S.

y 2025-2026

Effective Communication
First Quarter

Diagnostic Test
●​ Independent clauses can be separated into two
Review (2) sentences by removing its comma and using a
period, semi-colon, or using a coordinating
●​ Adjectives that are used as subjects of the
conjunction in between.
sentence need plural verbs (the poor, the
●​ Natural sentence order is where the subject is at
disabled, etc.). However, according to the
the beginning, followed by the verb.
American Psychology Association (APA) 7th
●​ Inverted sentence order is where the verb is at the
version, we need to use a more inclusive language
beginning, followed by the subject. However,
when referring to certain members of society. We
wherever the subject is, the verb is dependent on
need to avoid using adjectives as nouns to label
the number of the subject.
groups of people.
●​ Collective nouns need singular verbs.
○​ The poor → people living in poverty
●​ When subjects use units of measurement, amount
○​ The disabled → people with disability
of money, percentages, and fractions, the verb
(PWD)
depends on the number of the object of the
○​ Retarded → people with mental disability
preposition that comes after.
●​ Adverbs used in adverbial phrases must be
●​ To avoid misplaced or misfit modifiers, modifiers
parallel to each other, especially when connected
(adjectives or adverbs) should be placed before or
using conjunctions.
after the modified word/s. It should not be far from
●​ “The number” needs a singular verb. “A number”
what it is modifying.
needs a plural verb.
●​ Parenthetical expressions (intervening words)
●​ Clauses need a subject and a predicate.
between subjects and predicates do not affect the
●​ Phrases are just a group of words without a
subject.
subject or predicate.

Parts of an Electronic Mail

1. To (Recipient) - direct or primary receiver of the email. a.​ Friendly Salutations - informal tone (hi, hello);
a.​ Carbon Copy (Cc) - people who receive the email formal or congenial tone (good day, good
for their own information, but are not expected to morning)
reply. They are the secondary recipients of the b.​ Business Salutations - punctuated with a colon.
email. The salutation “To whom it may concern” must be
b.​ Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc) - people who receive used sparingly when you do not know who the
the email, but are not listed as recipients. They recipient will be (e.g. in complaint letters). “Dear
have no right to make any response. It is used if Sir/Madam” is a more formal version of this.
the sender does not want others to know who else
received the email. 4. Body - it is where the main content of the email is
located. It must be short and straightforward.
2. Subject (Subject Line) - what the email is all about.
Never send any email without a subject line, because it is a 5. Complimentary Close - a phrase before the signature of
mortal sin in the corporate world. the sender. It should also be dependent on the relationship
of the sender and receiver (e.g. sincerely, best regards,
3. Salutations - generally needs to be punctuated using a etc.).
colon (:), not a comma. These are dependent on the
relationship and level of authority between the sender and 6. Signature - the signature of the sender.
receiver.
7. Attachments - other files or documents that a sender
must send, which is included in the email.

Friendly Letter Business Letter

Heading (address of sender OR date) Heading (date only + logo, address, and other affiliations)

Salutations Inside Address (big difference from friendly letter)

Body Salutations

Complimentary Close Body

Signature Complimentary Close

Signature

Effective Communication

Exchange of information between and among people by

Etymology of Communication means of speaking, writing or using a common system of
signs or behavior
Etymology means “origin”
Wood, 2004
Latin verb: “communicare”
Latin adjective: “communis” Systematic process in which individuals interact within
French adjective: “commun” and through symbols to create and interpret meanings

“MUN” stemmed from the Latin word “MUNUS.” Syjuco, 2016

-​ To share publicly, interpret, or make common
Process of expressing and exchanging information,
Through Back thoughts, ideas, and feelings
Old French Term - comunicación

