Mathematical Concepts and

Problem-Solving (From 04:00:00 to End)

Section 1: Non-Square Natural Numbers & Number
System Basics
Timestamp: 04:00:23 Question: How many non-square natural numbers are there between
502^2 and 513^2?
●​ Concept/Trick: To find the total number of integers between two numbers A and B, the
formula is (B - A) - 1.
●​ Calculation:
1.​ Total numbers between 513^2 and 502^2: (513^2 - 502^2) - 1 = (513 - 502)(513 +
502) - 1 = (11 \times 1015) - 1 = 11165 - 1 = 11164.
2.​ Out of these 11,164 numbers, how many are perfect squares? The perfect squares
between 502^2 and 513^2 are the squares of 503, 504, 505, ..., 512.
3.​ The count of these perfect squares is (512 - 503) + 1 = 10.
4.​ Non-square numbers = Total numbers - Perfect square numbers = 11164 - 10 =
11154.
●​ Answer: 11,154
Timestamp: 04:01:38 - 04:08:55 Concept: Even and Odd Numbers
●​ Even Numbers: Integers completely divisible by 2. E.g., -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. (Note: 0 is
an even number because 0 = 2 \times 0). Form: 2n.
●​ Odd Numbers: Integers not divisible by 2. E.g., -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7. Form: 2n \pm 1.
●​ Operations Trick:
○​ Odd \times Odd = Odd
○​ Even \times Even = Even
○​ Odd \times Even = Even
○​ Odd \pm Odd = Even
○​ Even \pm Even = Even
○​ Odd \pm Even = Odd
Timestamp: 04:08:05 Question: If a and b are odd numbers, which of the following
expressions will yield an even number?
●​ Logic: According to the operation rules, adding two odd numbers always gives an even
number (Odd + Odd = Even).
●​ Answer: The expression that represents the sum of the two (a+b or similar forms
involving 2ab) will be even.

Section 2: Face Value and Place Value

Timestamp: 04:09:45 - 04:16:50 Concept: Face Value vs. Place Value
●​ Face Value: The actual value of the digit itself, regardless of its position. (e.g., The face
value of 7 in 67324 is 7).
●​ Place Value: The value of a digit based on its position in the number (units, tens,
 hundreds, etc.).
○​ E.g., In 67324, the place value of 7 is 7 \times 1000 = 7000.
○​ For decimals (e.g., 49.678), the place value for digits after the decimal implies
division by powers of 10. The place value of 6 is 6/10, 7 is 7/100, and 8 is 8/1000.
Timestamp: 04:17:41 Question: If A, B, C, D, E are the digits of a number from left to right,
what is the mathematical expression for that number?
●​ Answer: A \times 10^4 + B \times 10^3 + C \times 10^2 + D \times 10 + E \times 1.
Timestamp: 04:18:31 Question: What is the place value of 7 in the number 71624?
●​ Trick: Write the digit and replace all digits to its right with zeros.
●​ Answer: 70000
Timestamp: 04:18:31 Question: What is the place value of 5 in the number 5163720?
●​ Answer: 5 \times 10^7 (5 followed by seven zeros).
Timestamp: 04:19:29 Question: Find the difference between the place value and face value of
6 in 516372.
●​ Calculation: Place value = 6000. Face value = 6. Difference = 6000 - 6 = 5994.
●​ Answer: 5994
Timestamp: 04:19:29 Question: Find the difference between the place value and face value of
5 in 2356987.
●​ Calculation: Place value = 50000. Face value = 5. Difference = 50000 - 5 = 49995.
●​ Answer: 49995

