MATHS PROJECT
CLASS -10
MENSURATION
INTRODUCTION
Mensuration is the branch of Mathematics that deals with the measurement of geometric gures and solids. It involves
the calculation of length, area, perimeter, surface area, and volume of various two-dimensional (2D) and three-
dimensional (3D) shapes.
The word “Mensuration” is derived from the Latin word mensura, which means “to measure.” It helps us determine the
size, capacity, and boundary of di erent objects. Mensuration is widely used in everyday life as well as in elds such as
engineering, architecture, construction, agriculture, and design.
In two-dimensional gures such as squares, rectangles, triangles, and circles, mensuration helps us calculate perimeter
and area. In three-dimensional solids such as cubes, cuboids, cylinders, cones, and spheres, it helps us calculate
surface area and volume.
CUBOID AND CUBE
INTRODUCTION
A cuboid is a three-dimensional solid whose faces are rectangles. It also has 6 faces, 12 edges, and 8 vertices, but its
length, breadth, and height may be di erent. Examples of cuboids include books, bricks, boxes, and cupboards.
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A cube is a three-dimensional solid in which all six faces are equal squares. It has 12 equal edges, 8 vertices, and 6
faces. Examples of cubes include dice, ice cubes, and Rubik’s cubes.
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FORMULAE
Cube
Let the side of the cube be a.
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CUBOID
NUMERICALS
RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER
INTRODUCTION
FORMULAE
NUMERICALS
SPHERE
INTRODUCTION
A sphere is a perfectly round three-dimensional geometric shape in which every point on its surface is at the same
distance from a xed point called the centre. Unlike other solid gures, a sphere has only one curved surface and no
edges or vertices.
The distance from the centre of the sphere to any point on its surface is known as its radius. Spheres are among the
most symmetrical objects in geometry and are widely found in nature and everyday life. Examples include balls, planets,
bubbles, marbles, and water droplets.
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FORMULAE
NUMERICAL
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
INTRODUCTION
A right circular cone is a three-dimensional geometric solid that has a circular base and a curved surface that tapers
smoothly to a single point called the vertex. It is called a “right” circular cone because the line joining the vertex to the
center of the circular base is perpendicular to the base.
A right circular cone is characterized by three important measurements: the radius (r) of its circular base, the height (h),
and the slant height (l). The curved surface joins the circular base to the vertex, giving the cone its unique shape.
Cones are commonly found in everyday life. Examples include ice cream cones, party hats, tra c cones, funnels, and
tent tops. The study of cones helps us understand important concepts such as volume and surface area, which have
practical applications in engineering, architecture, construction, and manufacturing.
FORMULAE
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NUMERICALS