Reproduction

 A biological process by which all living beings produce young ones of their own kind

Importance/Significance → Not for an individual but for an species

1) To increase their number

2) To maintain ecological balance
3) To bring variation which lead to speciation
→ reproduction produces similar young ones but not identical young ones
Cause/Reason → DNA replication/copying

 During reproduction there is a cell division. When a cell divides itself, the DNA present inside
it’s nucleus forms it’s copies by a series of chemical reactions. These chemical reactions are
not always reliable and can cause some errors in the copy of DNA these errors brings
variations in successive generations.

Types of REPRODUCTION
1. Asexual
2. Sexual

1)Asexual 2) Sexual
 Occurs in single parent  Occurs in two parents
 No formation of gametes  Formation of gametes
 No fertilization  Fertilization
 No formation of zygote  Formation of zygote
 Fast method of reproduction  Slow method of reproduction
 Large number of young ones are  Few young ones are produced
produced
 Off springs are clone to their parent  Off springs are different to their
parent
 Only mitosis occurs  Miosis and Mitosis occurs

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Modes of asexual reproduction

I. Fission → Splitting
→ Exhibited by unicellular organisms only
→ EX → Bacteria, Protozoa
→ Splitting of parent cell into two or more new daughter individuals
a) Binary fission
→ Formation of 2 daughter individuals
→ EX → Bacteria, Protozoa
→ Binary fission in amoeba

b) Multiple fission
→ More than two daughter individuals are formed
→ EX → Plasmodium (Malarial parasite)

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II. Budding → Exhibited by both unicellular and multi cellular organisms
→during favorable conditions a small outgrowth arises called Bud. The bud grows
into a complete individual and then get detached from the parent.

III. Segmentation/Fragmentation
→ only Multicellular organism can perform this
→EX → Spirogyra, Tapeworm
IV. Regeneration
→ only Multicellular organism can perform this
→EX →Planaria, Amoeba, Flatworm

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 →Specialized regenerative cells can regenerate and form a new individual
V. Spore Formation → Exhibited exclusively by Fungi
→Fungus/Fungi have longitudinal and horizontal filamentous body
→Horizontal filaments are vegetative part
→vertical filament are generative/reproductive parts (Fruiting body)
→Fruiting bodies bear spores
→Spores act like gametes
→Spores when falls on any moist surface they grow into new fungi
→EX → Rhizopus

VI. Vegetative propagation → Is a method of growing plant by planting the vegetative

part of parent plant.
→ Vegetative parts are those with consist of adventitious bud
→ Adventitious buds are those tissue which are capable to grow and
differentiate to form a complete plant.
→ Mainly used to grow seedless plant

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 → Of two types
 Natural vegetative propagation
 Artificial vegetative propagation

Natural vegetative propagation

1. By stem
→ EX →Potato, Onion, Ginger, Grass
2. By roots
→ EX →Carrot, Dahlia
3. By leaves
→ EX →Bryophyllum

Artificial vegetative propagation

1) Stem cutting → EX → rose, sugarcane, money plant, Grapevine

A plant is cut obliquely from the parent plant and is put in the soil.
2) Layering →Performed in plant like jasmine and guava

3) Grafting → EX → Apple, Citrus, Mango

→Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as

to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion
while the lower part is called the rootstock.

4) Tissue culture or micropropagation

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 →Scientific or laboratory method of growing hundreds of new plants by using a small tissue
from a parent plant

Modes of sexual reproduction

It is advantageous because a new individual gets the characters of two parents and gets more
variations. These variations help these individuals to survive better and for longer time.

STEPS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

i. Gametogenesis
ii. Transfer of gametes
iii. Fertilization
iv. Development of zygote

IN PLANTS → only angiosperm plants reproduce sexually

Angiosperms → are flowering plants

Flower → reproductive organ which bears male and female

reproductive parts

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Has four whorls

1. Outermost whorl is called calyx. calyx is a group of sepals. Sepals are green Leaves which
protect other inner whorls of flower when it is a bud
2. Corolla → is a group of petals. Petals are colorful leaves. Petals attract insects for pollination.
3. Androecium → also called as stamens. stamens are male reproductive part of flower.
→Stamen has a thin thread like filament and above filament is a bulb like structure called
anther.
→Anther is male reproductive organ of flower and produces pollen grains.
4. Gynoecium →Is the fourth whorl of the flower present in the centre. It mainly comprises the
style, stigma and ovary- the female parts of a flower.

STEPS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

1. Gametogenesis → Formation of pollens and ovary

2. Pollination → Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of carpel.
TYPES →

Self-pollination Cross-pollination
 Can occur only in bisexual plants  Can occur in both bisexual plants and
unisexual plant
 Transfer of pollens from anther to  Transfer of pollens from anther to
stigma of same flower or of other stigma of other flower of other plant
flower of same plant but of same species
 Less variations  More variations
 No requirement of pollinating agent  Pollinating agents are required
 Less chances of pollen wastage  More chances of pollen wastage

3. Fertilization
SYNGAMY → First male nuclei fuses with egg cell to form zygote
TRIPLE FUSION → Second male nuclei fuses with central cell with two polar nuclei to form
endosperm.
4. Post fertilization events
→ Flower modifies into fruit
→ Sepals and petals and stamens dries and shed
→ Ovary forms a fruit
→ Ovarian wall form peel of fruit

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 → Ovule turns into seed
→ Zygote develops into embryo
→ Endosperm forms cotyledons in seed
→ After pollination, ovary releases a sugary chemical which can identify the correct
type of pollen this is called pollen pistil interaction
→ If ovary accepts pollen, pollen germinates a pollen tube
→ Two male nuclei enter into ovule through pollen tube
→ Synergids guide male nuclei inside ovule

SEED → A modification of ovule

STRUCTURE OF DICOT SEED