module 3 : Introduction to internet and database management system

The Internet is a massive, global network of interconnected computers and devices that communicate using
standard protocols like TCP/IP. It functions like a digital highway, transmitting data across fiber-optic cables and
wireless signals to power websites, email, and streaming media.
Mastering the core concepts of the internet breaks down into a few essential building blocks:
1. The Core Infrastructure
 TCP/IP: The fundamental language (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) that dictates how
data is routed and transmitted across the network.
 Packet Switching: The method used to break data down into smaller, numbered chunks ("packets"), send
them across various paths, and reassemble them at their final destination.
 ISP (Internet Service Provider): The companies (like Airtel or Jio in your region) that provide the physical
infrastructure and gateway for you to access the internet.
2. Addressing & Navigation
 IP Address: A unique string of numbers (or alphanumeric characters in IPv6) assigned to every device
connected to the internet. It acts as your device's mailing address.
 DNS (Domain Name System): The internet's phonebook. It translates human-readable web addresses (e.g.,
[Link]) into machine-readable IP addresses.
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The specific web address you type into a browser to locate a resource,
usually starting with a protocol like http:// or [Link]
3. Architecture & Standards
 Client-Server Model: The backbone of the web. Clients (like your web browser or phone) request
information, and Servers (powerful remote computers) process those requests and return the requested data.
 HTTP / HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (and its secure version) is the set of rules browsers and
servers use to exchange information.
 World Wide Web (WWW): Often confused with the internet itself, the Web is simply the vast collection of
linked hypertext documents and applications that live on the internet, accessed using a web browser.
Application of internet has transformed how we live, work, learn, and interact through countless applications
across communication, information access, entertainment, business, and more. At its core, an internet application
works by hosting the app logic and data on remote servers, while users access it through a web browser or mobile
app.
Some of the top applications of the Internet include:
 Communication tools like email, instant messaging, and video calling enable free global communication.
 Web browsing and search engines provide endless amounts of instant information.
 Online shopping through e-commerce sites like Amazon that offers convenience and global access.
 Real-time news, data, and updates are shared instantly across the web.
 Social media platforms allow users worldwide to connect based on shared interests.
  Job search engines and remote work tools expand employment opportunities.
 Online education through platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy increasing access.
 Travel apps, review sites, and maps improve trip planning and navigation.
 Stock trading and finance apps provide real-time data and access.
 Video conferencing software enables collaboration and remote work.
 Smart Homes: Automates climate control, lighting, and security to boost energy efficiency and
convenience.
 Healthcare: Enables continuous remote patient monitoring, wearable health tracking, and smart asset
management for hospitals.
 Logistics & Transportation: Powers global asset tracking, real-time fleet management, and delivery route
optimization.
 Industrial (IIoT): Utilizes predictive machinery maintenance and automated robotics to reduce factory
downtime.
 Smart Cities & Agriculture: Monitors soil moisture to conserve water in farming and tracks environmental
data or traffic flow in urban areas.
Evolution of connecting internet:
The internet has evolved from a small military-academic network in 1969 to a global, always-on infrastructure. The
connectivity shifted from slow, wired dial-up and stationary desktop cables to high-speed fiber optics, ubiquitous
Wi-Fi, and mobile 5G, creating a deeply connected society of smart devices and cloud computing.
1. The Wired Beginnings (1969 – 1990s)
 ARPANET (1969): The U.S. Defense Department established the first operational packet-switching
network, connecting university computers.
 TCP/IP (1983): The adoption of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) established a
universal "language" for different computer networks to communicate, officially birthing the Internet.
 World Wide Web (1989): Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, creating the hyperlinked pages
and browsers that made the network accessible to everyday users.
