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The document discusses various problems related to thermodynamics, including the behavior of gases under different conditions and the principles of the first law of thermodynamics. It covers topics such as the stability of dark nebulae, the temperature variations in Earth's atmosphere, and calculations involving work done by gases during expansion and compression. Additionally, it includes exercises related to the work done in cyclic processes and the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature in ideal gases.

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Andri Eiríksson
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3 views20 pages

batch_005

The document discusses various problems related to thermodynamics, including the behavior of gases under different conditions and the principles of the first law of thermodynamics. It covers topics such as the stability of dark nebulae, the temperature variations in Earth's atmosphere, and calculations involving work done by gases during expansion and compression. Additionally, it includes exercises related to the work done in cyclic processes and the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature in ideal gases.

Uploaded by

Andri Eiríksson
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Say + aay a uaa ual 91 UL sponds Soy soto Jo qn 2 7] A 0 8 aE Sa UID) ‘ED oe sei od EB) y os) ap (a)fa fi =a (msvos aus es» par sso aunsed sw ats fe y Fa wat 1p. pong ap as pur + = .a ages Jo aftayp 250 a4 tz) ~GR) “a. Aq Deu8 se Ma ol yto sah end poe'ap(ayfa Of “igg) bq ui puss am aemoTe STH) «+ 9B BI 10 SoNsedo (RULE 0g Wa Problem Sat: Therm the nebula (assumed spherical). I the space around the nebula Were a vacuum, would such a cloud be stable of would it tend to ‘evaporate? (e) The stability of dark nebulae is explained by the presence of the imerstllar medium (ISM), an even thinner gas that permeates space and in which the dark nebulae are embed. ded. Show that for dick nebulze to he in equilibrium with the ISM, the numbers of stoms per volume (N/V) and the tempera ‘ores (7) of dsck nebulae and the ISM must be related by Vata OM Fis Tras (fi In the vicinity of the sun, dhe ISM contains about 1 hydrogen ‘tom per 200 cm’, Estimate the temperature of the ISM jn the Vicinity of the sun. Compare to the temperature of the sun's sur= face, about 5800 K. Would a spacecraft coasting through interstel larspace burn up? Why or why not? 82 --- CALC Earth’s Atmosphere. In the rmpoyphere, the par ofthe atmosphere that extends from earths surface to an altitude of about 11 km, the temperature is not uniform but decreases with ‘nereasing elevation. (a) Show that if the temperature vatiation is approximated by the linear relationship T=T-ay ue P84 David Malin, Royal Obserstory, Einburh a Anglo Ainaian Proportias of Mier ‘where Tpis the temperature tthe earth’ surface and Tris the tem. perature at height» he pressure pat eighty is given by Ra \ I here pp is the pressure atthe earths surface and M i the molar mass for ai. The coeficent ais called the lapse rate oF temperae ture, Itvaries with atmospheric conditions, bat an average value is about 0.6 €%/100 m.(b) Show thatthe above result reduces to the result of Example 4 of “Thermal Properties of Mater” (Section 1) in the limit that a — 0. (¢) With a = 0.6 C2/100 m, calculate p for y = 8863 m and compare your answer to the result of Exam. ple 4. Take Ty = 288 K and py = 1.00 at, BB *** Ojos > Yay Ibis not difcul to show that this is aby the cease, (The only exception is when the particles have the same speed, in Which ease Un, = Uy.) (a) For two particles with speeds 1; and vg, show that Dong = Das rogardlest of the numerical val les of ») and vp. Then Show that Uigs > Bay IP # ve. (b) Sup Pose tha fora collection of N patcles you know that ty 2 tne ‘Another particle, with speed is added tothe collection of part cles. Ifthe new mns and average speeds are denoted 3 0a, and yy show that [Mat = rear Noy tu sod big = WEE ideal (6) Use the expressions in part (b) 10 show that Oj, > vy regardless of the numeral value of ue (W) Explain ‘why your results fo (a) and {c) together show that tans > Ya for any colle. tion of particles ifthe particles do nor all have the same speed. © about sre BMT wIS 380/66) 412s iswers to Selected Problems Sepals) Ma) 621X071 234 ne ae DB D9 K 0% mw) 31X 10m es x ©) 201 x 17 inlees 4) 125 4 Problem Set: The First Law of Tharmadynamies G21 When a gos expands adiabatically, it does work on its surroundings. But if there is no hest input to the gas, where does the energy come from to da the work”? 