / Force of gravity)} = \text{Mass} \times
\text{Acceleration due to gravity } (g)$.
24.​Q: What energy is stored in water droplets within clouds?​
​
A: Potential energy.
25.​Q: What is the SI unit of force?​
​
A: Newton ($\text{N}$).
26.​Q: How many dynes equal 1 Newton?​
​
A: $1\text{ N} = 10^5\text{ dynes}$.
27.​Q: What type of energy is supplied when lifting a bucket filled with water
vertically upwards?​
​
A: Potential energy.
28.​Q: Where do green plants directly obtain their energy from?​
​
A: The Sun (solar energy).
29.​Q: What form of energy is stored in the water stored behind a dam?​
​
A: Potential energy.
30.​Q: Name an energy source that is NOT derived from the Sun.​
​
A: Nuclear energy (or Geothermal energy / Tidal energy).
31.​Q: Name four non-conventional or renewable energy sources.​
​
A: Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, and biogas energy.
32.​Q: What energy conversion takes place in an electric rickshaw (Toto)?​
​
A: Chemical energy (from the battery) converts into kinetic/mechanical
energy.
33.​Q: Which energy conversion occurs when an electric bulb or tube light
switch is turned on?​
​
A: Electrical energy converts into light energy and heat energy.
34.​Q: Which form of energy is harnessed to sail a sailboat?​
​
A: Kinetic energy of wind.
 35.​Q: Give an example of a contact force.​
​
A: Frictional force.
36.​Q: Name two alternative fuels recommended to address the energy crisis.​
​
A: Biogas and synthetic fuels (such as biodiesel).
37.​Q: Does frictional force depend on the surface area of contact or the nature of
the surface?​
​
A: Nature of the contact surface.

Ecosystem, Food Chains & Energy Flow

38.​Q: Which organism is a primary consumer (herbivore)? (Rabbit / Frog /
Hyena / Snake)​
​
A: Rabbit (or Deer).
39.​Q: Phytoplankton occupies which role in an ecosystem? (Primary consumer /
Secondary consumer / Decomposer / Producer)​
​
A: Producer.
40.​Q: Which group occupies the bottom-most level of a food pyramid?​
​
A: Producers.
41.​Q: Which level occupies the top position of a food pyramid?​
​
A: Tertiary / Apex consumers.
42.​Q: What is the primary source of energy in any food chain?​
​
A: The Sun.
43.​Q: Which of the following food chains represents a correct sequence?
($\text{Grass} \rightarrow \text{Deer} \rightarrow \text{Snake}$ /
$\text{Grass} \rightarrow \text{Grasshopper} \rightarrow \text{Frog}
\rightarrow \text{Snake} \rightarrow \text{Mongoose}$)​
​
A: $\text{Grass} \rightarrow \text{Grasshopper} \rightarrow \text{Frog}
\rightarrow \text{Snake} \rightarrow \text{Mongoose}$.
44.​Q: The diagrammatic representation $\text{Sun} \rightarrow \text{Plant}
\rightarrow \text{Grasshopper} \rightarrow \text{Frog} \rightarrow
\text{Snake} \rightarrow \text{Peacock} \rightarrow \text{Tiger}$ is an
example of what?​
​
A: Food chain.
 45.​Q: What form of energy is stored inside food?​
​
A: Chemical energy.
46.​Q: Which animal consumes plants directly? (Lizard / Cow / Frog / Hawk)​
​
A: Cow.
47.​Q: What percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the
next, according to Lindeman's rule?​
​
A: $10\%$.
48.​Q: What ecological role does a crow play? (Primary consumer / Secondary
consumer / Omnivore / Producer)​
​
A: Omnivore.
49.​Q: What is the direction of energy flow in an ecosystem?​
​
A: Unidirectional (one-way).
50.​Q: What is each individual step or level in a food pyramid called?​
​
A: Trophic level (or nutrition level).
51.​Q: Which trophic level contains the maximum number of individual
organisms in a food pyramid?​
​
A: Producer level.
52.​Q: What do primary consumers feed upon to derive energy?​
​
A: Producers (green plants).
53.​Q: What organisms act as producers in an environment or food chain?​
​
A: Green plants.
54.​Q: What fraction of captured solar energy can green plants store within their
bodies during food production?​
​
A: Approximately $10\%$.
55.​Q: Which ecological law explains the loss of energy during transfer between
trophic levels?​
​
A: Lindeman's Ten Percent Law.
56.​Q: Which scientist provided the formal scientific definition of a food chain?​
​
A: Eugene Odum.

