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Module 2

The document provides an overview of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), covering their construction, biasing methods, and operational characteristics. It details various configurations such as common base, common emitter, and common collector, along with their respective current gain formulas and biasing techniques. Additionally, it discusses AC analysis and equivalent models for BJTs, including h-parameters and their applications in amplifier circuits.

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2 views54 pages

Module 2

The document provides an overview of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), covering their construction, biasing methods, and operational characteristics. It details various configurations such as common base, common emitter, and common collector, along with their respective current gain formulas and biasing techniques. Additionally, it discusses AC analysis and equivalent models for BJTs, including h-parameters and their applications in amplifier circuits.

Uploaded by

shahidashraf7348
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

2.

Bipolar Junction Transistor


Transistor Construction
Transistor Biasing

Forward Bias Reverse Bias


Transistor Operation
PNP vs NPN
Common Base Configuration
Input Characteristics
Common Base Configuration
Output Characteristics
Transistor Amplifying Action
Common Emitter Configuration
Current Gain
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝐶𝐸𝑂 ≪ 𝛽𝐼𝐵

𝐼𝑐 = 𝛼𝐼𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶𝐵𝑂
𝐼𝑐 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵
𝛼 1
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼 + 𝐼
1 − 𝛼 𝐵 1 − 𝛼 𝐶𝐵𝑂
𝐼𝐶
𝛽=
𝐼𝑐 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 + 𝛽 + 1 𝐼𝐶𝐵𝑂 𝐼𝐵

𝛽 − 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (50 𝑡𝑜 400)


𝐼𝑐 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶𝐸𝑂
Common Emitter Characteristics
Common Collector Configuration
Common Collector characteristics
Current Gain – Common Collector
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 𝛾 𝐼𝐶𝐵𝑂 ≪ 𝛾 𝐼𝐵

𝐼𝐶 = 𝛼𝐼𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶𝐵𝑂
𝐼𝐸 = 𝛾 𝐼𝐵
1 1
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼 𝐼𝐸
1−𝛼 1 − 𝛼 𝐶𝐵𝑂 𝛾=
𝐼𝐵

𝐼𝐸 = 𝛾 𝐼𝐵 + 𝛾 𝐼𝐶𝐵𝑂

1
𝛾=
1−𝛼
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 - Relation
𝐼𝐶 𝛼
𝛼= 𝛽=
𝐼𝐸 1−𝛼

𝐼𝐶 1
𝛽= 𝛾=
𝐼𝐵 1−𝛼

𝐼𝐸
𝛾= 𝛾 =𝛽+1
𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵

𝐼𝐵 = 79.2𝜇A

𝐼𝐶 = 7.92𝑚A
DC Biasing of Transistor
• The base–emitter junction must be forward-biased, with a resulting forward-bias
voltage of about 0.6 V to 0.7 V.
• The base–collector junction must be reverse-biased, with the reverse-bias voltage
being any value within the maximum limits of the device.
• Ensures faithful Amplification

Operating Point (Quiescent Point)

 Intersection of Load line with transistor Characteristics


Q – Point (Input)

−𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 𝐼𝐵 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0

𝑉𝐵𝐵
𝑃1 (0, ), 𝑉𝐵𝐸 =0
𝑅𝐵

𝑃2 (𝑉𝐵𝐵 , 0), 𝐼𝐵 = 0
Q – Point (Output)

−𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 0

𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑃1 (0, ), 𝑉𝐶𝐸 =0
𝑅𝐶

𝑃2 (𝑉𝐶𝐶 , 0), 𝐼𝐶 = 0
Bias Configuration
1. Fixed Bias Configuration
2. Emitter bias configuration
3. Voltage divider bias configuration
4. Collector feedback configuration
5. Common Base Configuration
Fixed Bias Configuration
Saturation Current
Load Line Analysis
Emitter Bias Configuration
Base Emitter loop
Collector Emitter Loop
Collector Emitter Loop

Saturation Current
Load Line Analysis
Voltage Divider Bias Configuration
Determine the dc bias voltage VCE and the current IC for the voltage-divider
configuration of Figure.
= 910 kΩ
BJT AC Analysis
AC equivalent circuit
AC Analysis
Transistor Equivalent Model
• Hybrid Model
• re Model
• Hybrid pi Model
Hybrid Equivalent Model
Two Port Network

The parameters relating the four variables are called h-parameters


‘h’ parameters
set Vo = 0 (short circuit the output terminals) If Ii is set equal to zero by opening the input
leads

open-circuit Reverse transfer voltage


Short-circuit Input-Impedance parameter
gain/ratio parameter

Short-circuit Forward transfer current gain Open-circuit Output admittance parameter


parameter.
Equivalent Model
Equivalent Model
Common Emitter Configuration
Common Base Configuration
Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Model
Fixed bias CE Amplifier
Find the input impedance, Output Impedance, Voltage
Gain and current Gain for the given circuit.
Voltage Divider Bias CE configuration

𝑅′ = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2
Voltage Divider Bias CE configuration
Input Impedance

Output Impedance

Voltage Gain

Current Gain
Find the input impedance, Output Impedance, Voltage
Gain and current Gain for the given circuit.

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