Sipacio and Balgos, 2016

Latin word communication
-​ To share and are common to all Process of sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to another within and across
Communication means: channels, contexts, media, and cultures
-​ To share for a common good
-​ To share information for common understanding
-​ To impart information, thus it becomes common to Why do people communicate?
all ●​ To express
●​ To help and ask for help
Bienvenido Lumbera – “Parang hininga ang wika , sa ●​ To share information
bawat sandali ng buhay natin ay nariyan ito. Palatandaan ●​ To be heard
ito na buhay tayo, at may kakayahang umugnay sa kapwa ●​ To impart knowledge
nating gumagamit din nito.” ●​ To teach
●​ To motivate
●​ To start relationships
What is Communication (according to authors)
Regardless of the reason for communication
Dictionary
People communicate…
 -​ To be understood and to understand people in -​ The role of sending and receiving
order to reach a common good messages interchange
-​ Examples: dyad, triad, small
group discussions (with 3 but no
How important is communication in you? more than 12 participants).
c.​ Public
Present Context? -​ Talking to a wide group of people or a big
audience
As a family member, as a student, as a member of a
-​ Can either be prepared (formal version) or
community, etc.
unprepared (informal version)
-​ With a definite topic to discuss
Future context? -​ Examples: election speech,
speech during rallies, SONA,
As an entrepreneur, medical practitioner, lawyer, engineer,
welcome address, introduction of
architect, aircraft worker, IT expert, psychologist, etc.
speaker
d.​ Mass
-​ Uses the aid of mass media technology
The Nature of Communication
or social media
Latin: “natura” -​ Example: radio, television,
-​ Natural character or quality of something newspapers, internet, magazines,
Ex. other forms of mediated
-​ Happens between and among people communication
-​ Takes place at all times, in all places e.​ Organizational – it is communication within the
-​ Uses various ways of transmitting the members of an organization. It is the interaction
message between and among members of an organizational
-​ Requires a response on the part of the structure or association. Some examples include
receiver memo, reports, announcements, directives,
-​ Sending that human cannot avoid organizational manuals, etc.
-​ A tool for understanding
f.​ Intercultural - communication in local and
#1 Process
international levels. It is talking with a person or
●​ Systematic - follow specific steps or a pattern. If group of people who may not share the same
one component breaks down, communication fails cultures, assumptions, values, or allegiances as
●​ Continuous - communication doesn’t stop. Keep yours. An example would be an international
changing, even after the actual talking is over forum, conference, or summit attended by the
●​ Complex - even the same thing can be international community, such as a world summit
interpreted differently or seminar.
-​ Reaction and action
#3 Express
#2 Human Activity
Communication can be expressed differently.
a.​ Intrapersonal ●​ Verbal – It uses words in the process of sending
-​ Talking to oneself and receiving messages.
-​ The speaker and the listener are one and ○​ Oral communication
the same – YOU ○​ Written communication
-​ Praying can be intrapersonal because we ●​ Non-verbal – through actions and movement, like
are talking to the God within us. facial expressions and eye contact.
-​ Examples: Meditation, Prayer, ●​ Audio – sounds
Reflection, Dreaming ●​ Visual – symbols
b.​ Interpersonal
-​ Talking to one or a limited number of
people
 Elements of Communication

#1 Sender #3 Channel
●​ the origin of the idea or message known as the ●​ the medium through which the message is sent
source ●​ this information is transmitted through certain
●​ can be an individual or group channels which can either be formal or informal
●​ conceives the idea ●​ consists of telephones, microphones, letters,
●​ conveys the message memos, reports, meetings, etc.
●​ selects the channel of distribution decides who
#4 Receiver
the receiver will be
●​ the person for whom the message is intended
#2 Message ●​ hears or takes the message
●​ refers to the content that the sender passes ●​ converts symbols into thoughts known as
●​ the core of the communication deciphering
●​ ideas or thoughts that are ●​ the decoder
●​ ideas or thoughts that are transmitted from the
sender to the receiver #5 Feedback
●​ consists of spoken, written, or non-verbal ●​ the response to the message
●​ can either be negative or positive
●​ an optional element of communication that may or
may not happen as planned

Basic Communication Models

#1 Linear Model

●​ a two-way process
●​ feedback is given
●​ one-way process ●​ considers both the message and the feedback
●​ unidirectional ●​ sending and receiving happen one at a time
●​ a straight path of relaying information ●​ commonly used in interviews like counselling
●​ speaker-centered sessions, job interview, passport and visa
●​ considers only the message application
●​ No feedback given
#3 Transactional Model
●​ commonly used in speech delivery and news
broadcasting