Fill in the Blanks / One-Line Statements

57.​Q: When pulling up a zipper on a bag or shirt, what type of force is applied?​
​
A: Pulling force.
58.​Q: What is required to compress or stretch an object?​
​
A: Force.
59.​Q: What is another term for gravitational force acting on a body?​
​
A: Weight.
60.​Q: What energy is stored in a compressed spring?​
​
A: Potential energy.
61.​Q: What two forms of energy make up total mechanical energy?​
​
A: Mechanical Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy.
62.​Q: What is the value of acceleration due to gravity ($g$) at the Earth's surface
in SI units?​
​
A: $9.8\text{ m/s}^2$.
63.​Q: Which fossil fuels are primarily burned to generate thermal electricity?​
​
A: Coal and Petroleum.
64.​Q: What type of force is gravity?​
​
A: Non-contact force.
65.​Q: When an object is lifted above the ground, what does it gain the capacity
to do?​
​
A: Perform work (gains potential energy).
66.​Q: Where does the human body replenish the energy lost through hard
physical labor?​
​
A: From food.
67.​Q: Into what form of energy do green plants convert solar energy during
photosynthesis?​
​
A: Chemical energy.
68.​Q: What is transferred sequentially from one organism to another along a
food chain?​
​
A: Energy.
69.​Q: Which organism can occupy multiple consumer levels except that of the
producer in a food web?​
​
A: Humans.
70.​Q: What network is formed by the interconnection of multiple food chains?​
​
A: Food web.
71.​Q: How does the smoothness of a surface affect the magnitude of frictional
force?​
​
A: The smoother the surface, the smaller the frictional force.
72.​Q: What is the structural/functional unit of a food chain called?​
​
A: Trophic level.
73.​Q: What is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms on Earth?​
​
A: The Sun.
74.​Q: What effect does friction have on the temperature of contacting moving
objects?​
​
A: Friction causes an increase in temperature.
75.​Q: Give an example of a secondary consumer.​
​
A: Frog.
76.​Q: How does frictional force affect the motion of a moving body?​
​
A: Friction opposes and hinders the motion of a moving body.
77.​Q: Why are green plants called producers?​
​
A: Because they synthesize their own food inside their bodies using sunlight.
78.​Q: What happens to the weight of an object if it is taken deep inside a mine
shaft?​
​
A: The weight decreases.
79.​Q: What happens to the weight of an object as it is taken higher above the
surface of the Earth?​
​
A: The weight decreases.
80.​Q: What happens to the weight of an object if its mass increases?​
​
A: The weight increases.
Multiple Choice Questions
1.​ Q: Which of the following is a simple machine? (Sewing machine / Drill
machine / Blade / Printing machine)​
​
A: Blade.
2.​ Q: Which of the following is an example of a complex machine? (Scissors /
Crowbar / Drill machine / Blade)​
​
A: Drill machine.
3.​ Q: The mechanical advantage of a first-class lever is— (equal to 1 / greater
than 1 / equal to, greater than, or less than 1 / less than 1)​
​
A: Equal to, greater than, or less than 1.
4.​ Q: Which of the following is a double first-class lever? (Tongs / Pincers /
Nutcracker / Human arm)​
​
A: Pincers.
5.​ Q: Which class of lever is a fishing rod? (First / Second / Third / None of
these)​
​
A: Third-class lever.
6.​ Q: The human arm acts as which class of lever? (First-class / Second-class /
Third-class / Combination of first, second, and third-class levers)​
​
A: Third-class lever.
7.​ Q: When a weight is placed on the palm of a human hand, where is the
fulcrum located? (Elbow / Shoulder / Weight position / Muscle of the hand)​
​
A: Elbow.
8.​ Q: Which pair does NOT contain a second-class lever? (Scissors and
Nutcracker / Oar of a boat and Fishing rod / Nail puller and Human arm /
Shovel and Bottle opener)​
​
A: Nail puller and Human arm.
9.​ Q: What type of machine is an inclined plane? (Simple machine / Complex
machine / Lever / Pulley)​
​
A: Simple machine.
10.​Q: As the inclination of an inclined plane increases, its mechanical
advantage— (increases / decreases / may increase / may decrease)​
​
A: Increases.
 11.​Q: Since the length of an inclined plane is greater than its height, its
mechanical advantage is— (greater than 1 / equal to 1 / less than 1 / zero)​
​
A: Greater than 1.
12.​Q: A pulley changes the direction of the applied force to— (straight / opposite
/ same / diagonal)​
​
A: Opposite.
13.​Q: By applying less effort to a wheel and axle, what kind of mechanical
advantage is obtained? (Less mechanical advantage / More mechanical
advantage / Equal mechanical advantage / No mechanical advantage)​
​
A: More mechanical advantage.
14.​Q: The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is— (less than 1 / equal to 1
/ greater than 1 / zero)​
​
A: Greater than 1.
15.​Q: In a wheel and axle system, the wheel, axle, and rope rotate— (in the same
direction / in opposite directions / perpendicular to each other / no
relationship)​
​
A: In opposite directions.
16.​Q: Which device is an example of a wheel and axle? (Pliers / Screwdriver /
Spoon / One-wheeled wheelbarrow)​
​
A: Screwdriver.
17.​Q: A radio knob is an example of which simple machine? (Pulley / Lever /
Wheel and axle / Inclined plane)​
​
A: Wheel and axle.
18.​Q: The zipper mechanism of a bag resembles which simple machine? (Lever
/ Inclined plane / Pulley / Wheel and axle)​
​
A: Inclined plane.
19.​Q: What is used to reduce friction in the moving parts of a machine?
(Lubricating oil / Water / Flour paste / Soil)​
​
A: Lubricating oil.

