WEEK No. 2 No.

OF HOURS 2
TITLE Introduction to Dynamics, Position, Velocity, and Acceleration, Determination of the motion
of the Motion of the Particles

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the topic, the student should be able to:
1. Define dynamics and its two branches.
2. Write the kinematical equations of motion.
3. Derive the particular equation of motion appropriate for the given quantities.

DYNAMICS – a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of bodies in motion.
MECHANICS – a science that describes and predicts the conditions of rest or motion of
bodies under the action of forces.
Subdivision:
1. Mechanics of fluids;
2. Mechanics of deformable bodies; and
3. Mechanics of rigid bodies.
Subdivision:
a. Statics; and
b. Dynamics

TWO BROAD AREAS OF STUDY OF DYNAMICS

1. KINEMATICS
*The study of the geometry of motion.
*Relate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time of a body’s motion
without reference to the cause of the motion.
2. KINETICS
*The study of the relation between the forces acting on a body, the mass of the
body, and the motion of the body.
*Predict the motion caused by the given forces or to determine the forces required
to produce a given motion.
∆𝑥
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
∆𝑡
∆𝑥
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝒅𝒙
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝒗 =
𝒅𝒕

WHERE:
𝑣 may be positive or negative
1
 ∗ (+) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∗ (−) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

∆𝑣
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
∆𝑡
∆𝑣
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑎 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝒅𝒗
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝒂 =
𝒅𝒕

WHERE:
*a is positive if velocity increases
*particle is moving faster in the positive direction, or

*particle is moving more slowly in the negative

direction

*a is negative if velocity decreases

*particle is moving more slowly in the positive
direction, or

*particle is moving faster in the negative direction

*Sometimes the term deceleration is used to refer to 𝑎 when the speed of the
particle decreases, the particle is moving more slowly.
*Another expression for the acceleration is formed by eliminating the differential of
t…
2
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑣 = , 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 …
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑥
𝑣

𝒅𝒗
𝒂=𝒗
𝒅𝒙

DETERMINING THE MOTION OF A PARTICLE

1. The Acceleration Is a Given Function of t.
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
Since a is a function of t….
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Lower limits correspond to the initial conditions, t = 0 and v = vo, while
Upper limits correspond to t = t and v = v
𝑣 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑣0 0

𝒕
𝒗 − 𝒗𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
The result yields v in terms of t which can be substituted to the
equation…
𝑑𝑥
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑥0 0
𝒕
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = ∫ 𝒗(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
2. The Acceleration Is a Given Function of x.

𝑑𝑣
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 … . . 𝑎 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑥

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
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 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥
∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑣0 𝑥0
𝑥
1 2 1 2
𝑣 − 𝑣0 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥0
The result yields v in terms of x which can be substituted to the
equation…
𝑑𝑥
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 =
𝑣 (𝑥 )

3. The Acceleration Is a Given Function of 𝑣.

𝑑𝑣
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 … . . 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑓 (𝑣 ) =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡 =
𝑓(𝑣)
Integration yields a relation between 𝑣 and t.
𝑑𝑣
𝑂𝑟 … . . 𝑎 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑓(𝑣) = 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣
𝑓(𝑣)
Integration yields a relation between 𝑣 and x.

EXAMPLE:
1. The position of a particle moving along a straight line is defined by the relation 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 −
15𝑡 + 40, where x is expressed in foot and t in second. Determine (a) the time at which the
velocity is zero, (b) the position and distance traveled by the particle at that time, (c) the
acceleration of the particle at that time, (d) the distance travelled by the particle from t = 4s to t =
6s.
2. You throw a ball vertically upward with a velocity of 10 ms -1 from a window located 20 m above
the ground. Knowing that the acceleration of the ball is constant and equal to 9.81 ms-2
downward, determine (a) the velocity v and elevation y of the ball above the ground at any time t,
(b) the highest elevation reached by the ball and the corresponding value of t, (c) the time when
the ball hits the ground and the corresponding velocity.

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SOLUTION:
1. GIVEN:
𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 − 15𝑡 + 40
x is in foot
t is in second
UNKNOWN:
a. t when v = 0
b. x and distance, lxl traveled at v = 0
c. a when v = 0
d. lxl from t = 4s to t = 6s
SOLUTION:
a. Formula: a relation between v and t…

𝑑𝑥
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑣 = (𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 − 15𝑡 + 40)
𝑑𝑡

𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 − 15
When t = 0:
2
3𝑡 − 12𝑡 − 15 = 0
Simplifying…
2
𝑡 − 4𝑡 − 5 = 0
Factor, to solve for t…
(𝑡 − 5)(𝑡 + 1) = 0
𝑡 = −1 … . 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑑

𝑡 =5𝑠 ANSWER

b. 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 … 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 − 15𝑡 + 40
𝑥 = (5)3 − 6(5)2 − 15(5) + 40

𝑥 = −60 𝑓𝑡 ANSWER

lxl = 60 ft., will be an incorrect answer for the total distance travelled
A correct answer may be obtained from the graph of x vs t.

