Ethylene (ET)Role:Ethylene is a gaseous hormone Pathology.

Published the famous book "Fungi and

involved in stress response, senescence, and defense Diseases in Plants" (1918). Conducted pioneering
[Link]:Works together with JA during research on plant pathogenic fungi, especially 1. Structural Defense MechanismsStructural defenses
defense against necrotrophic pathogens. Promotes Pythium and Phytophthora. Established the Imperial are physical barriers that prevent pathogen
production of defense enzymes: Chitinase β-1,3- Bureau of Mycology at Kew, England (now CABI penetration, colonization, and spread inside plant
glucanase Peroxidase Example:Ethylene contributes Mycology). Organized and promoted plant disease tissues.A. Pre-existing (Constitutive) Structural
resistance against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria research in India during the British period. Laid the DefenseThese defenses are present in healthy plants
spp. 4. Auxin (IAA – Indole Acetic Acid)Role:Auxin foundation for modern plant pathology and mycology
before pathogen attack.1. Cuticle and Wax Layer1The
regulates cell division, elongation, and growth. Many in India. 2. K. C. Mehta (K. C. Mehta)Known as the
outer waxy cuticle prevents water loss and acts as a
pathogens alter auxin levels to cause disease Father of Wheat Rust Research in India. Conducted
barrier against pathogen entry. 2Thick cuticle reduces
[Link]:Promotes cell enlargement and extensive studies on stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe
fungal penetration. ExaThick cuticle of citrus leaves
abnormal growth. Influences gall formation and tumor rust of wheat. Discovered that the Himalayan region
development. Examples:Agrobacterium acts as a summer nursery for wheat rust fungi. provides resistance against some fungal pathogens. 2.
tumefaciens produces auxin leading to crown gall Explained the epidemiology and life cycle of wheat Epidermal Cell WallA strong epidermal layer prevents
formation. 5. CytokininsRole:Cytokinins regulate cell rust pathogens in India. His research helped develop penetration by fungal appressoria and bacterial entry.
division and delay [Link]:Influence effective forecasting and management of wheat rust ExThick epidermal cells of barley provide resistance
nutrient flow toward infection sites. Promote diseases. Made significant contributions to wheat against powdery mildew. 3. Stomatal
formation of hypertrophied tissues. breeding for rust resistance. 3B. B. Mundkur (B. B. Structure1Stomata are natural openings used by
Examples:Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces Mundkur)Pioneer Indian plant pathologist and pathogens for entry. 2Small stomatal size and fewer
cytokinin production causing crown gall. 6. mycologist. Founded the Indian Phytopathological stomata reduce infection. Example:Some resistant
Gibberellic Acid (GA)Role:Gibberellins regulate Society (IPS) in 1947. Established the journal Indian wheat varieties prevent entry of rust pathogens
plant growth and [Link]:Promote Phytopathology. Authored the important book through stomata. 4. Trichomes (Plant Hairs)Hair-like
Example:Gibberella fujikuroi produces gibberellins "Fungi and Plant Diseases". Conducted extensive structures on leaves prevent pathogen attachment
causing bakanae disease of rice. 7. Abscisic Acid research on smut fungi and cereal diseases.
and penetration. Example:Tomato trichomes provide
(ABA)Role:ABA is a stress hormone involved in Promoted plant pathology education and research
resistance against some pests and pathogens. 5. Pre-
drought response and immunity throughout India. 4. M. J. Thirumalachar (M. J.
existing Cell Wall ComponentsCellulose, lignin,
[Link]:Regulates stomatal closure. Thirumalachar)Internationally renowned mycologist
Influences pathogen entry. Modulates SA and JA and plant pathologist. Discovered and described suberin, and pectin strengthen cell walls.
pathwaysExample:ABA accumulation affects many new fungal species. Made major contributions Example:Lignified tissues of woody plants resist
susceptibility of plants to bacterial pathogens. 8. to the taxonomy and classification of fungi, fungal invasion. B. Post-existing (Induced) Structural
Brassinosteroids (BR)Role:Brassinosteroids regulate especially rusts and smuts. Worked on biological DefenseThese structures develop after pathogen
growth and plant [Link]:Activate control and management of plant diseases. attack.1. Papilla FormationPlants deposit callose,
antioxidant enzymes. Improve resistance against some Discovered several antibiotics and bioactive lignin, and phenolic compounds beneath the infection
pathogens. Interact with SA and JA pathways. compounds from fungi. Received national and site. It blocks pathogen penetration. ExaBarley forms
Example:BR treatment increases resistance against international recognition for contributions to papillae against powdery mildew fungus. 2.
bacterial and fungal pathogens.) 1665 – Robert mycology and plant pathology. I. Necrotic LignificationIncreased lignin deposition strengthens
HookeObserved fungal structures using a Symptoms (Death of Plant Tissues)Necrosis means cell walls and prevents pathogen spread. ExPotato