22 The gs used in separating the two uranium isotopes 70, and *¥U fas tie formula UF, Ifyou added heat at equal rates toa mole of UF; gas and a mole of Ho gas, which one's temperature ‘would you expect to rise faster? Explain, EXERCISES Section 2 Work Done During Volume Changes and Section 3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States 11 += Two moles of an ideal gas are hested at constant pressure from T = 27°C to T= 107°C. (a) Draw a pV-diagram for this process (b) Calculate the work deme by the gas 2 + Six moles of am ideal gas are in a cylinder fit at one end with a movable piston. The initial temperature ofthe gas is 27.0°C and the pressure is vonstan. As part of a machine desien project, calculate the final temperature of the gas after it has done 2.40 X 10° Ff work. 3 + GALE Two motes of an ideal gas are compressed in a cylinder St a constant temperature of €5.0°C unt the original pressure has ‘pled. (a) Sketch a p¥-diagram for this process (b) Caleulae the amount of work done, 4+» 10 Work Done by the Lungs. The griph in Fig. Ed shows ap¥-ciagrem of the airina human lung when a enon is inating and then ‘exhaling a deep breath, Such sraphs, obtained in clinical practice, are normally some- What curved, but we ave moileled one as 4 set of straight lines of the same gen- eral shape. Umportant: ‘The Dressure shown is the gage pressure, not the absolute pressure) (a) How many joules of ne work does this person's ling do during, ‘one complete breath? (b) The process illustrated here is somewhat diferent from those we have been studying, because the pressure ‘change is due to changes in the amount of gus in the lung, not to {emperature changes. Think ot your own breathing. Your lungs do, Not expand because they've gotten hot) Ifthe temperature of the air in the tong renins a reasonable 20°C, what is the maxiraum ‘number of moles inthis persons ung during a breath? 5 +» CALC During the time 0.305 mol of an ideal gas undergoes ‘an isothermal compression at 22.0°C, 468 J of work is dane on it, by the surroundings, (a) Ifthe final pressure is 1.76 atm, wat was the inital presse? (b) Sketch a pViiugram forthe process, B ++ A gos undergoes two processes, In the fist, the volume emains constant at 0.200 m and the pressure increases from 2,00 X 108 Pa 10 5.00 x 10° Pa, The second process is « com. Dression to volume of 0.120 m at a constant pressure of 5.00 X 10° Pa. (a) Ina p¥-diagram, show both processes. (6) Find the total work done by the gas during both processes, 17+ Work Done in a Cyelic Process. (a) In Fig. 7a, consider the lose loop 1» 32> 4-> 1. This i a cyetic process in which the inital and final states ane the same Find the total work done by the system inthis eyeli proves, and show that tis equal tothe sea enclosed by the loop. (6) How is the work done for the process in Pact (a) related tothe work done if the Joop is traversed in the oppo- site diection, 1» 4 2+ 3 1? Explain, Figure Ba, ln oH) es @ ip These pth give the pins for 3 ial Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 8 ++ Figure E8 shows a pV- agra for sn ideal ges in which its absolute temperature at is onefourh of its asolote temperature at. (2) What volume does this gas cceupy at point 4? (>) How many joules of work was done by or on the gas in this process? Was it done by or on the gas? (c) Di the internal energy ofthe ges inerease or deerease from a to b? Fow do you know? (d) Did heat enter or leave te gas from a t 6? How do you ki? 8+ A gas in a cylinder expands trom a volume of 0.110 m? to 0.320 