Exp. No.
:3
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem practically and theoretically for the given DC circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. Regulated Power supply ( RPS) (0-30 V) 1
2. Voltmeter (0-30 V) MC 1
3. Ammeter ( 0 - 10 mA) MC 1
4. Resistors 380 Ω 3
580 Ω 1
5. Bread board --- 1
6. Multimeter --- 1
THEORY:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Thevenin’s theorem states that, ‘a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source, V Th (= Voc) in series with a
resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the load terminals and R This the
input or equivalent resistance at the load terminals( AB) when the independent
sources are turned off’.
Thevenin’s Voltage, VTh:
It is the open-circuit voltage across the load terminals (AB). i.e., VTh = Voc
Thevenin’s Resistance, RTh:
It is the look-back resistance across the load terminals when all the sources are
replaced by their internal resistances. An ideal voltage source is replaced by short-
circuiting as its internal resistance is zero. An ideal current source is replaced by
open-circuiting as its internal resistance is infinity.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
To measure IL
To measure RTh or RN
To measure VTh or Voc
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
2|Page
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the Circuit Diagram:1
2. Vary the RPS and set an input voltage of 10V.
3. Note down the voltmeter reading (Vi) and ammeter reading (IL) in Tabular
Column 1.
4. Switch off the supply and make connections for Circuit Diagram 2.
5. Measure the Thevenin’s resistance RTh= Norton’s resistance RN .
6. Switch off the supply and make connections for Circuit Diagram:3.
7. Set an input voltage of 10V in the RPS and note down the voltmeter readings
Vi and VTh(=Voc) in Tabular Column:3
8. Switch off the supply and make connections for Circuit Diagram 4.
9. Set an input voltage of 10V in the RPS and note down the voltmeter reading Vi
and Ammeter reading IN (= Isc) in Tabular Column 4.
10. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and Nortons’s equivalent circuit as
shown in circuit diagrams 5 & 6 respectively.
11. Calculate the IL value using the
formula Thevenin’s Theorem
IL = VTh/ ( RTh+ R L)
Norton’s Theorem
IL = IN * R N / ( R N + R L )
12. Theoretically verify the Norton’s theorem.
3|Page
TABULAR COLUMN: 1
To measure I L
Vi IL
(volts) (amps)
TABULAR COLUMN:2
To measure RTh or RN
From circuit diagram 2, RTh = RN = 798 Ω
TABULAR COLUMN: 3
To measure VTh orVoc
Vi VTh
(volts) (volts)
MODEL CALCULATION:
Practical value of IL (from tabulation 1) =2.3mA Verification
of Thevenin’s theorem
IL = VTh/ ( RTh + RL ) = 2.22mA
Theoretical calculation of IL ,, RTh( RN) and VTh for the given circuit:
RESULT:
Thus Thevenin’s theorem is verified practically and theoretically.
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5|Page
Exp. No.:
VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM
Date:
AIM:
To verify Norton’s theorem practically and theoretically for the given DC circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. Regulated Power supply ( RPS) (0-30 V) 1
2. Voltmeter (0-30 V) MC 1
3. Ammeter ( 0 - 10 mA) MC 1
4. Resistors 470 Ω 2
560 Ω 1
1KΩ 1
5. Bread board --- 1
6. Multimeter --- 1
THEORY:
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Norton’s theorem states that, ‘a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source, IN (=Isc) in parallel with a resistor RN
(= RTh), where IN (=Isc) is the short-circuit current through the load terminals and RN is
the equivalent resistance at the load terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.
Norton’s Current, IN or Isc:
It is the short-circuit current through the load terminals. i.e., IN = Isc
Norton’s Resistance, RN:
It is the look-back resistance across the load terminals when all the sources are
replaced by their internal resistances. An ideal voltage source is replaced by short-
circuiting as its internal resistance is zero. An ideal current source is replaced by
open-circuiting as its internal resistance is infinity.
6|Page
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM
To measure IL
To measure RTh or RN
To measure IN or Isc
7|Page
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Norton’s equivalent circuit
8|Page
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the Circuit Diagram:1
2. Vary the RPS and set an input voltage of 10V.
3. Note down the voltmeter reading (Vi) and ammeter reading (IL) in Tabular
Column 1.
