Computer Networks
Networking
What is Computer network?
A collection of computing devices that are connected
in various ways in order to communicate and share
resources.
Usually, the connections between computers in a
network are made using physical wires or cables.
However, some connections are wireless, using radio
waves or infrared signals
Networking
The generic term node or host refers to any device
on a network
Data transfer rate The speed with which data is
moved from one place on a network to another
Data transfer rate is a key issue in computer networks
Networking
Computer networks have opened up an entire
frontier in the world of computing called the
client/server model
Figure Client/Server interaction
Networking
File server A computer that stores and manages
files for multiple users on a network
Web server A computer dedicated to responding
to requests (from the browser client) for web pages
Types of Networks
Local-area network (LAN) A network that
connects a relatively small number of machines in a
relatively close geographical area
Types of Networks
Various configurations, called topologies,
have been used to administer LANs
Ring topology A configuration that connects all
nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel
in one direction
Star topology A configuration that centers
around one node to which all others are
connected and through which all messages are
sent
Bus topology All nodes are connected to a
single communication line that carries messages
in both directions
Types of Networks
A bus technology called Ethernet has become the
industry standard for local-area networks
Figure Various network topologies
Types of Networks
Wide-area network (WAN) A network that
connects two or more local-area networks over a
potentially large geographic distance
Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to
serve as a gateway to handle all communication
going between that LAN and other networks
Communication between networks is called
internetworking
The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially
the ultimate wide-area network, spanning the
entire globe
Types of Networks
Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The
communication infrastructures that have been
developed in and around large cities
So, who owns the Internet?
Well, nobody does. No single person or company
owns the Internet or even controls it entirely. As a
wide-area network, it is made up of many smaller
networks. These smaller networks are often owned
and managed by a person or organization. The
Internet, then, is really defined by how connections
can be made between these networks.
Types of Networks
Figure Local-area networks connected across a distance to create a
wide-area network
Internet Connections
Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks
that carry Internet traffic
These networks are provided by companies such as
AT&T, GTE, and IBM
Internet service provider (ISP) A company that
provides other companies or individuals with access
to the Internet
Internet Connections
There are various technologies available that you
can use to connect a home computer to the Internet
A phone modem converts computer data into an
analog audio signal for transfer over a telephone line,
and then a modem at the destination converts it back
again into data
A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper
phone lines to transfer digital data to and from the
phone company’s central office
A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV
signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth
Internet Connections
Broadband A connection in which transfer
speeds are faster than 128 bits per second
DSL connections and cable modems are
broadband connections
The speed for downloads (getting data from the
Internet to your home computer) may not be the
same as uploads (sending data from your home
computer to the Internet)
Open Systems
The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) established the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
Each layer deals with a particular aspect of network
communication
Figure The layers of the OSI Reference Model
Open Systems (contd.)
What are the three major network protocols?
Ethernet (Physical/Data Link Layers)
IP/IPX (Network Layer)
TCP/SPX (Transport Layer)
HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, and DNS(combined
Session/Presentation/Application Layers)
TCP/IP
TCP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol
TCP software breaks messages into packets, hands
them off to the IP software for delivery, and then
orders and reassembles the packets at their
destination
IP stands for Internet Protocol
IP software deals with the routing of packets through
the maze of interconnected networks to their final
destination
High-Level Protocols
Other protocols build on the foundation established
by the TCP/IP protocol suite
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)
Firewalls
Firewall A machine and its software that serve as
a special gateway to a network, protecting it from
inappropriate access
Filters the network traffic that comes in, checking the
validity of the messages as much as possible and
perhaps denying some messages altogether
Enforces an organization’s access control policy
Firewalls
Figure A firewall protecting a LAN
Internet
What is Internet?
A means of connecting a computer to any other computer
anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers.
When two computers are connected over the Internet, they
can send and receive all kinds of information such as text,
graphics, voice, video, and computer programs.
What is the use of World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web is what most people think of as the
Internet. It is all the Web pages, pictures, videos and other
online content that can be accessed via a Web browser. The
Internet, in contrast, is the underlying network connection
that allows us to send email and access the World Wide
Web.
Email
What is email and its advantages?