mr’. Heat flows into the gas just rapidly enough to keep the pressure constant at 1.65 10° Pa during the expansion. The total heat added is 1.15 > 10° J. (a) Find the work done by the gas. (6 Find the change in intemal energy of the gas. (e} Does it matter whether the gas is ideal? Why or why not? 10+» Five moles ofan ideal monatomic gas with an intial temper ature of 127°C expund and, in the process, absorb 120) J of heat ‘and do 2100 J of work, What isthe final temperature ofthe gas? ‘11 +» The process aie shown in the pVaiagram in Fig. ELL involves 00175 mole of an lain) Figure E8 vec Tai" Figure E14 ideal gas. (a) What was the 49) lowest tempermre tho gas | |, ld it occu? (b) How mich > vwork was de by or on the 929 gas ftom a t 2 From b to ¢? a the as daring a, how many Fe Of those jules wet into inter nul nese)? 180 x 10° Ps and is cooled and compressed fom 1.70 mw 1.20 m?. The intemal energy ofthe gan decenies by 1.40 x 105 1 (3) Find the work done by the gas. (Find the absolute vale [0 of flow () Dos it mats whether dhe go ideal? Why oe hy a0? 12+ 5/0 Doughnuts: Breakfast of Champions! A” iypical soughnot contains 2.0 g of protein, 17.0 g of carbohydrates nd ‘40 kcal/g for protein and carboydrstes ad 9,0 Keal/ fr fat (2) During heavy exercise, an average person uses energy at fate af 510 Keal/h. How long would you have o exercise to “work reached in this process? Where 49 (© 16215 of het was putinto 42 + A gas in a cylinder $8 held at a constant pressor of the heat low into orout ofthe gs, a state the direction ofthe het 1.0, of at. The average foo eneray values of those substances a off one doughnut? 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(a) Find the initial temperature ofthe 0s in Kelvins. (b) If the gas is allowed to expand t0 twice the initial volume, find the final temperature (in kelvns) and pressive ‘of the gas if the expansion is i) isothermal; Gi isobaric; (i) adi. ati PROBLEMS 31 +» One mole of ideal gas is slowly compressed to one-third of 4s original volume. In this compression, the work done on the gas has magnitude 600 7. For the ges, C, = 7K/2, (a) If the process is isothermal, what isthe heat low @ for the gas? Does heat fw into ‘oF out ofthe gas? () Ifthe process is isobaric, what isthe change {in internal energy ofthe g2s? Does the intemal energy increase cr decrease? 38 + CALC Figure P38 shows the pVtiagram for an isthermal expan- son of 1.50 mol of an ideal gas, at emperature of 15.0°C. (a) Waat is the change in intemal energy of the gus? Explain, (6) Calculate the work ‘done by (or on) the gas and the heat absorbed (or released) by the gas dur Figure P38 pea A ithe expansion. ee 38 +> A quantity ofairis ken from Ol _OOT COE TOs State @ 10 sate b along 4 path that Is a streight line in the pV-diagram (Fig. P33), Figure P39 (@) In this process, does the tem= perature of the ges increase, Gecrease, oF stay the same? Explain. (6) IF, = 0.0700 m", Y= 0.1100m, py, = 1.00 x 10° Pa, and py = 1.40 x 108 a, what is the werk W done by the gas in this process? assume thatthe eas may be treated a5 ideal. 490 + One-half mole ofan ides gas i taken from sate cto state 6 {as shown in Fig. P40. (a) Calelat the fnal temperature ofthe ges () Calculate the work dane on (or by) the gas as it moves from Sate ato slate. (c) Does heat leave the system or enter the systems during this process? 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Su0p 51 20% 30 £ 09 PUR wos ap OU Sw0g 13H 30 1.0105 99 td BO pt Tuy Ug ams oF v aes wos, oye FD 8 UN oe Ub a : a bra any 0010 sco zon‘ 1080 cana Oba antiy soueuipowiey Joe ty a eg wa Problem Set: The Fist Law of Thermedyneiice Figure Pag pera 4x08 3x10 at 1x08 e atten, DOE 000% C006 one Ter v 50 +» Two moles of helium are initially at a temperature of 270°C and occupy a volume of 0.0300 m°, The helium Ast ‘expaacs at constant pressure until iis volume as doubled, Then it ‘expands adiobatice!ly until the temperature returns to its initial value: Assume thatthe elim can be tated as an ideal gos, (4) Draw a diagram ofthe process ia the pV-plane. (b) What the {otal heat supplied to the helium in te process?) Wht is the ‘otal change in intemal energy of the helium? (d) What isthe totl work done by the helium? (e) What is the final volume of the helium? 