microscope..Helped establish microscopic studies of death of cells or tissues.1. Leaf SpotDefinition: plants produce lignin barriers against Phytophthora
plant diseases.(b) 1675 – Antonie van Small, circular or irregular dead areas on
infestans. 3. Cork Layer FormationPlants form cork
LeeuwenhoekImproved microscopes and observed [Link] or black lesions May
tissue around infected areas to isolate pathogens.
microorganismsKnown as the Father of have yellow halo Spots may merge ExamplesBrown
ExaPotato tubers form cork layers after infection by
[Link] and improved high-powered spot of rice (Bipolaris oryzae) Cercospora leaf spot 2.
pathogens. 4. Tylose FormationSwelling of
single-lens [Link] to observe and describe BlightDefinition: Rapid death of leaves, flowers,
microorganisms ("animalcules"), including bacteria shoots, or young [Link] drying parenchyma cells inside xylem vessels blocks
and [Link] the field of microbiology Large dead areas Entire leaves may die ExamplesLate pathogen movement. Example:Resistant cotton
through microscopic [Link] that blight of potato (Phytophthora infestans) Early blight varieties produce tyloses against Fusarium
microscopic organisms are real living entitie.(c) 1729 of tomato (Alternaria solani) 3. CankerDefinition: oxysporum. 2. Biochemical Defense
– Pier Antonio MicheliDemonstrated that fungi Sunken necrotic lesion on stems, branches, or MechanismsBiochemical defenses involve production
reproduce by [Link] the Father of [Link] cracks Sunken appearance of antimicrobial compounds and enzymes that inhibit
[Link] pantrum genera in 1729. 1st to prove Gum exudation may occur ExamplesCitrus canker pathogensA. Pre-existing Biochemical DefenseThese
fungi reproduce by spores(d) 1807 – Isaac-Bénédict Apple canker 4. RotDefinition: Softening and compounds are already present in healthy plants.1.
PrévostProved that wheat bunt is caused by a decomposition of plant [Link] rot Dry rot Phenolic CompoundsPhenolics inhibit pathogen
[Link] to recommend chemical seed treatment Root rot Stem rot Fruit rot ExamplesSoft rot of potato growth and strengthen cell walls. ExaChlorogenic acid
using copper sulfatelaid foundation of modern White rot of onion 5. ScorchDefinition: Drying of
in potato provides resistance against fungal
experimental plant pathology demonstrated that fungal leaf margins or tips giving a burnt
pathogens. 2. PhytoanticipinsNaturally occurring
sporesn causes diseases.(e) 1861 – Anton de [Link] leaf scorch 6.
antimicrobial compounds present before infection.
BaryExperimentally proved that potato late blight is DiebackDefinition: Progressive death of twigs and
Examples:Saponins in oats inhibit fungal pathogens.
caused by Phytophthora [Link] that branches from the tip [Link]
microorganisms cause plant [Link] as the dieback 7. Damping-offDefinition: Death of Phaseolin in beans provides antifungal activity. 3.
Father of Plant [Link] in rust hetroecism seedlings before or after [Link]- Enzymes4. Natural InhibitorsPlants contain proteins
and symbiosis (f) 1885 – Thomas J. BurrillProved emergence damping-off Post-emergence damping-off and chemicals that inhibit
that bacteria can cause plant [Link] fire ExamplesPythium Rhizoctonia Fusarium 8. [Link]:Proteinase inhibitors in plants
blight of apple and pear.(g) 1892 – Dmitri WiltDefinition: Loss of turgidity due to vascular reduce pathogen activity. B. Pathogen-Induced
IvanovskyDiscovered viruses while studying tobacco blockage or root [Link] Biochemical DefenseThese defenses are activated
mosaic disease.(h) 1898 – Martinus droop Permanent wilting Plant eventually dies after pathogen recognition.1. Phytoalexin. 2.
BeijerinckConfirmed that viruses are infectious ExamplesFusarium wilt Bacterial wilt1. Nutrient Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins3. Oxidative
[Link] the term virus. Contribution of the Deficiency or ToxicityDeficiency of essential Burst4. Hypersensitive Response (HR)5. Systemic
Tulasne Brothers (8 Points)French mycologists who elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, B, etc.) Excess Acquired Resistance (SAR)
made major contributions to plant pathology and accumulation of nutrients causing toxicity 2.
[Link] pleomorphism—a single fungus Environmental StressTemperature extremes (heat,
can produce different types of [Link] frost) Drought and water stress Waterlogging Excess
complete life cycles of fungi, especially rusts and light or radiation 3. Soil-Related FactorsHigh or low
[Link] that different fungal stages belong to the soil pH Salinity and alkalinity Poor soil structure
same [Link] the classification (taxonomy) Heavy metal toxicity 4. Chemical InjuryHerbicide
of fungi based on life [Link] identify plant injury Pesticide toxicity Air pollutants (SO₂, ozone) 5.
pathogenic fungi more [Link] the Mechanical FactorsWind damage Hail injury
famous book Selecta Fungorum Carpologia (1861– Physical injury during cultivation
1865).Their work laid the foundation for modern

mycology and plant pathology.]. Edwin John Butler

(E. J. Butler)Known as the Father of Indian Plant