Fill in the Blanks

20.​Q: Less force is required to overcome resistance with the help of a ____.​
​
A: Machine.
21.​Q: In the handle of a tubewell, the effort arm is ____ than the resistance arm.​
​
A: Greater.
22.​Q: A pulley is a ____ machine.​
​
A: Simple.
23.​Q: The handle of a tubewell is a ____ class lever.​
​
A: First.
24.​Q: A nutcracker used for cutting betel nuts is a ____ class lever.​
​
A: Second.
25.​Q: The mechanical advantage of a ____ class lever is always greater than 1.​
​
A: Second.
26.​Q: Forceps (tongs) are an example of a ____ class lever.​
​
A: Third.
27.​Q: In a third-class lever, ____ force is applied to lift a load.​
​
A: More.
28.​Q: The mechanical advantage of a ____ class lever is always less than 1.​
​
A: Third.
29.​Q: A heavy cargo lifting crane acts as a ____ class lever.​
​
A: Third.
30.​Q: As a leaning ladder is moved further away from the wall, its mechanical
advantage ____.​
​
A: Decreases.
31.​Q: The ____ the angle between the ground and an inclined plane, the greater
the mechanical advantage.​
​
A: Smaller.
32.​Q: Slanted wooden planks used to roll drums upward, leaning ladders,
winding staircases, and bridges are examples of ____.​
​
A: Inclined planes.
33.​Q: The metal threading on a screw is essentially an ____.​
​
A: Inclined plane.
 34.​Q: Another name for a pulley is ____.​
​
A: Block and tackle / Pulley system.
35.​Q: The simple machine used while hoisting a flag is a ____.​
​
A: Pulley.
36.​Q: The handle of a screwdriver acts as the ____ in a wheel and axle system.​
​
A: Wheel.
37.​Q: Both the wheel and the axle rotate freely around a central ____.​
​
A: Axis of rotation.
38.​Q: A machine causes disadvantage instead of advantage when the resistance
moved is ____ than the applied force.​
​
A: Less.
39.​Q: Machines require regular ____ and maintenance.​
​
A: Proper use.