54 o>» Stating with 2.50 mol of Np pas (assumed tobe ideal in « eylinder at 1.00 aim and 200°C a chemist fitst heats the gas at constant volume, adding 1.$2 % 10° J of heat, then continues heating and ellows the gis to expand at constant pressure to twice its orginal volume (a) Calculate the final temperature of the es, () Calculate the amount of work done by the gas (c) Calculate the mount of heat added to the ges while It was expanding. (4) Caleur late the change in intemal energy of the pas forthe whole process, 52 + Nitogen g1s in an expandihle container is cooled fean $0.0°C to 10.0°C with the pressure held constant at 3.00 X 10° Pa, ‘The total heat Liberate by the gas is 2.50 x 10* J. Assume thatthe ‘g88 may be treated a ideal, (a) Find the numberof moles of gas, () Find the change in intemal energy of the gts. (c) Find the work done by the gas. (#) How much heat would be liberated by the gas for te same temperature change ifthe voluane were constant? 53 + Ina certain process, 2.15 103 Ff heat is liberned by a system, and at the same time the system contrac under a constant ‘extemal pressure of 9.50 x 10° Pa, The intemal enersy of the system isthe samo atthe beginning and end of the process, Find the change in volume ofthe system, (The system is nor an ideal gas) 534 + CALC A cylinder witha Srctiontess, movable piston lke that shown in Fig. S comtins a quantity of elizn gs, lnitaly the gas is at & pressure of 1.00 X 10° Pa, has a temperature of 300 K. and ‘occupies 1 volume of 1.50 L. The gas then undergoes. two Processes, In the first, the gas is hested and the piston i allowed to move to keep the temperature equal to 300 K. This continues until the pressure reaches 2.50 x 10* Pa. In the second process, the 498 s compressed at constant pressure until it retums to its orig fal volume of 1.50 L. Assume that the 245 may be treated as ‘deal. (@) In a pV-diagram, show both processes, (b) Find the volume of the ga atthe end of the frst process, and find the pres- Sure and temperature atthe end of the second process, (c) Find ‘the total work done by the gas during both processes. (4) What, ‘aul you have to do tothe gas to return itt its original pressure snd temperature? 58 -- CP A Thermodynamic Process in a Liquid, A chemical engineer is studying the properties of liquid methanol (CHOW). She uses steel eylinder with a cross-sectional area of 0.0200 mi? ‘and. containing 1.20 x 10°* m? of methanol. The cylinder s quipped with a eightly fiting piston that supports = load oP 3.00 x 10" N. The temperature of the system is increased fom 20.0°C to 50.0°C. Far methanol, the coefficient of volume expan sion is 120% 10° K"!, the density is 791 kg/m", ane the specific hea at constant pessureis cy = 2.51 = 10° 1/kgp ‘You can ignore the expansion of the steel cylinder Find (2 se ‘nrease in volume ofthe methanol; (6) the mechanical work done by the methanol against the 3.00 > 10* N force; (2) the amous: ot heat added tothe methanol; (6) the change in internal energy of me ‘ethanol (¢) Based on your results, explain wether there is a= substantial difference between the specific heats cy (at cons Dressure) and cy (at constant volume) for methavol under tone conditions 56 - GPA Thermodynamic Process in a Solid. cube of cop et 200 cm on aside is suspend by a sting, (The physical pea erties of copper are given inthe tables below.) The cube is bea ith « bumer from 20.0°C to 90.0°C. The sir surrounding the coke 's at atmospheric pressure (1.01 x 10° Pa), Find (a) the inccome in volume of the cube; (b the mechanical work: done by the cube ‘expand against the pressure of the surrounding air, (c) the nm ‘of heat added tthe cube; (2) the change in intern enersy of tae ‘cube, (€) Based on your results, explain whether there is any sob Stantaldiference between the specitic hea ¢, (at constant pees Ste) and cy (at constant volume) for copper under these conditions Table E5Ga Coefficients