#2 Interactive Model
 ●​ a two-way process
●​ consider both the message and the feedback
●​ sender and receiver are simultaneously
encoding and decoding
●​ senders and receivers are termed as
communicators
●​ commonly used in daily conversation, class
discussion

Types of Speech Style (according to Martin Joos)

Martin Joos - an American linguist who founded the “Five ●​ speaker provides background information
Clocks of Communication Styles” ●​ uses formal language with generally accepted
grammatical structures
●​ uses jargon depending upon concerns
#1 Intimate ○​ Example: an employee discussing a
●​ non-public or private proposal with his/her boss
●​ sender and receiver known each other very well
#4 Formal
●​ uses private vocabulary, including nonverbal
messages ●​ used for imparting information
●​ meaning is shared without linguistic forms ●​ well-organized and correct in grammar and diction
●​ intonations is more important than wording or ●​ uses technical vocabulary with exact definitions
grammar ●​ straightforward and direct
○​ Example: conversation with parents, best ●​ includes presentations and introductions
friends, family members ●​ linear; listener is passive–with minimal or no
interruptions

#2 Casual #5 Frozen
●​ used among ordinary friends and acquaintances ●​ used in formal ceremonies
●​ does not require background information ●​ uses printed, unchanging language
●​ uses slang language ●​ wording is exactly the same every time it is
●​ uses an interactive and/or transactional model spoken
○​ Example: conversation with an ordinary ●​ static and ritualistic in nature
person or classmate ○​ Example: prayer (ex., Our Father)
■​ Pledge of Allegiance (Panatang
#3 Consultative Makabayan)
●​ used among people who do not share common
experiences or POV

Journaling
A tool for personal growth. It boosts creativity and and explore your own thoughts and
enhances the processing of thoughts and feelings that may feelings. It is used for self-development
lead to tracking life’s goals and progress and to realize what you can do to improve
in the future.
Types of Journal 2.​ Gratitude Journal
1.​ Reflective Journal -​ it consists of writing the things or events
-​ self-reflection journal which helps you to that you are grateful for, such as money,
process events, deepen understanding, family, and other materials.
 3.​ Dream Journal 5.​ Travel Journal
-​ it is a journal where you write and -​ it is a record of journeys and adventures
interpret dreams after waking up. It can by documenting experiences.
also be used to write the things you aspire 6.​ Food Journal
to achieve in the future. -​ it is used to track what you eat and drink
4.​ Art Journal everyday. It also includes details like
-​ it combines visual art and written time, portion sizes, mood, and physical
expression to explore thoughts, feelings, symptoms.
and emotions. 7.​ Health and Wellness
-​ it is used to track various aspects of your
physical, mental, and emotional
well-being.

Interview

What makes a GOOD and BAD Interview

GOOD BAD

Preparation Lack of preparation

-​ Conduct thorough research on the interviewee’s
background

Structural Question Vague or Irrelevant question

-​ Use a mix of behavioral, situational, and open-ended
questions

Clear Communication Poor Communication

-​ ensure that instructions, expectations, and the flow of the
interview process are communicated clearly
-​ avoid hifalutin terms

Active Listening Inattentive or Interruption

-​ pay attention to both verbal and nonverbal cues

Comfortable environment Uncomfortable setting or Distractions

-​ Create a setting free from distractions where the
interviewee feels at ease

Adaptability Closed Mindedness

-​ Adjust questions based on the flow of the conversation

Fairness and Objectivity Unfairness, subjectivity, and a negative attitude

-​ avoid bias

Time management Time mismanagement

-​ adhere to the scheduled interview duration

Appropriate Closure No proper closure

-​ Provide the interviewee with the next topic or opportunity
to ask the final question