State True or False

40.​Q: State True or False: Simple machines work with the same speed and
precision as complex machines.​
​
A: False (Complex machines work much faster and with greater precision than
simple machines).
41.​Q: State True or False: A computer is a simple machine.​
​
A: False (It is a complex machine).
42.​Q: State True or False: A lever is a complex machine.​
​
A: False (It is a simple machine).
43.​Q: State True or False: The fulcrum of a spinner is located in the middle.​
​
A: True.
44.​Q: State True or False: A bicycle handle acts as a first-class lever.​
​
A: True.
45.​Q: State True or False: An inclined plane is a flat board or similar flat surface
placed at an acute angle to the ground.​
​
A: True.
 46.​Q: State True or False: Climbing a coconut tree using a leaning ladder
requires more effort than climbing without one.​
​
A: False (It requires less effort).
47.​Q: State True or False: Climbing to the roof via stairs is easier than climbing
directly up a wall.​
​
A: True.
48.​Q: State True or False: Riding a bicycle up a bridge with a steep slope is easier
than riding up a bridge with a gentle slope.​
​
A: False (Steep slopes require more effort).
49.​Q: State True or False: A screw provides much greater mechanical advantage
than a simple nail.​
​
A: True.
50.​Q: State True or False: To lift an object upward using a pulley, force is applied
downward on the rope.​
​
A: True.
51.​Q: State True or False: Keeping a machine in dust-free air reduces its
lifespan.​
​
A: False (It increases the machine's lifespan).
52.​Q: State True or False: Temperature decreases in machine parts due to
friction.​
​
A: False (Friction increases temperature).

One-Word / Short Answer Questions

53.​Q: Name four simple machines.​
​
A: Pen, knife, saw, and spade.
54.​Q: Name four complex machines.​
​
A: Sewing machine, bicycle, wall clock, and computer.
55.​Q: Separate the following into simple and complex machines: Fan, Hammer,
Plough, Tractor, Chopping knife (Boti), Printing machine.​
​
A:
○​ Simple Machines: Hammer, Plough, Chopping knife (Boti)
○​ Complex Machines: Fan, Tractor, Printing machine
56.​Q: What type of machine is a needle?​
​
A: A simple machine.
57.​Q: Give an example of a complex calculating machine.​
​
A: Computer.
58.​Q: Name a simple machine used by mothers while cooking.​
​
A: Pincers, spatula, or ladle.
59.​Q: Name a simple machine that you use daily.​
​
A: Toothbrush (lever).
60.​Q: What is the efficiency of an ideal machine?​
​
A: $100\%$.
61.​Q: Which simple machine is present in your pencil box?​
​
A: Ruler (inclined plane/lever) or sharpener.
62.​Q: What is another term for a lever bar?​
​
A: Rigid rod.
63.​Q: Where is the fulcrum located in your human arm (third-class lever)?​
​
A: At the elbow joint.
64.​Q: Which class of lever is a boat's oar?​
​
A: Second-class lever.
65.​Q: What is the mechanical advantage of a physical balance (weighing scale)?​
​
A: $1$.
66.​Q: Give an example of a first-class lever where the effort arm length equals
the load arm length.​
​
A: Physical balance (beam balance).
67.​Q: Name a tool where two first-class levers work together.​
​
A: Scissors / Pincers / Pliers.
68.​Q: Where is effort applied and where is work performed on a crowbar?​
​
A: Effort is applied at the handle end, and work is performed at the opposite
end (load point).
69.​Q: Name a tool in which a first-class lever and a second-class lever work
together.​
 ​
A: A spanner used for turning a screw nut.
70.​Q: Which class of lever is a bicycle pedal?​
​
A: Third-class lever.
71.​Q: Which class of lever is used to achieve a larger displacement of weight?​
​
A: Third-class lever.
72.​Q: Give an example of a lever used to lift heavy objects.​
​
A: Crowbar.
73.​Q: Which human body part is formed by two inclined planes joined together?​
​
A: Teeth.
74.​Q: Name two household items that act as inclined planes.​
​
A: Stairs and ladders.
75.​Q: Which tool would you use to drive a nail into a wooden block?​
​
A: Hammer.
76.​Q: Which mechanical principle is applied in a screw?​
​
A: Inclined plane principle.
77.​Q: How many main parts does a wheel and axle consist of?​
​
A: Two parts: the wheel (larger radius) and the axle (smaller radius).
78.​Q: Where is effort applied in a wheel and axle system?​
​
A: On the wheel.
79.​Q: Which simple machine makes drawing water from a well convenient?​
​
A: Pulley.
80.​Q: What simple machine is created by inserting a pencil or pen tightly
through the center of a circular cardboard disc?​
​
A: Wheel and axle.
81.​Q: Which part of a machine experiences maximum friction?​
​
A: The rotating or moving parts.
Pressure, Force & Applications
1.​ Q: What physical quantity measures the effect of force acting on a surface?​
A: Pressure.
2.​ Q: What is the force applied per unit area called?​
A: Pressure.
3.​ Q: What is the SI unit of pressure?​
A: Newton per square meter , also known as Pascal .
4.​ Q: What is the SI unit of thrust (normal force)?​
A: Newton .
5.​ Q: How are pressure and surface area related when force remains constant?​
A: They are inversely proportional , pressure = force / area
6.​ Q: What happens to pressure if the contact area increases while force
remains constant?​
A: Pressure decreases.
7.​ Q: What happens to the required force if area increases while keeping
pressure constant?​
A: The required force increases
8.​ Q: Why does a sharp nail penetrate a surface more easily than a blunt one?​
A: The pointed tip has a small contact area, which concentrates the force to
generate higher pressure.
9.​ Q: Why are the foundations of high-rise buildings made broad?​
A: A broader area distributes the weight of the building, reducing the pressure
exerted on the ground.
10.​Q: Why do wide tractor tires prevent the vehicle from sinking into soft soil?​
A: The wide surface area reduces the pressure exerted on the soil by spreading
out the tractor's weight.
11.​Q: If a small paper and a large paper are placed in air, which experiences a
greater force from air pressure?​
A: The larger piece of paper, because it presents a larger surface area for air
pressure to act upon ($\text{Force} = \text{Pressure} \times \text{Area}$).