of Volume Expansion Solids __BIK4or()"") igus 7210 Beno (Catton asutioe yearn Aluniouen 75 * 10 ts x 10° x10 60x05 51x 107 haar x us Iva 027 10-5 Quane fused) 012 x 10-4 36x ws Brass Copper Gas Mercury 18x 10 Stel Table E5Gb Approximate Specific Heats and Molar Heat Capacities (Constant Pressure) Specific Heat, Molar Mass, Molar Heat Capacis, eiW/ke-K)Mike/mel) Cc ymolsio 310 oor 286 1970 0081 va 390 0.0638 2028 oss 2386 0.0620 2100 0180 ror 470 05s Teas 130 0207 Marble (Caco,) $79 00 0201 sas 108 nis Substance Aluminam Berylinm Copper thant 28 mg M80 a8 Ethylene give Tee (near) 263 269 m9 nz sia 253 Water tiguia) 754 eel sepatran aq Anus uadosiu aay." 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(a) Show the series of processes in a p¥V-dingram. (6) Com- pute the temperatures atthe beginning and end of the adiabatic expansion, (¢) Compute the minimum pressure 87 * Use the conditions ane processes of Problem 66 to compute (@) the work done by the gas, the heat added to it, and its infernal fenetgy change during the inital compression; (b) the work done by the eas, the hes added to it, and its internal energy change dur- ing the adiabatic expansion; (c) the work done the heat added, and ‘he internal energy change during the final heating. 58 » Comparing Thermodynamie Processes. In a cylinder, 1.20 mol of an ideal monatomic gas, initially at 3.60 X 10° Pa and 300 K, expands until its volume triples. Compute the work done hy the gas if the expansion is (a) isotbermal; (b) adiabatic; {e) isobar, (4) Show euch process in ap¥-diagram. In which case is the absolute value of the work done by the gas greatest? Least? () In which case is the absolute valve ofthe heat ransfer greatest? ‘Least? (Q) In which case is the absolute value of the change in internal energy of the gas greatest? Least? CHALLENGE PROBLEMS 88 «+» GP Oscillations of a Piston. A vertical cylinder of radius contuins « quantity of ideal gxs and is Ged with s piston with ‘mass that i fee to move (Fig. P69) The piston and the walls of PTE En RO Cl many Dopo WW Newbee 2 Is¢min” 8) 19 als = 801 mh 3} 08) 3, = 2h, o) y= Ue OO Joop cto? ese oro Syaibt e) onthepiton “) 712) ©) 990) aoe 948 "by 900 9) 233.2201 5) oa603 Sy uloblineeegs ©) > o are» 122 5 eu 2) 60 2) 280K b 109K 6 hie fora) 3) easy “ty 0 2) ees 3) 76m 9) “IEW 9 L8Pshamed 051 neal nny and tgs et pyaar) 2043 028 1 60 om atthe sue 12001, cores Sincenet by a5 3 Aspro 6.0 1) thetome serie 604 6) SOK #} OMDL. ) s0sx1220%, 1220 9 761, aot us, Geewor I owat be ie syne pe 24303 Une 648) T18kd 3 Tide oj somber tlewace the cylinder are Irctionless, and the entire cylinder is placed in a ‘constant temperature bath. The ouside alr pressure is Py. Tn equ librium, the piston sits ata height h above the botom ofthe eylin- der, (a) Find the absolute pressure of the gas trapped below the piston when in equilibsium, (b) The piston is pulled up by a small distance and released, Find the net force acting on the piston wes its hase is a distance h + y ebove the bottom ofthe cylinder, where _yistuch less than f () After the pision is displaced from equilib ‘ium aod rcleased, it osrllates up and down. Find the frequency of these small oscillations. IF the displacement is not small, are the ‘oscillations simple harmonic? How can you tell? Figure PES pen to outsides, sete pp Piston, lg use "8,0 = 180 At = 1850) = 16502, 4018503 0 ©) W= 0,0 = 580), A = S80] , amt a Gantin ois BE) no > ae Va! + Ai) 2 The efficiency of heat engines is high when the temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs is large. Retrgers tors, on the other hand, work better when the temperature differ ence is small. Thinking of the mechanical reftigeation cycle shown in Fig. 0, explain in physica torms why it rakes less work to remove heat from the working substance if the two reservoirs (the inside of the refrigerator and the ouside air) are at nearly the same temperature, than ifthe outside sie is much warmer than the ite rior of the refrigerator. ® Expansion lee & Condenser > Inside ot eiecte TOT > {815 Does « refrigerator full of food consume more power if the ‘oom temperature is 20°C than if its 15°C? Or is the power con- sumption the seme? Explain your reasoning. 