Section 3: Remainder Theorem Basics

Timestamp: 04:21:28 - 04:31:46 Concept: The Remainder Theorem
●​ Formula: \text{Dividend} = (\text{Divisor} \times \text{Quotient}) + \text{Remainder}
●​ Core Rules:
1.​ The remainder is always strictly less than the divisor (0 \le r < d).
2.​ If the remainder is 0, the dividend is a multiple of the divisor (the divisor is a factor
of the dividend).
3.​ If you divide a smaller number by a larger number, the quotient is 0, and the
remainder is the smaller number itself. (e.g., 15 / 23 \rightarrow Remainder is 15).
Timestamp: 04:30:16 Question: What is the remainder when 83 is divided by 15?
●​ Calculation: 15 \times 5 = 75. Remainder = 83 - 75 = 8.
●​ Trick: To make the number fully divisible by 15, you can either subtract the remainder (8)
from 83 to get 75, or add (15 - 8 = 7) to 83 to get 90.
●​ Answer: 8
Timestamp: 04:32:34 Question: In a division problem, the divisor is 14 times the quotient and
5 times the remainder. If the remainder is 56, what is the dividend?
●​ Calculation:
○​ Remainder = 56
○​ Divisor = 5 \times \text{Remainder} = 5 \times 56 = 280
○​ Divisor = 14 \times \text{Quotient} \rightarrow 280 = 14 \times \text{Quotient}
\rightarrow \text{Quotient} = 20
○​ Dividend = (280 \times 20) + 56 = 5600 + 56 = 5656.
●​ Answer: 5656
Timestamp: 04:35:09 Question: When a number is divided by 78, the quotient is 280 and the
remainder is 67. If the same number is divided by 65, what will be the remainder?
 ●​ Concept/Trick: The number is (78 \times 280) + 67. Notice that 78 \times 280 contains
factors 13 and 5 (since 78 = 13 \times 6 and 280 = 5 \times 56). Thus, 13 \times 5 = 65
perfectly divides the first part of the equation. You only need to divide the remainder 67 by
65.
●​ Calculation: 67 / 65 \rightarrow \text{Remainder } 2.
●​ Answer: 2
Timestamp: 04:36:49 Question: When an integer n is divided by 18, the quotient is x and the
remainder is 6. When the same integer n is divided by 25, the quotient is y and the remainder is
15. Which of the following equations is true?
●​ Calculation:
○​ Condition 1: n = 18x + 6
○​ Condition 2: n = 25y + 15
○​ Equating them: 18x + 6 = 25y + 15 \Rightarrow 18x - 25y = 9.
●​ Answer: 18x - 25y = 9
Timestamp: 04:40:22 Question: The difference between two positive numbers is 2001. When
the larger number is divided by the smaller number, the quotient is 9 and the remainder is 41.
What is the sum of the digits of the larger number?
●​ Calculation:
○​ Let numbers be a (larger) and b (smaller). a - b = 2001.
○​ Division equation: a = 9b + 41.
○​ Substitute a: (9b + 41) - b = 2001 \Rightarrow 8b = 1960 \Rightarrow b = 245.
○​ Larger number a = 245 + 2001 = 2246.
○​ Sum of digits of 2246: 2 + 2 + 4 + 6 = 14.
●​ Answer: 14