2. The Dial-Up Era & Early Broadband (Late 1990s – Mid 2000s)
 Dial-Up (56 kbps): Early users went online via telephone lines using a modem. These connections were
slow, tied up the phone line, and required active manual dialing.
 Broadband & DSL (1 Mbps – 100 Mbps): Users graduated to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Cable
modems, allowing for "always-on" connections and faster data transfers without tying up telephone lines.
3. The Wireless & Mobile Revolution (Mid 2000s – 2010s)
 Wi-Fi adoption: Physical Ethernet cables were replaced by wireless routers, allowing laptops and early
mobile devices to connect seamlessly within homes and offices.
 Cellular Networks: The transition from early 3G networks to 4G LTE enabled high-speed internet directly
on smartphones, facilitating the boom of social media, digital streaming, and app-based economies.
4. High-Speed, Fiber, and the Future (2020s and beyond)
 Fiber Optics: The modern backbone of internet connectivity. Fiber-optic cables transmit data via pulses of
light, offering near-instantaneous speeds (gigabit and beyond) that support massive cloud operations and
4K/8K video streaming.
 5G & Mobile Broadband: The latest cellular generation provides speeds rivaling wired broadband with
near-zero latency, empowering connected vehicles, remote healthcare, and high-performance mobile
gaming.
 The Internet of Everything (IoE): The modern internet connects not just people, but everyday smart
appliances, wearables, and industrial sensors
The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information system where documents, images, and other resources are
interlinked by hyperlinks and accessed via the Internet. Invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, it is essentially the
graphical, user-friendly interface that sits on top of the physical internet infrastructure.
Key Concepts
 The Internet vs. The Web: The Internet is a massive global hardware infrastructure of connected
computers, servers, and cables. The WWW is a specific service running on that infrastructure, allowing you
to browse websites using software.
 Web Pages and Websites: A web page is a single document on the Web. A website is a collection of these
pages grouped together under a specific domain name (e.g., [Link]).
 Hyperlinks: The "links" that let you click from one page, document, or website to another, creating a
massive web of connected information.
How the Web Works
The WWW operates using a specific client-server model and a set of standardized rules called protocols:
 Web Browsers: Software applications (like Chrome, Firefox, or Safari) that act as the "client." They send
requests for web content.
 Web Servers: Powerful remote computers that store the website files (code, images, videos) and send them
back to your browser when requested.
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The unique address used to find a specific resource on the Web.
 HTTP / HTTPS: The set of rules (HyperText Transfer Protocol) that governs how browsers and servers
communicate with one another.
 HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The standard coding language used to create and structure the
visual content and hyperlinks on a web page.
These three concepts work together to get you online: Wi-Fi connects your device to a local network wirelessly, a
web browser is the app used to view internet content, and a search engine is a website used to find specific
information on the internet.
1. Wi-Fi (Wireless Connection)
 What it is: A technology that uses radio waves to create a wireless local area network (WLAN), allowing
devices to connect to the internet without cables.
  How it works: Your internet router connects to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) via a physical cable, then
broadcasts that connection wirelessly so your phone, laptop, or tablet can access the web.
2. Web Browser (The Access Door)
 What it is: A software application that allows you to access and display websites on the World Wide Web.
 How it works: When you type a web address (like a URL) into a browser, it translates underlying code (like
HTML) into the visual pages, images, and videos you see on your screen.
 Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.
3. Search Engine (The Locator)
 What it is: A specialized web service/tool designed to help you find information stored across the vast
internet.
 How it works: You type in keywords, and the search engine uses automated bots to scan the web and return
a list of websites, images, or documents that match what you are looking for.
 Examples: Google, Bing, and DuckDuckGo.
How They Work Together
Imagine wanting to look up a recipe. First, your Wi-Fi connects your phone to the internet. Next, you open a web
browser like Chrome. Inside that browser, you navigate to a search engine like Google to find the recipe page you
want.