Atmospheric Pressure
12.​Q: Why does air exert pressure?​
A: Air has mass and weight, which exerts a gravitational downward force on
surfaces.
13.​Q: Where is atmospheric pressure highest on Earth?​
A: At sea level.
14.​Q: How does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?​
A: Pressure decreases as altitude (height) increases.
15.​Q: Why is atmospheric pressure lower in Darjeeling than in Puri?​
A: Darjeeling is located at a higher elevation, where the air column above it is
shorter and less dense than at sea level (Puri).
 16.​Q: What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?​
A: Barometer.
17.​Q: Standard atmospheric pressure is equivalent to the pressure exerted by
what height of a water column?​
A: $10.36\text{ meters}$.
18.​Q: What mechanism allows ink to be drawn into a fountain pen using a
dropper?​
A: External atmospheric pressure forces the liquid into the lower-pressure
cavity created inside the dropper.
19.​Q: How do lizards stick to smooth vertical walls?​
A: The soles of a lizard's feet feature small suction cavities that create a
vacuum, held in place by external atmospheric pressure.

Hydrostatics & Liquid Pressure

23.​Q: What are liquids and gases collectively called in science?​
A: Fluids.
24.​Q: What primary factors determine liquid pressure at a point?​
A: The depth of the liquid and its density.
25.​Q: Does liquid pressure depend on the total volume or quantity of liquid?​
A: No, liquid pressure depends only on depth and liquid density, independent
of total quantity.
26.​Q: How does liquid pressure vary with depth?​
A: Pressure increases uniformly in all directions as depth increases.
27.​Q: Why is seawater pressure greater than river water pressure at the same
depth?​
A: Seawater has higher density than fresh river water due to dissolved salts.
28.​Q: At equal depth, why is water pressure less than glycerin pressure?​
A: Water has a lower mass density than glycerin.
29.​Q: How do upward and downward pressures compare at any point inside a
stationary fluid?​
A: Upward pressure and downward pressure are equal at the same point.
30.​Q: What is the pressure relationship across points on the same horizontal
plane inside a liquid?​
A: Pressure is equal at all points along the same horizontal line.
31.​Q: What shape does the free surface of a stationary liquid take?​
A: It remains horizontal.
32.​Q: What is lateral pressure, and what action demonstrates it?​
A: Lateral pressure is the sideways force exerted by a fluid on container walls,
causing liquid to leak horizontally through side punctures.
33.​Q: Why does water flow fastest from taps on the ground floor of a building
and slowest on the top floor?​
A: The ground floor has the largest vertical depth of water column above it,
generating maximum water pressure.
 34.​Q: What force enables a swimmer or object to float in water?​
A: Upward liquid pressure (buoyant force / buoyancy).

