Syllabus
UNIT-II
UNIT-II Advanced materials for data storage and display devices 09 Hrs
Introduction to types of materials, materials for electronic memory. Types of memory
devices: capacitor, transistor and memristors. Classification materials used in memory
devices: organic, polymeric and hybrid materials. Green computing. Materials for display
technology (liquid crystals, light emitting diodes, organic light emitting diodes and photo
electrochemical cells).
Materials for display technology
• liquid crystals
• light emitting diodes
• organic light emitting diodes
• photo electrochemical cells
liquid crystals light emitting diodes
organic light emitting diodes Light emitting electrochemical cell
Liquid crystal display
Liquid crystals are state of matter which has properties between
those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. There are
many different types of liquid –crystal phases, which can be
distinguished by their different optical properties (such as textures).
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Liquid crystalline molecules
Types of Liquid crystals
1. Thermotropic consist mostly of organic
molecules, although a few minerals are also
known. Thermotropic LCs exhibit a phase
transition into the LC phase as temperature
changes.
2. Lyotropic liquid crystals exhibit phase
transitions as a function of both temperature
and concentration of molecules in a solvent
(typically water).
3. Metallotropic liquid crystals are composed
of both organic and inorganic molecules; their
LC transition additionally depends on the
inorganic-organic composition ratio.
Liquid crystal display
Liquid crystal display
Thin Film Transistor LCD (TFT-LCD)
TFT-LCD : Working
An LCD consists of many pixels. A pixel consists of three sub-pixels (Red/Green/Blue,
RGB). In the case of Full-HD resolution, which is widely used for smartphones, there
are more than six million (1,080 x 1,920 x 3 = 6,220,800) sub-pixels. To activate these
millions of sub-pixels a TFT is required in each sub-pixel. TFT is an abbreviation for
"Thin Film Transistor". A TFT is a kind of semiconductor device. It serves as a control
valve to provide an appropriate voltage onto liquid crystals for individual sub-pixels. A
TFT LCD has a liquid crystal layer between a glass substrate formed with TFTs and
transparent pixel electrodes and another glass substrate with a color filter (RGB) and
transparent counter electrodes. In addition, polarizers are placed on the outer side of
each glass substrate and a backlight source on the back side. A change in voltage
applied to liquid crystals changes the transmittance of the panel including the two
polarizing plates, and thus changes the quantity of light that passes from the backlight
to the front surface of the display. This principle allows the TFT LCD to produce full-
color images.
Liquid crystal display
Liquid crystal display: Applications
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Liquid crystal display: Applications
Organic Optoelectronic Devices: Organic Light-
Emitting Diodes (OLED)
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs)
– Small molecular OLEDs (OLED)
– Polymer OLEDs (PLED)
– Applications
– Challenges
Why Organic LED?
➢ Vibrant colors
➢ High contrast
➢ Wide viewing angles from all directions
➢ Low power consumption
➢ Low operating voltages
➢ Wide operating temperature range
➢ A thin and lightweight form factor
➢ Cost-effective manufacturability , etc
Small molecular OLEDs — Structure
Small molecular OLEDs — Device operation principle
Anode: Cathode:
Indium-tin- Ca: 2.9 eV
oxide (ITO): Mg: 3.7 eV
4.5-5.1 eV
Al: 4.3 eV
Au: 5.1 eV
Mg : Al alloys
Pt: 5.7 eV
Ca : Al Alloys
Small molecular OLEDs — Materials
EIL, ETL: n-type materials: Alq3, PBD
PBD
Alq3
EML:
Fluorescent dye: HIL, HTL: p-type materials:
DCM2 TPB NPB, TPD
Phosphorescent dye
PtOEP, Ir(ppy)3
NPB
DCM2
Polymer OLEDs — Structure and Operation
Cathode Cathode
Emissive polymer
Emissive polymer
Conducting polymer
Anode
Anode
Substrate
Substrate
Polymer OLEDs —
Conducting polymers: Materials
PANI
PANI
PDOT:PSS
PDOT
Emissive polymers:
R-PPV
PFO
Applications — Full color OLED display
Light emitting electrochemical cells
A light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC or LEEC) is a solid-state device that
generates light from an electric current (electroluminescence). LECs are usually
composed of two metal electrodes connected by (e.g. sandwiching) an active
material. The active material contains a mixture of a semiconducting and
luminescent conjugated compound and mobile ions.
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Light emitting electrochemical cells
P-intrinsic-n
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Light emitting electrochemical cells: Advantages
• The device is less dependent on the difference in work function of the
electrodes. Consequently, the electrodes can be made of the same
material (e.g. gold).
• Developed materials such as graphene or a blend of carbon
nanotubes and polymers have been used as electrodes, eliminating
the need for using indium tin oxide for a transparent electrode.
• The thickness of the active electroluminescent layer is not critical for
the device to operate. This means that: LECs can be printed with
relatively inexpensive printing processes (where control over film
thicknesses can be difficult).
Light emitting electrochemical cells: Construction and working
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Comparison between LEC and OLED
Light emitting electrochemical cells: working
LEC recent advancement
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Applications of LEC