Review Module – STEEL DESIGN (BIAXIAL BENDING, COLLAPSE MECHANISM, & CONNECTORS)

BIAXIAL BENDING (2015 – LRFD) Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with sagrods
at third points
Interaction Equation:
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦

Where:
𝜙𝑏 = 0.90 (LRFD)
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = factored-load moment about the x-axis
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = factored-load moment about the y-axis
𝑀𝑛𝑥 = nominal moment strength for the x-axis
𝑀𝑛𝑦 = nominal moment strength for the y-axis

NOTE: When the lateral loads applied to the top flange of the beam does
NOT pass thru the centroid of the section, reduce the plastic/elastic section
modulus for the y-axis by 50%.
SITUATION:
WEAK-AXIS BENDING STRENGTH Light-grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss. The top chord of the
truss has a roof slope of 1V:2H and distance between trusses is equal to 3.0m.
506.6 I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Minor Axis The purlin has a weight of 80 N/m and spaced at 1.5m on centers. The dead load
The nominal flexural strength, 𝑀𝑛 , shall be the lower value obtained according including the roof materials is 1000 Pa, live load of 800 Pa and wind load of 1200
to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and flange local buckling. Pa. Coefficient of pressure at leeward and windward are 0.5 and 0.2 respectively.
Sag rods are not provided. Assume that all sections are compact, and the
506.6.1 Yielding compression flanges are laterally supported throughout its length.
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑦 ≤ 1.6 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 Plastic Section Modulus, Zx = 7.70 x 104 mm3
Plastic Section Modulus, Zy = 2.10 x 104 mm3
506.6.2 Flange Local Buckling Elastic Section Modulus, Sx = 4.50 x 104 mm3
1. For Sections with compact flanges the limit state of yielding shall apply. Elastic Section Modulus, Sy = 1.20 x 104 mm3
𝐹𝑦 = 345 MPa
2. For Sections with non-compact flanges Using the interaction formula, determine the following:
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓
𝑀𝑛 = [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 ) ( )] 1. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
𝜆𝑟𝑓 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓
combination 1.2D+1.6L.

Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with sagrods 2. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
at midspan combination 1.2D+1.0L+1.0W.

3. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the

combination 1.2D+1.6L, if one line of sag rod was placed at the mid-span.

SITUATION:
Refer to the figure:
 Review Module – STEEL DESIGN (BIAXIAL BENDING, COLLAPSE MECHANISM, & CONNECTORS)
Given: Roof Slope: 1V: 3H SPACING OF RIVETS/BOLTS (BUILT-UP BEAMS)
Fy = 345 MPa
Sx = 4.90 x 104 mm3 Sy = 1.20 x 104 mm3 RI
Zx = 8.30 x 104 mm3 Zy = 1.80 x 104 mm3 s=
VQ
Loads DL = 1200 Pa LL = 600 Pa s – spacing (longitudinal) or pitch of rivets/bolts
Wind Pressure, W = 1400 Pa R – total shearing force to be resisted by the rivet
Wind Pressure Coefficients: I – moment of inertia about the neutral axis
Windward Side = 0.2 pressure V – maximum shear force carried by beam
Leeward side = 0.6 suction Q – statical first moment of area about NA of the area held by rivets
Span, L = 6m.
Sagrod spacing, L1 = L2 = L3 = 2 m SITUATION 1. A beam is constructed from three boards bolted together as
[Link] applied shear is V = 35 kN.
Assume that all loads pass through the centroid of the C section.
1. Using 2 lines of sag rods, find the required purlin spacing (m) for 1.2D+1.6L
load combination, in meters.

2. Using 2 lines of sag rods, find the required purlin spacing due to
1.2D+1.0L+1.0W where W is at the windward side, in meters.

3. Find the total flexural stress due to 1.2D+1.0L+1.0W where W is at the

leeward side. Purlins are spaced at 0.75 m on-center.