Fluid Dynamics & Bernoulli's Principle

36.​Q: What controls the direction of fluid flow?​
A: Pressure differences; fluids naturally move from regions of higher pressure
to lower pressure.
37.​Q: Which scientist formulated the fundamental principles governing fluids
in motion?​
A: Daniel Bernoulli.
38.​Q: What happens to fluid pressure where moving air velocity is high?​
A: Pressure decreases.
39.​Q: What conditions are required for Bernoulli's principle to apply?​
A: Streamline (laminar) flow of an incompressible fluid.
40.​Q: Name real-world examples that operate on Bernoulli’s principle.​
A: Aerodynamic lift on airplane wings, atomizers (perfume sprayers), and flags
fluttering in strong winds.
Question 1: Liquid Pressure Increases with Depth
Question: Show with the help of an experiment that liquid pressure increases with
depth. Or, describe with a diagram an experiment to show that water pressure
increases with depth.

Materials Required:
1.​ A container open at one end (e.g., a tall plastic bottle/jar)
2.​ Water
3.​ A thick nail
4.​ Cork stoppers
5.​ A horizontal table

Procedure:
1.​ Take a container open at one end and make three holes along its side at
different levels: near the top, in the middle, and near the bottom.
2.​ Plug all three holes using cork stoppers.
3.​ Place the container on a horizontal table and fill it completely with water.
4.​ Remove all three cork stoppers simultaneously.

Observation:
●​ Water comes out with the least force and falls closest to the base from the top
hole.
●​ Water spurts out with maximum force and falls furthest away from the bottom
hole.

Explanation & Conclusion:

The speed of water coming out of a hole depends strictly on the water pressure at that
specific point, not on the total volume of water present in the container. Since the
depth of water is greatest at the bottom hole, the pressure is also highest there. This
proves that liquid pressure increases with an increase in depth.
2. Write down the definition of Hydrostatic property

Ans : When a liquid is poured into interconnected vessels of different shapes and
sizes, the liquid enters all vessels and rises to the exact same horizontal height in
each. This natural tendency of liquids to maintain a uniform level across connected
vessels is called the hydrostatic property of liquids.

3. Do an experiment to prove the hydrostatic nature of water .

Ans: Materials Required:
1.​ A large horizontal base container filled with water
2.​ Multiple connected vessels of different shapes and sizes positioned on the
same plane
3.​ A side inlet pipe

Procedure:
Water is poured into the system through the side inlet tube connected to the large
base vessel.

Observation:
As soon as water enters the main vessel, it flows into all interconnected vertical
vessels. Even though the shape and volume of water in each vessel differ, the free
surface level of water remains identical in every single vessel.

Explanation & Conclusion:

Pressure at any point on the same horizontal plane in a fluid at rest must be equal.
Since liquid pressure depends only on the vertical height of the liquid column (and
not on shape or volume), the water level reaches equal height across all connected
vessels
Common Machines: Class 6 Science Notes
1. What is a Common Machine?
A common machine is any man-made device or tool that helps us perform work
easily, quickly, and with less physical effort.
●​ Examples: Scissors, pliers, crowbars, bicycles, sewing machines, and cranes.

2. Simple Machine
A simple machine is a basic tool with few or no moving parts that changes the
direction or magnitude of a force, making work easier to accomplish.
●​ Examples: Lever (e.g., crowbar), inclined plane (e.g., ramp), pulley, wheel and
axle, wedge, and screw.

3. Complex Machine
A complex machine (or compound machine) is a device made up of two or more
simple machines working together to perform a specific task.
●​ Examples: Bicycle (uses wheel & axle, levers, gears, and screws), sewing
machine, lawnmower, car, and crane.

4. Differences Between Simple Machine and Complex Machine

Feature Simple Machine Complex Machine

Structure Made of few or no moving Made of two or more

parts. simple machines
combined.

Construction Simple and lightweight. Complicated and generally

heavier.