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information
stored on a computer that is exchanged between two
users over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is
a message that may contain text, files, images, or
other attachments sent through a network to a
specified individual or group of individuals.
Advantages
Emails are delivered extremely fast when compared to
traditional post.
Cheap - when using broadband, each email sent is
effectively free.
Email (cntd.)
Popular Email Service Providers
Gmail: Most Popular Email Service Provider. Gmail is
the most used & best free email service around the
globe.
[Link]. [Link] is famous free email
service from Microsoft.
Yahoo Mail. Yahoo Mail is another popular web-based
free email service.
AOL Mail.
Zoho Mail.
[Link].
Yandex Mail.
ProtonMail
Network Addresses
Hostname A unique identification that specifies a
particular computer on the Internet
For example
[Link]
[Link]
IP Address
Network software translates a hostname into its
corresponding IP address
For example
[Link]
IP Address (cntd.)
An IP address can be split into
network address, which specifies a specific
network
host number, which specifies a particular
machine in that network
Figure An IP address is stored in four bytes
IP Address (cntd.)
How do you find your IP address?
Click on the Start menu and type cmd. When you see
the cmd applications in Start menu panel, click it or
just press enter.
A command line window will open. Type ipconfig and
press enter.
You'll see a bunch of information, but the line you
want to look for is "IPv4 Address."
IP Address (cntd.)
What is the difference between a global IP address
and a private IP address?
A public IP address is an IP address that can be
accessed over the Internet. Private IP address, on the
other hand, is used to assign computers within your
private space without letting them directly expose to
the Internet.
What is a 192.168 IP address?
Reserved for private networks. The organizations that
distribute IP addresses to the world reserves a range
of IP addresses for private networks. [Link] -
[Link] (65,536 IP addresses) [Link] -
[Link] (1,048,576 IP addresses) [Link] -
[Link] (16,777,216 IP addresses)
IP Address (cntd.)
IP Address (cntd.)
What is DHCP used for?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a
network protocol that enables a server to
automatically assign an IP address to a computer from
a defined range of numbers (that is, a scope)
configured for a given network.
IP Address (cntd.)
Will we run out of IPv6 addresses?
With IPv6, we will never, ever, ever run out of IP
addresses, as the WSJ describes: But IPv6, approved
in 1998—IPv5 never caught on—allows for a mind-
boggling increase in addresses to 340 undecillion, or
340 followed by 36 zeroes, enough to assign an IP
address to every atom on Earth.
MAC Address
How to find the MAC address
Go to the DOS prompt. Click on Start button, select
Run. Type cmd and press ENTER.
In the DOS prompt, type ipconfig /all and press
ENTER. You should see the MAC address in this format
00-00-00-00-00-00.
ISP
What is an Internet Service Provider?
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company such as
AT&T, Verizon, Comcast, or BrightHouse that provides
Internet access to companies, families, and even mobile
users. ISPs use fiber-optics, satellite, copper wire, and other
forms to provide Internet access to its customers.
Popular Internet service provider?
The 7 Best Internet Service Providers
AT&T Internet. Best Customer Service.
Verizon. Best Fiber Internet Provider.
HughesNet. Best Satellite Provider.
Frontier Communications. Best for Cheap Internet.
Charter Spectrum. Best Cable Internet Provider.
CenturyLink. Best for Business Internet.
Comcast Xfinity. Fastest Max Speeds.
ISP in Ctg
Domain Name System
A hostname consists of the computer name
followed by the domain name
[Link] is the domain name
A domain name is separated into two or more
sections that specify the organization, and
possibly a subset of an organization, of which the
computer is a part
Two organizations can have a computer named
the same thing because the domain name makes
it clear which one is being referred to
Domain Name System
The very last section of the domain is called
its top-level domain (TLD) name
Figure Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones
Domain Name System
Organizations based in countries other than the
United States use a top-level domain that
corresponds to their two-letter country codes
Figure Some of the top-level domain names based on country codes
Domain Name System
The domain name system (DNS) is chiefly used to
translate hostnames into numeric IP addresses
DNS is an example of a distributed database
If that server can resolve the hostname, it does so
If not, that server asks another domain name server