ADDITIONAL NOTES: (2001 PROVISIONS – ASD)

For biaxial bending condition, the interaction value shall be taken from the
equation:
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0 1. Determine the shear force developed in each bolt if the bolts are spaced s =
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦 250 mm.
2. If allowable shear stress of the 20-mm rivet is 50 MPa, solve for the required
NOTE: When the lateral loads applied to the top flange of the beam does NOT spacing of rivets.
pass thru the centroid of the section, reduce the effective section modulus for the
y-axis by 50%.

501.5.2 Wind and Seismic Stresses SOLUTION TO MODULE EXERCISE OF STEEL 1

[Link] Allowable stresses may be increased 1/3 above the values otherwise
provided when produced by wind or seismic loading, acting alone or in
combination with the design dead and live loads, provided the required section
computed on this basis is not less than that required for the design dead and live
load and impact (if any) computed without the 1/3 stress increase, and further
provided that stresses are not otherwise required to be calculated on the
basis of reduction factors applied to design loads in combinations. The
above stress increase does not apply to allowable stress ranges provided in
Section 511.5.

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
When the whole cross-section yields, the material reaches fully plastic
condition and produces a plastic hinge that makes your structure unstable.
Thus, any additional load after the establishment of the plastic hinge will cause
the structure to collapse. This configuration of the structure is known to be the
collapse mechanism.

𝑷𝒖 – collapse load; minimum load that results in the collapse of a structure.

ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL WORK METHOD

PROBLEM 1. A 6 m simply supported beam carries a service live load of 40kN

2m from the left end. Using a live load factor of 1.6, use Fy=248 MPa.

A. Determine the plastic moment Mp (kN-m)

B. Determine the required plastic section modulus, ZX (mm3)

PROBLEM 2. A fixed ended beam is used to carry a uniform ultimate load

throughout its span. The beam has a span of 8 m and a plastic moment capacity
of 300 kN-m. Determine the uniform load it can carry right before collapse.
 Module Exercise – STEEL DESIGN (BIAXIAL BENDING, COLLAPSE MECHANISM & CONNECTORS)

SITUATION. Light – grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss. A. 0.52 B. 0.43 C. 0.76 D. 1.02
The top chord of the truss is inclined 1V:3H and distance between trusses
is equal to 3 m. The purlin has a weight of 71 N/m and spaced at 1.2 m SITUATION. Light – grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss.
on centers. The deadload including the roof materials is 1200 Pa, live The top chord of the truss is inclined 1V:4H and distance between trusses
load of 1000 Pa and wind load of 1440 Pa. Coefficient of pressure at is equal to 6 m. The purlin has a weight of 79 N/m and spaced at 1.2 m
leeward and windward are 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. Sag rods are placed on centers. The deadload including the roof materials is 720 Pa, live load
at the middle thirds and Fy = 350 (APPLY 2015 – LRFD)
of 1000 Pa and wind load of 1440 Pa. Coefficient of pressure at leeward
Zx = 7.70 x 104 mm3 Zy = 2.10 x 104 mm3
and windward are 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. Assume all loads passes
Sx = 4.48 x 104 mm3 Sy = 1.18 x 104 mm3
Using interaction formula, determine the: through the centroid of the section. (APPLY 2001 – ASD)
1. Interaction ratio for 1.2DL + 1.6LL. Properties of C200 x 76 mm:
Sx = 6.19 x 104 mm4
A. 0.185 B. 0.616 C. 0.152 D. 1.666
Sy = 1.38 x 104 mm4
Allowable bending stress:
2. Interaction ratio for load factor of 1.2D+1.0L+1.0W in the windward
Fbx = Fby = 207 MPa
side.
A. 0.481 B. 0.164 C. 0.215 D. 0.322

3. Interaction ratio for combination of 1.2D+1.6L if one line of sag rod

was placed at the midspan.
A. 0.122 B. 0.434 C. 0.275 D. 1.028

SITUATION. Light – grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss.