Section 4: Advanced Remainder Properties

Timestamp: 04:44:44 - 05:03:44 Concept: Action on the Number = Action on the
Remainder
●​ Rule 1 (Changing Divisors): If a number N divided by D_1 leaves remainder R, and you
want to find the remainder when N is divided by D_2, you can only determine the answer
if D_2 is a direct factor of D_1. If it is, simply divide R by D_2. If D_2 is not a factor of D_1,
the answer is "Cannot be determined" (CBD).
●​ Rule 2 (Operating on the Number): Whatever operation (multiply, square, add) you
perform on the dividend N, perform the exact same operation on the Remainder R, and
then divide by the divisor to find the new remainder.
Timestamp: 04:44:44 Question: If a number n divided by 18 leaves a remainder of 11, what is
the remainder when n is divided by 6?
●​ Trick: Since 6 is a factor of 18, simply divide the original remainder (11) by 6.
●​ Calculation: 11 / 6 \rightarrow Remainder = 5.
●​ Answer: 5
Timestamp: 04:47:12 Question: If a number n divided by 18 leaves a remainder of 11, what is
the remainder when n is divided by 7?
●​ Trick: 7 is NOT a factor of 18. Therefore, the exact number cannot be established to find
the remainder.
●​ Answer: Cannot be determined.
Timestamp: 04:49:42 Question: If a number n divided by 18 leaves a remainder of 11, what is
the remainder when 5n is divided by 18?
●​ Trick: The number is multiplied by 5, so multiply the remainder by 5.
●​ Calculation: New expected remainder = 11 \times 5 = 55. Since 55 is greater than the
divisor 18, divide 55 by 18: 55 = 18 \times 3 + 1.
●​ Answer: 1
Timestamp: 04:52:44 Question: If a number n divided by 18 leaves a remainder of 11, what is
the remainder when 7n is divided by 18?
●​ Calculation: Multiply remainder by 7: 11 \times 7 = 77. Divide 77 by 18: 77 = 18 \times 4
+ 5.
●​ Answer: 5
Timestamp: 04:54:24 Question: If a number n divided by 51 leaves a remainder of 24, what is
the remainder when the same number is divided by 17?
●​ Calculation: 17 is a factor of 51. Divide remainder 24 by 17. 24 = 17 \times 1 + 7.
●​ Answer: 7
Timestamp: 04:55:10 Question: If a number n divided by 51 leaves a remainder of 24, what is
the remainder when divided by 20?
●​ Answer: Cannot be determined (20 is not a factor of 51).
Timestamp: 04:55:56 Question: A number divided by 21 leaves a remainder of 8. What is the
remainder when 4 times the number is divided by 21?
●​ Calculation: 4 \times 8 = 32. Divide 32 by 21 \rightarrow Remainder = 11.
●​ Answer: 11
Timestamp: 04:56:45 Question: A number divided by 21 leaves a remainder of 8. What is the
remainder when (2n + 5) is divided by 21?
●​ Calculation: Perform the same operation on the remainder: 2(8) + 5 = 16 + 5 = 21. Divide
21 by 21 \rightarrow Remainder = 0.
●​ Answer: 0
Timestamp: 04:56:45 Question: A number divided by 21 leaves a remainder of 8. What is the
remainder when n^2 is divided by 21?
●​ Calculation: Square the remainder: 8^2 = 64. Divide 64 by 21: 64 = 21 \times 3 + 1.
●​ Answer: 1
Timestamp: 04:57:33 Question: A number n divided by 21 leaves remainder 8. What is the
remainder when 5n is divided by 7?
●​ Trick: 7 is a factor of 21, so the rule works. Apply the multiplier to the remainder: 5 \times
8 = 40. Divide 40 by 7: 40 = 7 \times 5 + 5.
●​ Answer: 5
Timestamp: 04:58:11 Question: A number divided by 459 leaves a remainder of 19. What is
the remainder when the same number is divided by 17?
●​ Calculation: 17 is a factor of 459 (17 \times 27 = 459). Divide 19 by 17 \rightarrow
Remainder = 2.
●​ Answer: 2
Timestamp: 04:59:53 Question: A number n divided by 13 leaves a remainder of 3. What is
the remainder when 7n is divided by 13?
●​ Calculation: 7 \times 3 = 21. Divide 21 by 13 \rightarrow Remainder = 8.
●​ Answer: 8
Timestamp: 05:00:50 Question: A number divided by 14 leaves a remainder of 9. What is the
remainder when the square of that number is divided by 14?
●​ Calculation: 9^2 = 81. Divide 81 by 14: 81 = 14 \times 5 + 11.
●​ Answer: 11
Timestamp: 05:01:48 Question: A number divided by 442 leaves a remainder of 49. What is
the remainder when divided by 39?
●​ Calculation: Check if 39 is a factor of 442. 39 \times 11 = 429, not 442. Since it is not a
factor, we lack the info to find the remainder.
●​ Answer: Cannot be determined.
Timestamp: 05:03:44 Question: Two distinct numbers when divided by 33 leave remainders of
21 and 28. What will be the remainder when the sum of these two numbers is divided by 33?
●​ Calculation: Add the remainders together: 21 + 28 = 49. Divide 49 by 33: 49 = 33 \times
1 + 16.
●​ Answer: 16
Timestamp: 05:05:33 Question: When positive numbers x, y, z are divided by 124, the
remainders are 17, 24, and 27 respectively. What is the remainder when (4x - 2y + 3z) is divided
by 31?
●​ Trick: 31 is a factor of 124. Substitute the remainders directly into the algebraic
expression.
●​ Calculation: 4(17) - 2(24) + 3(27) = 68 - 48 + 81 = 101. Now divide 101 by 31: 101 = 31
\times 3 + 8.
●​ Answer: 8
Timestamp: 05:07:09 Question: A number divided by 129 leaves a remainder of 27. What is
the remainder when 4 times this number is divided by 86?
●​ Concept/Trick: Even though 86 is not a direct factor of 129, look at the math. The
number is 129k + 27.
○​ Four times the number: 4(129k + 27) = 516k + 108.
○​ Now divide by 86: 516k / 86 = 6k (It perfectly divides because 516 is a multiple of
86).
○​ So, we only need to divide 108 by 86.
●​ Calculation: 108 / 86 \rightarrow \text{Remainder } = 108 - 86 = 22.
●​ Answer: 22