Energy Use Usually powered manually by Often powered by

human or animal muscle. electricity, fuel, or motors.

Maintenance Requires very little Requires regular cleaning,

maintenance. oiling, and care.
 Examples Scissors, ramp, claw hammer, Bicycle, sewing machine,
pulley. drill machine, car.

5. Lever
A lever is a rigid rod or bar that can rotate freely around a fixed pivot point (fulcrum)
when a force is applied to move a load. It is one of the simplest machines.

6. Effort
Effort is the force applied by an external source (such as human hands) onto a
machine to perform work or overcome a resistance.

7. Resistance (or Load)

Resistance (also called the Load) is the force, weight, or object that the machine has
to overcome or move using the applied effort.

8. Fulcrum
The fulcrum is the fixed support point around which a lever pivots or rotates.

9. First Class Lever

A first class lever is a lever in which the fulcrum is positioned between the effort
and the load/resistance ( Effort - Fulcrum - Load ).
●​ Examples: Scissors, pliers, seesaw, claw hammer pulling out a nail, and
crowbar.

10. Second Class Lever

A second class lever is a lever in which the load/resistance is positioned between the
fulcrum and the effort (Fulcrum - Load - Effort)
●​ Examples: Wheelbarrow, nutcracker, bottle opener, and paper cutter.
11. Third Class Lever
A third class lever is a lever in which the effort is applied between the fulcrum and
the load/resistance ( Fulcrum - Effort - Load )
●​ Examples: Human forearm holding a weight, ice tongs, tweezers, and a fishing
rod.

12. Inclined Plane

An inclined plane is a flat, sloping surface that connects a lower level to a higher
level, allowing heavy objects to be moved up with less force than lifting them straight
up.
●​ Example of Use: Sloped ramps outside hospitals, schools, or loading trucks to
easily roll heavy items or wheelchairs upwards.

13. Screw & Nail Comparison

●​ Screw: A screw is essentially an inclined plane wrapped spirally around a
central cylinder or rod.
●​ Which is more convenient to use?
A screw is more convenient and holds objects much more securely than a plain
nail.
●​ Why?
The spiral threads on a screw act like a continuous inclined plane. This allows
a smaller rotational effort to drive the screw into wood or metal, creating tight
friction and a far stronger grip that prevents it from pulling out easily.
14. Pulley
A pulley consists of a wheel with a grooved rim through which a rope, chain, or cable
runs. It changes the direction of the applied force, making lifting objects much easier.
●​ Example of Use: Drawing water out of a deep well using a rope and bucket, or
hoisting a flag up a flagpole.

15. Wheel and Axie and rotating axis

1. Wheel and Axle

A wheel and axle is a simple machine consisting of two circular objects of different
sizes that are joined together so that they rotate around the same central line.

●​ Wheel: The larger outer cylinder or circular disk.

●​ Axle: The smaller inner cylinder or rod attached directly to the center of the
wheel.
●​ How it works: When you turn the larger wheel, the smaller axle turns with it
(and vice-versa). Because the wheel is larger, applying a force to the outer rim
provides a mechanical advantage, making it much easier to rotate the inner
axle or lift heavy loads attached to a rope wound around the axle.
●​ Examples: Door knobs, steering wheels, screwdrivers, bicycle pedals, and
water well winches.
 2. Rotating Axis (Axis of Rotation)

A rotating axis (or axis of rotation) is the straight imaginary or physical line about
which a three-dimensional body turns or spins.

●​ How it works: Every point on the rotating object moves in a circular path
around this central line. Points on the line itself remain stationary relative to
the rotating body.
●​ Examples:
○​ Fan / Wheel: The central spindle or fixed shaft that the fan blades or
wheels spin around.

16. Why Machines Need Maintenance

Machines require regular maintenance for the following reasons:
1.​ Prevents Wear and Tear: Continuous movement creates friction, which
damages parts over time. Oiling and greasing reduce friction.
2.​ Rust Protection: Metal components exposed to air and moisture rust easily;
regular cleaning and painting protect them.
3.​ Smooth Operation: Well-maintained machines work efficiently and consume
less effort or fuel.
4.​ Safety and Longer Life: Proper upkeep prevents sudden breakdowns, extends
the life of the machine, and keeps the user safe from accidents.