5
 Another helpful plot is the actual motion plot. Since motion is along a straight line
(rectilinear)….

𝐼𝑥𝐼 = 𝐼𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 𝐼
= 𝐼 (−60 − 40)𝐼

𝐼𝑥𝐼 = 100 𝑓𝑡. ANSWER

𝑑𝑣
c. 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 … 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑡 …
𝑑
𝑎 = (3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 − 15)
𝑑𝑡

𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 12
At t = 5 s….

𝑎 = 6(5) − 12

𝑓𝑡
𝑎 = 18 𝑠 2 ANSWER
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d.
*the total distance maybe subdivided as the distance from t = 4s to t = 5s and from
t = 5s to t = 6s
*from the curve of x(t)…

*total distance from t = 4s to t = 5s will be…

𝐼𝑥1 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑥𝑡=5𝑠 − 𝑥𝑡=4𝑠 𝐼

𝐼𝑥1 𝐼 = 𝐼 − 60 − (−52)𝐼
𝐼𝑥1 𝐼 = 8 𝑓𝑡
*total distance from t = 5s to t = 6s will be…
𝐼𝑥2 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑥𝑡=6𝑠 − 𝑥𝑡=5𝑠 𝐼

𝐼𝑥2 𝐼 = 𝐼 − 50 − (−60)𝐼
𝐼𝑥2 𝐼 = 10 𝑓𝑡

𝐼𝑥𝐼 = 𝐼𝑥1 𝐼 + 𝐼𝑥2 𝐼

𝐼𝑥𝐼 = 8 + 10

𝐼𝑥𝐼 = 18 𝑓𝑡 ANSWER

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2. GIVEN:

UNKNOWN:
a. v(t) and y(t)
b. ymax and t @max y
c. t and v when y = 0
SOLUTION:
a. For v(t)…
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑎 = −9.81
𝑑𝑡
a is negative because the velocity of the ball decreases at it moves in the
positive y direction
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑎 = −9.81
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = −9.81 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = −9.81 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑣0 0
𝑣 − 𝑣0 = −9.81 𝑡
𝑣 − 10 = −9.81 𝑡

𝑣 = −9.81 𝑡 + 10 ANSWER

For y(t)…
𝑑𝑦
=𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = (−9.81𝑡 + 10) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = −9.81𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 10 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −9.81 ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 10 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
20 0 0
𝑡2
𝑦 − 20 = −9.81 + 10𝑡
2
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 𝑦 = −4.905𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 + 20 ANSWER

b. For maximum y…
𝑑𝑦
* 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑
(𝑦 = −4.905𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 + 20)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= −9.81𝑡 + 10
𝑑𝑡
For maximum y…
0 = −9.81𝑡@ max 𝑦 + 10
9.81𝑡@ max 𝑦 = 10
𝑡@ max 𝑦 = 1.019𝑠 ANSWER

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −4.905𝑡@𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 2 + 10𝑡@ max 𝑦 + 20

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −4.905(1.019)2 + 10(1.019) + 20

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 25.097 𝑚 ANSWER

*ANOTHER SOLUTION IS THAT…

When y is maximum, v = 0…
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 … 𝑣 = −9.81 𝑡 + 10
0 = −9.81 𝑡@ max 𝑦 + 10
𝑡@ max 𝑦 = 1.019𝑠 ANSWER

c. For t when y = 0…
Consider…
𝑦 = −4.905𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 + 20
0 = −4.905𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 + 20
Using QF…
−10 ± √(10)2 − 4(−4.905)(20)
𝑡=
2(−4.905)

−10 ± 22.19
𝑡=
−9.81

𝑡 = −1.243𝑠 ABSURD

𝑡 = 3.281𝑠 ANSWER

For v when y = 0…
𝑣 = −9.81 𝑡 + 10
𝑣 = −9.81 (3.281) + 10

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 𝑚
𝑣 = −22.187 ANSWER
𝑠
𝑚
𝑣 = 22.187 , 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 ANSWER
𝑠

ASSIGNMENT No. 1:
1. A snowboarder starts from rest at the top of a double black diamond hill. As she rides down the
slope, GPS coordinates are used to determine her displacement as a function of time: x = 0.5t3
+ t2 + 2t, where x and t are expressed in foot and second, respectively. Determine the position,
velocity, and acceleration of the boarder when t = 5 seconds.
2. The brakes of a car are applied, causing it to slow down at a rate of 10 feet per square second.
Knowing that the car stops in 300 ft, determine (a) how fast the car was travelling immediately
before the brakes were applied, (b) the time required for the car to stop.
3. The vertical motion of mass A is defined by the relation x =10 sin 2t +15cos2t +100, where x
and t are expressed in mm and seconds, respectively. Determine (a) the position, velocity and
acceleration of A when t = 1 s, (b) the maximum velocity and acceleration of A.

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