Section 5: Reverse Engineering the Divisor

Timestamp: 05:10:47 - 05:24:37 Concept: If a number divided by D leaves remainder R_1,
and applying an operation (like X times) leaves actual remainder R_2, then:
●​ Expected Remainder = Operation applied to R_1.
●​ The difference between the Expected Remainder and the Actual Remainder (R_2) must
be completely divisible by the Divisor D.
●​ Therefore, D is a factor of (Expected Remainder - Actual Remainder).
●​ Also, remember the golden rule: D must strictly be greater than the remainders given in
the problem.
Timestamp: 05:13:26 Question: A positive integer n divides 228 leaving a remainder of 18.
What is the greatest two-digit value of n?
●​ Calculation:
○​ 228 = n \times q + 18 \Rightarrow n \times q = 228 - 18 = 210.
○​ This means n is a factor of 210. Also, n > 18.
○​ Factors of 210 are: 210, 105, 70, 42, 35, 30, 21, etc.
○​ The greatest two-digit factor is 70.
●​ Answer: 70
Timestamp: 05:17:14 Question: When a positive integer is divided by d, the remainder is 25.
When 8 times the same number is divided by d, the remainder is 8. What is the least possible
value of d?
●​ Calculation:
○​ Expected remainder = 25 \times 8 = 200.
○​ Actual remainder = 8.
○​ Difference = 200 - 8 = 192. This means 192 is perfectly divisible by d. So d is a
factor of 192.
○​ Constraint: d > 25 (since the first remainder was 25).
○​ Factors of 192: 192, 96, 64, 48, 32, 24, 16...
○​ The smallest factor that is strictly greater than 25 is 32.
●​ Answer: 32 (Note: If asked how many values of d are possible, the answer is 5: 192, 96,
64, 48, 32).
Timestamp: 05:23:02 Question: When a number is divided by d, the remainder is 10. When
the square of that number is divided by d, the remainder is 4. How many values of d are
possible?
●​ Calculation:
○​ Expected remainder = 10^2 = 100.
○​ Actual remainder = 4.
○​ Difference = 100 - 4 = 96. So d is a factor of 96.
○​ Constraint: d > 10.
○​ Factors of 96 greater than 10 are: 96, 48, 32, 24, 16, 12.
○​ Counting them, there are exactly 6 possible values for d.
●​ Answer: 6