16 In Example 4 of “The Second Law of Thermodynamics", (Camot refrigerator requtes.a work input of only 230 J to extract 346 J of heat from the cold reservoir. Doesn't this discrepancy imply a violation of the law of conservation of energy? Explain suby or why 90: {017 Explain why each ofthe following processes isan example of increasing disorder or randomness mixing hot and cold water, fee expansion of @ gas; imeversible heat flow; developing leat by ‘mechanical friction. Are entropy increases involved inal ofthese? Why or why not? O18 The free expansion of a gas is am adiabatic process and so no heat is uansferted, No work is done, so the internal energy does not change. Thus, Q/T = 0, yet the disorder of the system and thus its entropy have increased sft the expansion, Why does Bg, (19) not apply to this situation? O19 Are the earh and sun in thermal equilibrium? Are there ‘entropy changes associated with the transmission of energy fom the sup tothe earth? Does radiation diffe rom other modes of heat tcansfer with respect to entropy changes? Explain your reasoning. 20 Discuss the entropy changes involved in the preparation and ‘consumption ofa hor fidge sundae, 121 IF you mun a movie film backwaed, i sas if the direction of Were reversed, In the time-reversed movie, Would you see processes that violate conservation of energy? Conservation of lin ‘ear momentum? Would you see processes that violats the second, law of thermodynamics? In each ease if law-breaking processes could occur, give some examples. Problem Set: The Second Law of Thermodynamics B13. What would he the efficieney of a Camot engine operating with 1% = Je? What would be the effcieney if R= 0 K and Th ‘were aay temperature above 0 K? Interpret your answers, (814 Real eat engines, ike the gasoline engine in a car, always have some friction between their moving parts although lubricents keep the friction to a minimum. Would a heat engine with com- pletely frictionless pars be 104% efficient? Why oF why not? Does the answer depend on whether or not the engine runs onthe Carnot cycle? Again, why or why not? ® , Evaporation Expansion vale Condenser Compressor {22 BIO Some critics of biological evolution claim that it violates the second law of thermodynamics, since evolution involves sim ple life forms developing into more complex and more highly trdered organisms. Explain why this is not a valid argament against evolution, 2 10 A growing plant creates a highly complex and organized structure out of simple materials such ea, water, and rece min- crals. Does this violate the socond law of thermodynamics? Why ‘or why’ nor? What isthe plants ultimate souuce of energy? 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(¢) What is the total change ia entropy of the water and the heat source? 24 + CALC You decide to take a nice hot bath but discover that ‘your thoughtless roommate has used up most of the bot water You ‘lle tab with 270 kg of 30.0°C water and antempr to wan it fur ther by pouring in 5.00 kg of boiling water from the save. (a) Is this reversible or an reversible process? Use physical reasoning 'o explain, (b) Calculate the final emperatuze of the bith water (©) Caleulate the net change in entiopy of the system (bath water + boiling water), assuming no heat exchange with the air or the tu itsel, 25 ** A 15 kg block of ice at 0.0°C melts to liquid water at 000°C inside a targe room that has a temperature of 20.0°C. Treat the ice and the room as an isolated system, and assume thet the oom is large enough for its temperature change to be ignored (@)Isthe melting of the ice everibi or ereversible? Explain, using simple physical reasoning without resorting to any equations, (b) Calculate the net entropy change of the system during this process. ‘Explain whether or no this results consistent with your answer to part) 28 «- CALE You make te with 0.250kg of 85.0°C water and ltit cool to room temperature (200°C) before drinking it () Calculate the entropy