The top chord of the truss is inclined 1V:3H and distance between trusses
is equal to 3 m. The purlin has a weight of 71 N/m and spaced at 1.2 m
on centers. The deadload including the roof materials is 1200 Pa, live
load of 1000 Pa and wind load of 1440 Pa. Coefficient of pressure at
leeward and windward are 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. Sag rods are placed
at the middle thirds and Fbx = Fby = 138 MPa.
Sx = 4.48 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.18 x 104 mm3
Using interaction formula (APPLY 2001 – ASD), determine the:

7. Calculate the bending stress, fbx for dead load and live load
combination. (D+L)
A. 103.54 B. 151.14 C. 167.23 D. 183.45
8. Calculate the bending stress, fby for dead load and live load
combination (D+L)
A. 152.34 B. 161.22 C. 169.53 D. 177.55

9. Calculate the maximum ratio of actual to the allowable bending stress

for load combination 0.75(D+L+W) at the windward side.
4. Maximum ration of actual to allowable bending stress for combination A. 1.25 B. 0.85 C. 0.75 D. 0.66
of (D+L) load.
A. 0.52 B. 0.43 C. 0.76 D. 1.02 SITUATION. The T-beam is constructed as shown. If the nails can each
support a shear force of 950 lb, determine the following:
5. Maximum ratio of actual to allowable bending stress for combination
of 0.75(D+L+W).
A. 0.52 B. 0.43 C. 0.76 D. 1.02

6. Maximum ratio of actual to allowable bending stress for combination

of (D+L) if one line of sag rod was placed at the midspan.
 Review Module – STEEL DESIGN (BIAXIAL BENDING, COLLAPSE MECHANISM, & CONNECTORS)

14. Find the corresponding average shear stress (ksi) in the 3/8 in
diameter bolt which are spaced equally at 6 in.
A. 16 B. 14 C. 12 D. 10

15. A beam is constructed from four boards which are nailed together. If
the nails are on both sides of the beam and each can resist a shear of 3
kN, determine the maximum load P (kN) that can be applied to the end
of the beam.

10. Maximum shear force V (kips) that the beam can support
A. 6.95 B. 4.25 C. 1.25 D. 8.82

11. Corresponding maximum nail spacing s to the nearest 1/8 inch. The
allowable stress for the wood 𝜏𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 450 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
A. 1 1/8 B. 2 1/8 C. 1 7/8 D. 3 1/8

12. The beam is subjected to a shear of V = 2 kN. Determine the average

shear stress (MPa) developed in each nail if the nails are spaced 75 mm
apart on each side of the beam. Each nail has a diameter of 4 mm.
A. 59.6 B. 40.0 C. 26.5 D. 35.2 A. 6.6 B. 3.3 C. 11.2 D. 1.5

16. The beam is constructed

from two boards fastened
together at the top and
bottom with two rows of nails
spaced every 6 in. If an
internal shear force of is
applied to the boards,
determine the shear force
resisted by each nail. Use
V=600 lb.
A. 500 lb B. 900 lb C. 225 lb D. 675 lb

SITUATION. A continuous beam has two spans of 4 m each. The first

SITUATION. Three identical boards are bolted together to form the built- span carries an ultimate concentrated load of 50 kN at midspan and on
up beam. the second span it carries an ultimate uniform load of 40 kN/m. If the yield
stress of the steel used is 250 MPa,
17. Determine the plastic moment capacity considering the first span, in
kN-m.
A. 20.24 kN-m C. 54.91 kN-m
B. 33.33 kN-m D. 40.12 kN-m

18. Determine the plastic moment capacity considering the second span,
in kN-m.
A. 20.24 kN-m C. 54.91 kN-m
B. 33.33 kN-m D. 40.12 kN-m

19. Determine the plastic moment capacity of the continuous span for
collapse mechanism, in kN-m.
A. 20.24 kN-m C. 54.91 kN-m
B. 33.33 kN-m D. 40.12 kN-m
13. If the wood has an allowable shear stress of 450 psi, determine the
maximum allowable internal shear V (lbs)
A. 4909 B. 3606 C. 2571 D. 5333