TRIGONOMETRIC & INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE
A Comprehensive Mathematical Reference Guide

1. Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

Reciprocal & Quotient Identities

sin θ = 1 / cosec θ tan θ = sin θ / cos θ

cos θ = 1 / sec θ cot θ = cos θ / sin θ

tan θ = 1 / cot θ

Pythagorean Identities

sin² θ + cos² θ = 1 ⇒ sin² θ = 1 - cos² θ ⇒ cos² θ = 1 - sin² θ

1 + tan² θ = sec² θ ⇒ sec² θ - tan² θ = 1

1 + cot² θ = cosec² θ ⇒ cosec² θ - cot² θ = 1

2. Sign Conventions & Allied Angles

Trigonometric functions change sign depending on the quadrant of the angle θ (ASTC Rule: All, Sine, Tangent,
Cosine).

Negative Angle Identities (Odd/Even Identities)

sin(-θ) = -sin θ cosec(-θ) = -cosec θ

cos(-θ) = cos θ sec(-θ) = sec θ

tan(-θ) = -tan θ cot(-θ) = -cot θ

Trigonometry & Inverse Trigonometry Reference 1

Angle (x) sin x cos x tan x

π/2 - θ cos θ sin θ cot θ

π/2 + θ cos θ -sin θ -cot θ

π-θ sin θ -cos θ -tan θ

π+θ -sin θ -cos θ tan θ

2π - θ -sin θ cos θ -tan θ

3. Compound Angle Formulae

sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

tan(A ± B) = (tan A ± tan B) / (1 ∓ tan A tan B)

cot(A ± B) = (cot A cot B ∓ 1) / (cot B ± cot A)

4. Transformation Formulae

Product to Sum/Difference

2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)

2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)

2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)

2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)

Trigonometry & Inverse Trigonometry Reference 2

sin C + sin D = 2 sin((C + D)/2) cos((C - D)/2)

sin C - sin D = 2 cos((C + D)/2) sin((C - D)/2)

cos C + cos D = 2 cos((C + D)/2) cos((C - D)/2)

cos C - cos D = -2 sin((C + D)/2) sin((C - D)/2) = 2 sin((C + D)/2) sin((D - C)/2)

5. Multiple & Submultiple Angle Formulae

Double Angle Formulae (2θ)

sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = (2 tan θ) / (1 + tan² θ)

cos 2θ = cos² θ - sin² θ = 2 cos² θ - 1 = 1 - 2 sin² θ = (1 - tan² θ) / (1 + tan² θ)

tan 2θ = (2 tan θ) / (1 - tan² θ)

Power Reduction / Half Angle Re-expressions:

2 cos² θ = 1 + cos 2θ ⇒ cos² θ = (1 + cos 2θ)/2

2 sin² θ = 1 - cos 2θ ⇒ sin² θ = (1 - cos 2θ)/2

Triple Angle Formulae (3θ)

sin 3θ = 3 sin θ - 4 sin³ θ

cos 3θ = 4 cos³ θ - 3 cos θ

tan 3θ = (3 tan θ - tan³ θ) / (1 - 3 tan² θ)

Submultiple Angle Formulae (θ/2)

sin(θ/2) = ± √((1 - cos θ)/2)

cos(θ/2) = ± √((1 + cos θ)/2)

tan(θ/2) = ± √((1 - cos θ)/(1 + cos θ)) = (1 - cos θ)/sin θ = sin θ/(1 + cos θ)

Trigonometry & Inverse Trigonometry Reference 3

Principal Value Domains and Ranges

Function Domain Principal Range (Codomain)

sin⁻¹ x [-1, 1] [-π/2, π/2]

cos⁻¹ x [-1, 1] [0, π]

tan⁻¹ x (-∞, ∞) (-π/2, π/2)

cosec⁻¹ x (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞) [-π/2, π/2] \ {0}

sec⁻¹ x (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞) [0, π] \ {π/2}

cot⁻¹ x (-∞, ∞) (0, π)

Properties & Inversion Identities

sin⁻¹(-x) = -sin⁻¹ x, x ∈ [-1, 1]

cos⁻¹(-x) = π - cos⁻¹ x, x ∈ [-1, 1]

tan⁻¹(-x) = -tan⁻¹ x, x ∈ ℝ

sin⁻¹(1/x) = cosec⁻¹ x, |x| ≥ 1

cos⁻¹(1/x) = sec⁻¹ x, |x| ≥ 1

tan⁻¹(1/x) = cot⁻¹ x (for x > 0) or -π + cot⁻¹ x (for x < 0)

Co-function Inverse Identities

sin⁻¹ x + cos⁻¹ x = π/2, x ∈ [-1, 1]

tan⁻¹ x + cot⁻¹ x = π/2, x ∈ ℝ

sec⁻¹ x + cosec⁻¹ x = π/2, |x| ≥ 1

Trigonometry & Inverse Trigonometry Reference 4

tan⁻¹ x + tan⁻¹ y = tan⁻¹((x + y) / (1 - xy)), if xy < 1

tan⁻¹ x - tan⁻¹ y = tan⁻¹((x - y) / (1 + xy)), if xy > -1

sin⁻¹ x ± sin⁻¹ y = sin⁻¹(x√(1 - y²) ± y√(1 - x²))

cos⁻¹ x ± cos⁻¹ y = cos⁻¹(xy ∓ √((1 - x²)(1 - y²)))

Multiple Angle Conversion Profiles for ITF

2 tan⁻¹ x = sin⁻¹((2x) / (1 + x²)) = cos⁻¹((1 - x²) / (1 + x²)) = tan⁻¹((2x) / (1 - x²))

2 sin⁻¹ x = sin⁻¹(2x√(1 - x²))

2 cos⁻¹ x = cos⁻¹(2x² - 1)

3 sin⁻¹ x = sin⁻¹(3x - 4x³)

3 cos⁻¹ x = cos⁻¹(4x³ - 3x)

Trigonometry & Inverse Trigonometry Reference 5