popular search engines :

 Google: The undisputed global market leader, known for its massive index, speed, and advanced AI-assisted
search algorithms.
 Bing: Microsoft’s search engine and the second-largest globally, offering built-in AI chat features and a
rewards system.
 DuckDuckGo: A privacy-focused engine that does not track user data, build search profiles, or sell personal
information.
 Yahoo!: Powered primarily by Bing, it serves as a massive news, finance, and email portal.
 Ecosia: A green search engine that uses its ad revenue to fund global tree-planting initiatives.
 Yandex: The most widely used search engine in Russia and several Eastern European countries.
 Baidu: The dominant, heavily localized search engine used in China.
 Naver: South Korea's top search platform, integrating localized blogs, news, and community forums.

Downloading documents : from the internet means transferring a file from a remote server to your local
device. To do this, locate the document, click its download button or link, and it will save automatically to your
designated "Downloads" folder.
How to Download Documents
1. Standard Downloads: Navigate to the webpage containing the document. Click on the direct download
link or button.
2. "Save As": Right-click (or tap and hold on mobile) on the download link and select "Save As" or "Save
link as" to choose a specific destination folder on your computer.
3. From Cloud Storage: If using cloud platforms like Google Docs or Microsoft 365, open the document,
click on File > Download, and select your preferred format (e.g., PDF, DOCX).
4. Web Pages: If you want to save the webpage itself, press Ctrl + S (Windows) or Cmd + S (Mac), or use the
browser menu to select Save Page As. Locating Your Files
 Browser History: Press Ctrl + J in most web browsers to view your recent downloads and find the exact
folder where they were saved.
 Computer Folders: Open your device's file manager (e.g., File Explorer on Windows or Finder on Mac)
and look for the dedicated Downloads folder.
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Data :
Data is derived from the Latin word "datum" which elaborates "something given", so data can be defined as crude
and unordered facts that need to be processed to make it organized. Although data can be present everywhere in our
daily life, it is our responsibility how to collect the data from the different corners and then process the data to get
some useful insight from it which can be useful for our particular use. Data can be anything it can be in the form of
symbols, characters, numbers, images, etc. Data is always interpreted by humans or machines to make it organized
in particular order to derive its meaning.
Data is a raw material; it’s a collection of facts and figures. Data does not have a significant meaning because of its
raw nature. Data may include text, figures, facts, images, numbers, graphs, and symbols and it can be generated
from different sources like sensors, surveys, transactions, social media etc.
Information :
The raw data is collected; after processing this raw data the outcome is information. This information can be
defined as when the data is processed, organized, and presented in a specific context to serve its use is called
information. The information doesn't have any existence without data, mostly information has measuring unit like
quantity, time, etc. There are also a lot of differences between data and information. For information to be useful,
the process data has the following characteristics which are:
 Time - Information should be available at any point in time whenever it is required.
 Accuracy - Information should be actual and organized only then it can serve its purpose.
 Completeness - Information should be finite and consistent.
Information is processed data. It is always useful and used in decision-making. A person who has a lot of
information about a particular thing is always considered a knowledgeable person. Hence, a good information base
always makes a good knowledge base and a good knowledge base helps to make healthy or fruitful decisions.

DataBase:
A database is a systematic, digitally stored collection of structured information or data. It is designed to allow
organizations and applications to store, manage, update, and retrieve large volumes of data quickly, securely, and
efficiently.
Database management system:
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software tool used to store, organize, and manage data effectively. It
acts as an intermediary between the central database and its users or applications, allowing users to securely create,
retrieve, update, and delete information without interacting directly with raw hardware files.
Key Concepts
 Data: Raw, unprocessed facts and figures (e.g., student name, price).
 Database: An organized, structured collection of related data.
 Metadata: "Data about data"—the system catalog that defines the database structure and constraints.
Data warehousing is the process of collecting, organizing, and storing vast amounts of historical data from
multiple sources into a centralized repository. Data mining is the analytical process of exploring this data to
discover hidden patterns, trends, and correlations. Together, they form the backbone of business intelligence.
Data Warehousing: The Foundation
A data warehouse acts as a single source of truth for an organization's historical data.
Core Characteristics:
 Subject-Oriented: Focused on specific business areas (e.g., sales, customers) rather than day-to-day
transactions.
 Integrated: Combines data from various, often incompatible, sources (like CRM or ERP systems) into a
unified format.
 Time-Variant: Retains historical data over long periods (months or years) for trend analysis.
 Non-Volatile: Read-only; once data is loaded, it is not altered or removed by daily operations, making it
stable for analysis.
Data Mining: The Analysis
Once the data warehouse stores consistent and historical data, data mining techniques are applied to generate
actionable insights.
Core Techniques:
 Association: Finding relationships between variables (e.g., customers who buy bread also buy butter).
 Classification: Categorizing data into predefined classes (e.g., flagging emails as spam or legitimate).
 Clustering: Grouping similar data points together without predefined labels (e.g., segmenting customer
bases).
 Regression: Predicting continuous values or trends (e.g., forecasting next month's sales revenue).