change ofthe water while itcoos. (5) Tae cooling process is essentially isothermal forthe air in your kitchen, Calculate the change in entrepy of the air while the tea cools, assuming tht all the heat lost by the water goes into the air, What isthe total entropy change ofthe system te + sit? 21 + Three motes ofan ideal gas undergo a reversible isotherms ‘compression at 20.0°C. During this compression, 1850 J of work is, done on the gas. What isthe change of enttopy ofthe gas? 28 +» What isthe change in entopy of 0.130 kg of lium gas athe ‘normal boiling point af helium when it all condenses isohertally to 4.0L of liquid beliun? (Fine: See table below) Table P28 Heats of Fusion and Vaporization Problem Set: The Second Law of Thermodynamics 28 ~ (a) Calculate the change in entropy when 1.00 ke of watcr at 100°C is vaporized and converted to stsam at 100°C (see Table P28) (b) Compare your answer to the change in entropy when 1.00, ke office is melted a 0°C, calculated in Example 5 of “The Second Law of Thermodynamics” (Section 7), 1s the change in entropy {reater for melting or for vaporization? Interpret your answer using the idea that entropy is @ measure of the randomness of 4 system. 30 » (a) Calevlate the change in entiopy when 1.00 mol of water (molecular mass 18.0 g/mol) at LO0°C evaperaies to form water vapor at 100°C. (b) Repeat the calculation of part (a for 1.00 mol of liquid nitrogen, 1.00 mol of silver, and 1,00 mol of mercury when cach is vaporized at is normal boiling point, (Seo"Table P28 {or the heats of vaporization, and your periodic tble for the molar masses. Note that the nitrogen molecule is N.) (e) Your results in Parts (a) and (b) should be in relatively close agreement. (This is called the rale of Drepez and Trouzon.) Explain why this should be 0, using the idea that entropy isa measure of the randomness of & system. 31 A 10.01 gas tank containing 320 moles of ideal He gas at 200°C is placed inside completely evacuated, instlated bell ar of volume 35.0 L, A small hole in the tank allows the He to leak out into the jar until the gas reaches a final equilibrium state with no ore leakage, (a) Whet i the change in entropy of this system due to the Teaking of the gus? (b) Is the process reversible or ine versible? How do you know? Section 8 Micrascopic Interpretation of Entropy 32 + A box is separated by a panition into two parts of equil vol ‘ume. The left side of the box contains 500 molecules of nitrogen ss; the right side contains 100 molecules of oxygen gas. The Wo, 26es are atthe same temperature. 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Explain why this sso. 4B + CALE A heat engine operates using the eycle shown Faure PAS in Fig, PAB, The working sub- p staree is 2.00 mol of helium ‘, which teaches a maximum femperature of 327°C. Assume thc helium can be treated as an ideal gas, Process be is isother ‘mal, The pressure in states a and cis 1.00 10° Pa, andthe 3 . pressure in state b is 3.00 10° Pa. (a) How much heat 0 centers the gas and how much leaves the gas each cyele? (b) How much work does the engine do each cycle, and what is its eMciency? (e) Compare this engine's efficiency with the maximum possible efficiency attainable with the hot and cold reservoirs vsed by this cycle, 44 + GPAs a budding mechanical engineer. you are called upon 10, design a Carnot engine that has 2.00 mol ofa monatomic ideal gas as ils working substance and operates from a high temperature resecvoi at 500°C, The engine Is to lf a 15.0-kg weigh: 2.00 m pee ‘eyele, using 500 J of heat input. The gas in the engine chamber can have a minimum volume of §.00L. during the cycle. a) Draw apV- diagram for this eyele. Show in your diagram where heat enters ‘nd leaves the gas. (b) What must be the temperature of the cold reservoir? (c) What is the thermal effcieney of the engine? (d) How much heat energy does this engine waste per cycle? (e) What the mavimum pressure thatthe gas chamber will have to with » An experimental powerplant atthe Natural Energy Labo- ratory of Hawaii generates electicity from the tenaperature gradi cent