Conversation Strategies
Techniques or tactics used by the speaker to manage and -​ “Sorry to interrupt, but may I add
negotiate interactions to effectively communicate something?”
—Richards, J.C. and Schmidt, P. (2010) 7.​ Sharing agreement
-​ Characterized by smiling and nodding
-​ “I agree.” “I have the same idea.”
10 Conversation Strategies–Interactive and Transactional
Model 8.​ Disagreeing politely
-​ Characterized by shaking the head with a
1.​ Turn Taking
calm facial expression
-​ Knowing when to speak or let others
-​ “I get your point, but I have a different
speak
opinion.”
-​ “Let’s hear it out first.” “Go ahead”, “You
may speak after I finish.”
9.​ Summarizing
-​ Retelling what someone said in a shorter
2.​ Active Listening
term
-​ Showing attentiveness through nodding,
-​ “In other words...”, “So what you are
eye contact, and body language
saying is…”
-​ “I see what you mean.” “That’s
interesting.”
10.​ Asking Question
-​ Involves 5Ws and H
3.​ Feedback giving
-​ Includes basic question starters for
-​ Offering comments like “I agree” or
asking questions and especially follow-up
“That's a good idea”
questions.

4.​ Asking for Clarification Conversation Strategies for Linear Model

-​ Asking for an explanation
-​ Commonly described by gestures of 11.​ Nomination
confusion, like scratching the head -​ How to begin a conversation
-​ “Sorry, could you explain what you mean Examples:
by that statement?” -​ Questions
-​ Sayings
5.​ Asking for Repetition -​ Anecdote (short stories)
-​ Mimicking or ear-cupping gesture 12.​ Termination
-​ “Would you mind repeating the last part?” -​ How to end a conversation
Examples:
6.​ Interrupting politely -​ Quotes
-​ Raising a hand gently or saying excuse -​ Takeaways
me -​ Summary
-​ Gratitude
-​ Challenge or call to action

Nonverbal Communication

Introduction Politeness Markers

Every message we utter is tailored to convey different Politeness markers (Yule, G., 1996) are expressions that
emotions and intentions based on the tone used. indicate awareness of another person’s face needs. They
often appear in the form of indirect language, modals, or
Effective Communication is not just about what we say, but softening phrases.
how we say a message or information.
1.​ Could you…? – this softens the request and makes
Paralanguage / Paralinguistic it sound less like an order.
●​ It is a spoken word but it is actually not. “Parang” 2.​ I was wondering if… – we normally use this
in Tagalog. “Parang word lang.”
expression in spoken English to ask someone
●​ It is the element of tone in delivering any message.
politely for help.
●​ It is related to nonverbal communication.
 3.​ Do you mind if… – it is a great way to ask for ●​ It is more meaningful than words.
permission. ●​ It aids in explaining ideas more empathetically and
4.​ Pardon me… – it is a polite expression often used clearly.
to ask someone to repeat what they said. ●​ It completes the communication process.
5.​ I would love to, but… – it is a polite way to say
Categories of Nonverbal Communication using Sense
“no”
Organs

Types of Nonverbal Communication 1.​ Visual / optics / vision / sense of sight

2.​ Olfactory / sense of smell
1.​ Proxemics – maintaining distance; relationships;
3.​ Gustatory / sense of taste
borders
4.​ Auditory / sense of hearing
2.​ Haptics – power of touch
5.​ Haptics / tactile(or) / sense of touch
3.​ Appearance
4.​ Facial expressions Reliability of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
5.​ Gestures
6.​ Eye contact VERBAL NONVERBAL

7.​ Postures
Can be documented Lack of documentation
8.​ Paralanguage / paralinguistic
More reliable in conveying No legal validity
Power of Nonverbal Communication messages
According to Dr. Ray Birdwhistell, everything we do
carries a message; none are accidental. “All body Clearer in delivering the Can be misinterpreted
movements have meanings—none are accidental.” message

Lessens chance of Greater probability of

How Often do We Use Verbal & Nonverbal Cues? misunderstanding misunderstanding
According to Fernandez & Suarez (216), people verbally
communicate 30-35%. We communicate using nonverbal Suitable for persuasion Unsuitable for long
language for 70-65%, either intentionally or messages
unintentionally.
Effective for majority of Not effective when the
listeners target group is spread out
How Important is Nonverbal Communication?
Though actions complete a message, both verbal and Quick in obtaining Delayed in obtaining
nonverbal communication are equal. feedback feedback
●​ It clarifies even the toughest messages to
understand.