4. Switch off the supply and make connections for Circuit Diagram 2.
5. Measure the Thevenin’s resistance RTh= Norton’s resistance RN .
6. Switch off the supply and make connections for Circuit Diagram:3.
7. Set an input voltage of 10V in the RPS and note down the voltmeter readings
Vi and VTh(=Voc) in Tabular Column:3
8. Switch off the supply and make connections for Circuit Diagram 4.
9. Set an input voltage of 10V in the RPS and note down the voltmeter reading Vi
and Ammeter reading IN (= Isc) in Tabular Column 4.
10. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and Nortons’s equivalent circuit as
shown in circuit diagrams 5 & 6 respectively.
11. Calculate the IL value using the
formula Thevenin’s Theorem
IL = VTh/ ( RTh+ R L)
Norton’s Theorem
IL = IN * R N / ( R N + R L )
12. Theoretically verify the Norton’s theorem.
9|Page
TABULAR COLUMN: 1
To measure I L
Vi IL
(volts) (amps)
TABULAR COLUMN:2
To measure RTh or RN
Vi RTh
(volts) (Ω)
TABULAR COLUMN:3
To measure IN or Isc
Vi IN
(volts) (amps)
MODEL CALCULATION:
Practical value of IL (from tabulation 1) =2.3mA
Verification of Norton’s theorem
IL = IN * RN / ( RN+ RL ) = 2.43mA
Theoretical calculation of IL ,IN and RTh(RN) for the given circuit:
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RESULT:
Thus Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem is verified practically and theoretically.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. State Norton’s theorem.
2. What is look-back resistance?
3. What is bilateral network?
4. What is look-back resistance?
MARKS SPLIT-UP:
SI. No. Description Marks Allotted Marks
Obtained
1. Experimental 5 marks
Setup/Connections
2. Observation / Readings 5 marks
12. Calculations / Results 5 marks
13. Viva 5 marks
14. Record 5 marks
Total
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Exp. No.:
Date: VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
THEOREM
AIM:
To measure the power absorbed in a load and to verify that the power absorbed
in a load is maximum only when load resistance is equal to the source resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of
Range/Rating Quantity
the
apparatus
1. Voltmeter (0-15V) MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-500mA) MC 1
3 Resistors 560 Ω, 2,
470 Ω 1
4 RPS(DC Supply) 15V 1
THEORY:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that “A load will receive
maximum power from a linear bilateral DC network when its total resistive value is
exactly equal to the Thevenin resistance of the network as seen by load”.
For the network in figure (a), maximum power will be delivered to the load
when RL=RTh.
Fig.(a)
In a simpler form the circuit may contain a voltage source VS having internal
resistance RS and connected across a load RL. To find power.
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The maximum power transfer theorem tells us that the load should be equal in
magnitude to the source resistance for maximum power to be absorbed by the load.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
MODEL GRAPH:
Resistance (RL) in ohm
TABULATION:
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TABLE (1) :FOR THEORETICAL CALCULATION: Rth =750 Ω
Load Load Load
Load Power
S Resistance(RL) Current (IL) voltage (VL)
. (PL) in watts
in ohm in mA in volts
N
o
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
TABLE (2): FOR PRACTICAL CALCULATION
Load Load Load
Load Power
[Link] Resistance(RL) Current (IL) voltage (VL)
(PL) in watts
in ohm in amps in volts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MODEL CALCULATION:
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PROCEDURE:
1. Make connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Change the resistors RL whose value close to Rth, measure the corresponding
VL, IL and calculate the power PL and enter into the table (2).
3. Plot a graph between RL and PL and find the RL corresponding to maximum
power transfer.
4. Verify the measured values of RL at maximum power transfer as same as
calculated and found graphically.
RESULT:
Thus maximum power transfer theorem is verified practically and theoretically
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Where is the maximum transferred power consumed?
2. Explain qualitatively why the PL versus RL curve is not symmetrical about
RL= RS.
3. State maximum power transfer theorem.
MARKS SPLIT-UP:
SI. No. Description Marks Allotted Marks
Obtained
1. Experimental 5 marks
Setup/Connections
2. Observation / Readings 5 marks
18. Calculations / Results 5 marks
19. Viva 5 marks
20. Record 5 marks
Total
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