of the ocean. The surface and deep-water temperatures are 27°C ang 6°C. respectively. (a) What is the maximum theoreical clficiency of tis power plan? (b) I the power plant isto produce 210 KW of power, at what rawe must heat be extracted fom the ‘warm. wales? AL what rate must heat be absorbed by the cold ‘water? Assume the maximum theoretical efficiency. (6) The cold ‘Water tha enters the plant leaves it ata temperate of 10°C, What must be the flow rate of cole water through the system? Give your answer in ka/l and in L/h, 446 ++ What isthe thermal efi- Figure PAG iengy of an engine that operas by king m miles of ditomic _ ? 3 ideal gas through the cycle 7% 19236491 shown in Fig Pas? 47» CALE A cxlinder contains oxygen at a pressure of 2.00 r i atm, The volume is 4.00 L, and t t the temperature is 300 K. | i Assume that the oxygen may be ‘reated as an ideal gas, The oxy- sen fs cated through the tol- Towing processes (i) Hested at constant pressux state, which has 7'= 450 K, i) Cooted at eonstant volume 10 250 K (ste 3). in) Compressed at constant eraperature 10 a volume of .00 1 (state 4). Problem Se: The Second Law af Thermodynamics (Gv) Heated at constant volume to 300 K, which takes the spstr back to state 1 (a) Show these four processes in pV-diagram, giving the numeri cal values of p and Vin each of the four sates. (b) Caleulate Q and W foreach of the four processes, (e) Calculate the net work done by the oxygen inthe complete cycle. (€) What is the efficiency of this device as a heat engine? Hew does this compare to the eft ciency of a Carnot-cycle engine operating between the same mini ‘mum and maxiraum temperatures of 250 K and 450 K? 48 -> GP B10 Human Entropy. A person who has skin of sar fice area 1.85 m* and temperature 300°C is esting in an insulted room where the ambient air temperature is 2000°C. In this sats, a person gets rd of excess heat by radiation, By how much does the person change the entropy of the air in this room each second? (Recall that the room radiates back into the person and that the emissivity of the ski is 1,00.) 49 +» CP IU A Human Engine. You decide to use your body as 4 Carnot heat engine. The operating gas isin a tube with one end in your mouth (here the temperature is 37.09C) and the other end atthe surface of your skin, at 30,0°C (a) What is the maximum eliciency of such «heat engine? Would itbe a very useful engine? (b) Suppose you want to use this human engine to ft a 2.50-ke box from the floor o tabletop 1:20 m above the Moor. How much must you increase the gravitaioral potemial energy, and how much neat input is needed t9 accomplish this? (c} IF your favorite ‘candy bar as 350 food ealories (1 food calorie = 4186 J) and 80% of ihe food eneegy ses into heat, how many’ ofthese eandy bats must you eat 101i the box in this way? 50 ++ CP Entropy Change Due to the Sun. Our sun radiates, from a surface at S800 KC (with an emissivity of 1,0) into the near vacuum of space, which is ata temperature of 3 K.(a) By how much oes our sun change the entropy ofthe universe every’ second? (h Is the process reversible or irreversible? Is your answer fo pat (a) con- sistent with his conclusion? Explain, 1 + A monatomic ideal gas is taken around the cycle shown in Fig. PSL in the dirseton shown in the fgute. Te path for process ¢ > a isa stright line in the p¥-agram. (a) Calcolate Q, W, and AU for each process a+b, b> c, and ca. (b) What are Q, W, and AU for one complete cycle? (e) What isthe ellciency ofthe cycle? Figure P51 p 00 x tot pa : 1.00 « 10° Pa . 01 0500m? O80 52 +» CALC A Stirling-Cyele Engine. The Stirling cycle is simi lar tothe Oto eyele, except thatthe compression and expansion of the gas are done at constant fomperaure. not adiabatically as in the Ouo cycle. The Siting cycle is used in extemal combastion engines (in fat, burning fuel is not necessary; any way of produc ing a temperature difference will do—solar, geothermal, oeeat temperature gradient, et.) which means that the gas inside the cylinder isnot used inthe combustion process. 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