BAEEE103
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
Syllabus
Module:1 Diodes and its applications
PN Junction Diode: Characteristics; Diode Circuits: Clipper, Clamper, Rectifier, Filter
circuits and design problems; Zener Diode: Characteristics; Regulation; Special-purpose
diodes: LEDs and TVS/ESD diodes.
Module:2 BJT and its applications
BJT: Structure, operation, configurations, characteristics and h parameters; Biasing: Load
line, operating point analysis and design problems; Small signal amplifiers: CE amplifier
and design problems, Power amplifiers: Class A; efficiency and design problems; Class
B/AB power amplifiers; Feedback amplifiers; oscillators and their types.
Syllabus
Module:3 MOSFET and its applications
Introduction to FET, E-MOSFET: Structure, operation, configurations and characteristics;
Biasing: Types, voltage divider bias and design problems; Small signal amplifiers: CS
amplifier and design problems; Current mirrors (MOS) for biasing: concepts, headroom
and output compliance; active load concepts; Signal-path applications: analog switches;
source followers as buffers; simple multipliers/rectifiers.
Module:4 Operational Amplifiers
Op-Amp: DC and AC characteristics; Linear Applications: Adder, Subtractor, Integrator,
Differentiator and Instrumentation amplifier; Non-Linear Applications: Schmitt Trigger,
Comparator, sample and hold, peak detector circuits and waveform generators; Active
Filters; ADC and DAC circuits.
Module:5 555 Timer and IC Voltage Regulators
IC 555 Timer: Astable and monostable operation; Regulator IC’s: Fixed and adjustable
voltage regulators; Dual voltage regulators; Switching voltage regulators and Opto-
couplers.
Books
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
by
Boylestad R.L and Nashelsky L
PN Junction Diode
No applied bias
PN Junction Diode
Reverse-Bias Condition (VD < 0 v)
The current that exists under reverse-bias conditions is called the
reverse saturation current and is represented by Is
PN Junction Diode
Forward -Bias Condition (VD > 0 v)
Diode Equation (Shockley’s equation)
Is is the reverse saturation current
VD is the applied forward-bias voltage across the diode
n is an ideality factor, which is a function of the operating conditions and
physical construction (range 1-2)
Thermal voltage
k is Boltzmann’s constant (1.3 x 10-23 J/K)
TK is the absolute temperature in kelvins (273+ °C)
q is the magnitude of electron charge (1.6 x 10-19 C)
Diode Characteristics
Peak inverse Voltage (PIV rating)
or
Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV rating)
Ideal vs Practical
Diode Equivalent Circuits
• An equivalent circuit is a combination of elements properly chosen to best represent the
actual terminal characteristics of a device or system in a particular operating region
piecewise-linear equivalent Circuit
Diode Equivalent Circuits
Simplified Equivalent Circuit
Ideal Equivalent Circuit
Diode Applications
• Rectifier and power supplies
• Wave-shaping circuits: Clipper, clamper
• Signal conditioning and telecommunication circuits
• Voltage multiplier cells.
• Voltage Regulator (Zener Diode)
• Special Purpose Diodes
Rectifier Circuits
Half wave Rectifier
Half wave Rectifier
Simplified model
Half wave Rectifier
𝑉𝑚
• Averge Value 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 /𝑉𝑑𝑐 = = 0.318𝑉𝑚
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
• RMS Value 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝜋
• Form Factor = = = 1.57
𝑉𝑑𝑐 2
• Ripple factor = (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2 −1) 𝑥 100 = 121%
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
• Efficiency = = 40.5%
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
• Peak Inverse Voltage ≥ 𝑉𝑚
Full Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectifier
Full wave Rectifier
Simplified Model
Full wave Rectifier (Bridge)
Center Tapped Transformer
Center Tapped Transformer
Center Tapped Transformer
PIV = 2Vm
Full wave Rectifier
2 𝑉𝑚
• Averge Value 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 /𝑉𝑑𝑐 = = 0.636𝑉𝑚
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
• RMS Value 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝜋
• Form Factor = = = 1.11
𝑉𝑑𝑐 2 2
• Ripple factor = (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2 −1) 𝑥 100 = 48.1%
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
• Efficiency = = 81.1%
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
• Peak Inverse Voltage ≥ 𝑉𝑚 (Bridge)
2 𝑉𝑚 (Center Tapped)
For the series diode configuration, determine
VD, VR, and ID.
For the series diode configuration of Figure,
determine VD, VR, and ID.
Determine I, V1, V2, and Vo for the series dc
configuration.
Determine Vo, I1, ID1, and ID2 for the parallel
diode configuration
Clippers
Series Clipper
Biased Series Clipper
Series Clippers
Clippers
• Parallel Clipper
Biased Parallel Clipper
Biased Parallel Clipper
Approximate/ Simplified model??
Parallel Clippers
Clampers
Determine Vo (Biased Clamper)
Determine Vo assuming Simplified model (Vk=0.7v)
Clampers (Unbiased)
Clampers (Biased)
Clampers (Biased)
Clamping network with a sinusoidal Input
Zener Diode
Approximate (Simplified) equivalent circuits
Determine the reference voltages. The
circuit which uses a white LED to indicate
that the power is on. What is the level of
current through the LED and the power
delivered by the supply? The LED has a 4V
voltage drop across it.
Plot the waveform of the voltage across the
system for the applied signal.
Zener Diode Voltage regulator
Zener Diode Voltage regulator
Case (i) Vi and RL Fixed
1. Determine the state of the Zener diode (ON/OFF)
If V ≥ VZ, the Zener diode is on – Substitute the appropriate equivalent model
If V < VZ, the diode is off – Substitute open-circuit equivalence
Zener Diode Voltage regulator
2. Substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit
Zener Diode Voltage regulator
Case (ii) Fixed Vi and variable RL
Minimum load resistance to turn the Zener diode ON
Minimum load resistance implies maximum load current
Minimum load
Maximum load resistance
Zener Diode Voltage regulator
Case (iii) Variable Vi and fixed RL
The minimum turn-on voltage
The maximum input current
The maximum input voltage
Special Purpose Diodes
Light Emitting Diode
• Recombination of holes and
electrons » Energy possessed by
the unbound free electrons be
transferred to another state.
• Energy is given off in the form of
heat and some in the form of
photons.
• In Si and Ge diodes the greater
percentage dissipated in the form
of heat, and the emitted light is
insignificant.
• Diodes constructed of GaAs emit
light in the infrared (invisible) zone
Special Purpose Diodes
TVS (Transient Voltage Suppression)Diode/ ESD
Protection Diode