INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS
• ESBACH’S 9. RBC AND WBC
ALBUMINOMETER PIPETTE
• URINOMETER 10. VACCUTAINERS
• PH STRIPS 11. BONE MARROW
• URISTIX ASPIRATION NEEDLE
• WESTERGRENS 12. LUMBAR PUNCTURE
TUBE WITH STAND NEEDLE
• WINTROBE TUBE 13. AYRE’S SPATULA
• SAHLI’S 14. L MOULDS
HEMOGLOBINOMETE 15. TISSUE CAPSULES
R WITH PIPETTE 16. WBC DILUTING
• NEUBAUR’S FLUID
ESBACH’S ALBUMINOMETER
ESBACH’S ALBUMINOMETER
URINOMETER
URISTIX
• A urine test strip or dipstick is a basic diagnostic tool
used to determine pathological changes in a
patient's urine in standard urinalysis
• A standard urine test strip may comprise up to 10 different
chemical pads or reagents which react (change color)
when immersed in, and then removed from, a urine
sample.
• The test can often be read in as little as 60 to 120 seconds
after dipping, although certain tests require longer.
• Routine testing of the urine with multiparameter strips is
the first step in the diagnosis of a wide range of diseases.
• The analysis includes testing for the presence
•
WESTERGRENS
Pipette and rack.
TUBE WITH
• Pipette is open at both ends. STAND
• 30cm long and 2.5mm diameter.
• Lower 20cm is calibrated 0-200 from above downwards.
• A special rack is used with spring clips to hold lower end of pipette
against rubber material to hold in vertical position.
• One rack holds 10-12 pipettes.
• Anticoagulant used is 3.8 % Na citrate.
• ADVANTAGES:
• Pipettes are easy to fill and clean.
• Error due to packing of rbc is minimised because of length
of tube.
• DISADVANTAGES:
• Large amount of blood is required.
• No effective method for correction of anemia.
• Normal values
= 0-15mm 1st hour males.
= 0-20mm 1st hour females.
WINTROBE TUBE
• This is 11cm long tube open at
one.
• Internal diameter of 2.5mm.
• Used for PCV and ESR.
• Graduated from 1-10.
• Anticoagulant wintrobe’s oxalate
mixture or EDTA.
• ADVANTAGES:
• Simple.
• Small amount of blood needed.
• No dilution.
• PCV and smear of buffy coat can be done.
• Correction of anemia can be done.
• Normal values
= 0-10mm 1st hour males
= 0-20mm 1st hour females.
SAHLI’S HEMOGLOBINOMETER
WITH PIPETTE
improved neubauer’s
chamber
• Hemocytometer : improved neubauer’s chamber.
- consists of thick rectangular slide of which has a central H
shaped depression on either side of which are two stages.
- each stage consists of ruled area of 9 sqmm. Divided into 9
squares.
- the four corner squares are divided into 25 small squares
by
triple lines. Each of these 25 squares are further divided
into
16 squares.
- depth between coverslip and ruled area is 0.1mm.
RBC pipette
• RBC pipette :
- consists of pipette with large bulb with red bead in it.
- helps in mixing.
- markings on the pipette are 0.5 and 0.1
- markings on the stem above bulb is 101.
- blood is drawn upto 0.5 mark and rbc diluting fluid upto
101 mark.
● Types of RBC diluting fluid:
1. Dacie’s formal citrate: 40% formalin 10ml made upto
1 lit with 32gm/lit trisodium citrate.
2. Hayem’s fluid : mercuric chloride (0.5 g), sodium
chloride (1 g) , sodium sulphate (5g), distilled water
(200ml).
3. Sodium citrate (3g) with formalin (1 g) and distilled
water (100ml).
4. Toisson’s fluid : sodium chloride (1g), sodium sulphate
(8g), methyl violet (0.025g), neutral glycerine (30ml),
distilled water (180ml).
5. Gower’s solution : sodium sulphate (125g), acetic acid
WBC Diluting fluid
• Diluting fluid :
1. 3% glacial acetic acid (2ml)
2. 1 % aq. Solution of gentian violet 1 ml
3. distilled water 100 ml.
• diluting fluid is added which
contains lytic agent that lyses RBC, so that leucocytes
can be counted easily.
WBC pipette
• WBC pipette has a stem and a mixing chamber.
• The stem is marked as 0.5 and 1.0.
• The mixing chamber extends from 1.0 to 11.
• It contains white bead which aids in mixing of blood with
diluting fluid.
• Blood is drawn upto 0.5 mark and diluting fluid upto 11
mark.
• Dilution is 1 in 20 and the dilution factor is 20.
• If blood drawn upto 1 mark and diluting fluid upto 11, then
dilution factor is 10.
OTHER USES OF WBC
PIPETTE
• Sperm count
• Cell count in CSF
• Cell count in body fluids
• Absolute eosinophil count
• Platelet count
VACCUTAINERS
BONE MARROW ASPIRATION
The examination of bone marrow is indicated in any disease characterised by
abnormalities of the blood when the usual clinical examination and lab tests fail
NEEDLE
to diagnose the condition.
1. Aspiration biopsy : it is simple, safe and relatively painless procedure in
which bone marrow is aspirated through a wide bore needle.
ex : salah’s or klima’s needle.
[Link] biopsy : it is little less simple procedure in which specially made
trephine needle is used. Trephination of bone consists of removal of blocks or bits
of tissue from the marrow cavity from which histological sections and smears are
made. It can be performed on op. where aspiration is not possible, surgical biopsy
may be necessary.
LUMBAR PUNCTURE NEEDLE
22 or 25 Gauge needle with stylet.
1. What are the indications for lumbar puncture
Can be divided into diagnostic and therapeutic
a. Diagnostic : meningitis, pyrexia of unknown origin,
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Myelography- introduction of radiological dyes
b. Therapeutic : spinal anaesthesia
Chemotherapy of leukemia ( intrathecal methotrexate)
Administration of intracranial antibiotics
At times, to lower the intracranial pressure.
• 2. What are the contraindications for lumbar puncture
a. Increased intracranial pressure
b. Deformity of the spine
c. Local infection
d. Bleeding diathesis
• 3. What is the site of lumbar puncture
It is the intervertebral space between L3&L4 or L4&L5.
• 4. What are the complications of lumbar puncture
a. Failure to obtain a specimen or the tap can be traumatic
b. Infection can be introduced if proper aseptic precautions
are not followed.
c. Headache after the procedure
d. Brainstem herniation can occur when there is increased
pressure or swelling of the brain before the procedure.
e. Very rarely spinal hematoma or abscess can occur
AYRE’S SPATULA
• The Ayre spatula is a device used to collect Pap smear.
• It is a wooden spatula with U-shaped openings on one side
and a flat surface on another.[1]
• The broad end is for vaginal sample collection and the
narrow end is for cervical sample collection.
• It is rotated 360 degrees in the vagina to obtain the cells to
be sent for Pap smear examination.
• The Ayre spatula is introduced into the cervix after
exposing the external os using a speculum.
• The cytology specimens are obtained by rotating the
spatula firmly over the ectocervix and quickly transferring
the cells to a slide or jar.
L MOULDS
• Specimen Holder
• Used for holding the wax block for taking sections on the
microtome.
TISSUE CAPSULES
Stainless Steel Tissue Capsules
Features:
A secure positive snap-on cover.
Perforated on the top and bottom for
easy fluid circulation.
Can be partitioned for up to 4 sections
•Disposable plastic cassetes for
biopsy processing and embedding.
•Moulded from high density acetyl
polymer
•A total 128 slots each measures
1x5 mm.
•Available in 11 colors
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