Chapter 14: Periodic Table 1. Introduction There are about 118 known elements.
To study them
easily, scientists arranged them in a systematic table — the Periodic Table. Elements are arranged
based on their atomic number and chemical properties. The Modern Periodic Table helps us
understand the relation between elements and their properties. 2. Dobereiner’s Triads Proposed by
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (1829). He grouped elements into sets of three (triads) having similar
properties. The atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the average of the other two.
Example: Li, Na, K → Atomic masses 7, 23, 39 → 23 ≈ (7+39)/2 Limitation: Could not arrange all
known elements into triads. 3. Newlands’ Law of Octaves Proposed by John Newlands (1864). He
arranged elements by increasing atomic mass. Every eighth element showed similar properties —
like musical octaves. Example: Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F → 8th element (Na) resembles Li. Limitation:
Worked only up to calcium. 4. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Proposed by Dmitri Mendeleev (1869).
Arranged 63 elements in increasing order of atomic mass. Elements with similar properties were
placed in the same group. Law: The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic
functions of their atomic masses. 5. Features of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table - 8 groups and 12
subgroups (A and B). - Rows called periods and columns called groups. - Left gaps for
undiscovered elements (like Ga, Ge, Sc). - Predicted properties of undiscovered elements. 6.
Limitations of Mendeleev’s Table - Wrong placement of Argon and Potassium. - Could not justify
isotopes or position of hydrogen. - Failed to explain noble gases discovered later. 7. Modern
Periodic Table Proposed by Henry Moseley (1913). Arranged elements in increasing order of
atomic number. Modern Periodic Law: The properties of elements are periodic functions of their
atomic numbers. 8. Structure of Modern Periodic Table It has 7 periods (horizontal rows) and 18
groups (vertical columns). 9. Electronic Configuration The arrangement of electrons in different
energy levels (shells) around the nucleus is called electronic configuration. It is represented as K, L,
M, N or by numbers 2, 8, 8, 18. Example: Hydrogen = 1, Helium = 2, Sodium = 2,8,1 Electronic
configuration determines an element’s group and period position. 10. Characteristics of Periods -
Elements arranged in horizontal rows (7 total). - Atomic number increases left to right. - Valence
electrons increase left to right. - Metallic character decreases and non-metallic character increases.
Example: Na → Mg → Al → Si → P → S → Cl → Ar 11. Characteristics of Groups - Vertical
columns (18 total). - Elements in a group have similar chemical properties. - Valency remains same
in a group. - Atomic size and metallic character increase down the group. 12. Metals, Non-metals,
and Metalloids - Metals: Good conductors, malleable, ductile, lose electrons. (Example: Na, Cu, Fe)
- Non-metals: Poor conductors, brittle, gain electrons. (Example: O, N, Cl) - Metalloids: Show
properties of both metals and non-metals. (Example: Si, B, As) 13. Classification of Elements in
Modern Periodic Table s-block: Groups 1 and 2 (Na, Mg) p-block: Groups 13–18 (C, N, O, F, Ne)
d-block: Groups 3–12 (Transition metals like Fe, Zn, Cu) f-block: Lanthanides and actinides (Ce, U)
14. Characteristics of Modern Periodic Table - Based on atomic number (not atomic mass). -
Justifies isotopes’ position. - Similar elements grouped together. - Predicts valency and chemical
reactivity. - Elements classified into metals, non-metals, metalloids, transition, and inner transition
elements. 15. Periodic Trends Atomic Size: Decreases across a period, increases down a group.
Metallic Character: Decreases across a period, increases down a group. Electronegativity:
Increases across a period, decreases down a group. Valency: Changes across a period, constant
down a group. 16. Advantages of Modern Periodic Table - Accurate element arrangement. -
Classification of new elements is easier. - Helps study chemical behavior and reactivity
systematically. 17. Comparison Table Mendeleev’s Table vs Modern Table Basis: Atomic Mass vs
Atomic Number Groups: 8 vs 18 Periods: 6 vs 7 Isotopes: Not explained vs Explained Noble gases:
Not included vs Properly placed 18. Important Questions 1. State Modern Periodic Law. 2. What are
the limitations of Mendeleev’s table? 3. Define period and group. 4. Write the electronic
configuration of Na, Mg, and Cl. 5. What are metals, non-metals, and metalloids? 6. How does
metallic character change in a period and a group?