CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
SEQs
1. Write down the definitions and formulas of the following terms:
(5)
a. Pulse pressure
b. Mean arterial pressure
c. Stroke volume
d. Cardiac output
e. Ejection fraction
Key:
a. Pulse pressure:
Is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure = Systolic B.P. - Diastolic B.P.
b. Mean arterial pressure:
Is the average pressure in a patient’s arteries during one cardiac cycle
Mean arterial pressure = Diastolic B.P. + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
c. Stroke volume:
Is the volume of blood in milliliters ejected from each ventricle during one cardiac cycle
Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume – End-Systolic Volume
d. Cardiac Output:
Is volume of blood being pumped by the heart, by the left and right ventricle, per unit
time
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
e. Ejection Fraction:
Is the fraction of end-diastolic volume that is ejected
Ejection Fraction (%) = Stroke Volume/End-Diastolic Volume x 100
2. Enumerate four rapidly acting mechanisms for blood pressure regulation. How does Renin-
Angiotensin mechanism regulate blood pressure?
(2 + 3)
Key:
Mechanisms for Blood Regulation:
Baroreceptor Reflex
Chemoreceptor Reflex
CNS Ischemic Response
Brain Bridge Reflex
Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism
Cushing Reaction
Abdominal Compression Reflex
Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism
Decrease in arterial pressure
Decrease blood flow thru kidneys
JG cells secrete enzyme (renin)
Renin converts angiotensinogen (renin substrate) into angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is converted into Angiotensin II by Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE)
Angiotensin II causes constriction of blood vessels and increases salt and water
absorption in kidneys
Increase in arterial pressure back to normal
3. What is the role of Baroreceptor Reflex in the cardiovascular response to hemorrhage? (5)
Key:
Acute hemorrhage
Dec. Mean arterial pressure
Dec. Stretch on carotid sinus baroreceptors
Dec. Firing rate of carotid sinus nerve (Hering's nerve)
Dec. Parasympathetic outflow to heart
o Inc. Heart rate
Inc. Sympathetic outflow to heart and blood vessels
o Inc. Heart rate
o Inc. Contractility
o Inc. Vasoconstriction
Mean arterial pressure toward normal
4. Where are the chest leads placed in a twelve-lead system of ECG recording? (5)
Key:
V1 – 4th ICS, right sternal edge
V2 – 4th ICS, left sternal edge
V3 – between V2 and V4
V4 – 5th ICS, midclavicular line
V5 – 5th ICS, anterior axillary line
V6 – 5th ICS, mid-axillary line
MCQs
1. Extrinsic pathway for initiating clotting begins with:
a. Activation of factor XII
b. Formation of fibrin threads
c. Blood trauma
d. Traumatized vascular wall
Key: d
2. In normal men, average count of red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood is:
a. 5,000,000
b. 4,000,000
c. 300,000
d. 11,000
Key: a
3. P-wave on an ECG indicates:
a. Depolarization of ventricles
b. AV-nodal delay
c. Repolarization of atria
d. Depolarization of atria
Key: d
4. Which of the following is an effect of histamine?
a. Decreased capillary filtration
b. Vasodilation of the arterioles
c. Vasodilation of the veins
d. Interaction with muscarinic receptors on the blood vessels
Key: b
5. The physiologic function of the relatively slow conduction through the atrioventricular node is to
allow sufficient time for
a. Venous return to the atria
b. Filling of ventricles
c. Contraction of ventricles
d. Repolarization of ventricles
Key: b
6. Which agent is released or secreted after a hemorrhage and causes an increase in renal Na+
reabsorption?
a. Aldosterone
b. Angiotensin I
c. ADH
d. Angiotensinogen
Key: a