Chapter 1

STATES OF MAT TER

Introduction

• Chemistry is about what matter is like and how

it behaves, and our explanations and predictions
of its behaviour.
What is matter?

• Matter is anything that has mass and

takes up space (volume), composing
all physical objects in the universe.
Tiny particles

Tiny Particles
• All matter is made up of tiny, moving
particles, invisible to your eye.
atoms
• Different substances have different types molecules
of particles.
ions
States of
matter
Solids, Liquids, and Gases

• A solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. It

does not flow. It cannot be compressed into a
smaller space.
• A liquid flows easily. It has a fixed volume, but
its shape changes. It takes the shape of the
container you pour it into.
• A gas does not have a fixed volume or shape. It
spreads out to fill its container: It is much
lighter than the same volume of solid or liquid.
 Changes of State
S O L I D S, L I Q U I D S A N D G A S E S C A N B E C H A N G E D
F R O M ON E S T AT E T O A N O T H E R B Y H E A T I N G O R
COOLING.
Changes of State of Water:
Melting
• Melting refers to the phase change of a
substance from a solid state to a liquid state.
• The thermometre shows 0 °C until all the ice
has melted. So 0 °C is called the melting point of
the ice.
• The temperature at which a solid changes to a
liquid state at one atmospheric pressure is
called melting point.
Changes of
State of Water:
Evaporation
• Evaporation is the
process where a
liquid, changes into a
gas (vapor) at its
surface without
boiling.
Changes of State of Water: Boiling
• Boiling is the process by which a liquid turns into a
vapor when it is heated to its boiling point.

• Boiling is the rapid phase transition of a liquid to

vapor that occurs when its vapor pressure equals the
surrounding atmospheric pressure.

• The thermometer shows 100 °C while the water boils

off. 100°C is its boiling point.

• The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid

turns into a gas (vaporization) throughout the liquid,
specifically when its vapor pressure equals the
surrounding atmospheric pressure.
Evaporation vs. Boiling

• Evaporation is a slow, surface-level

process that occurs at any
temperature, whereas boiling is a
rapid, bulk process that happens
throughout the liquid only at a
specific temperature (the boiling
point).
Bell Work What is matter?

What are the building blocks of matter?

What are states of matter?

How do the states of matter change?

What is the melting point of ice?

What is evaporation?

At what temperature does evaporation happen?

Changes of State of Water:
Condensation
• Condensation is the change of the state of matter
from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the
reverse of vaporization.

cool to below Condense to form water

Steam
100 ℃
Changes of State of Water:
Freezing
• Freezing is the process in which a liquid becomes sufficiently cold to
change into a solid.

• Freezing is the opposite of melting.

• The freezing point o f water is the same as the melting point of ice, 0°C.

cool to below
Water freezes or solidifies to form ice
0℃
Changes of State:
Sublimation and Deposition
• Sublimation is the change of solid state directly
into gaseous state without melting.
• Deposition (desublimation) is the direct
solidification of a vapour by cooling; the reverse
of sublimation.
Changes of
State of
Water
Other thing can change state too

• All substances can

exist as solid, liquid,
and gas.
 The state at room
temperature
WHAT USUALLY MAT TERS MOST TO US I S THE
S T A T E O F A S U B S T A N C E A T R OO M T E M P E R A T U R E ,
20 °C.
Summary • The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid state at one
atmospheric pressure is called melting point.

• Freezing is the process in which a liquid becomes sufficiently cold to

change into a solid.

• Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid.

• Boiling is the rapid vaporisation of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is

heated to its boiling point of that solid.

• Vaporisation is the process that occurs when a chemical or element is

converted from a liquid to a vapour.

• Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a

gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.

• Condensation is the change from a gaseous state to its liquid state.

• Sublimation is the change of solid state directly into gaseous state without
melting.

• Deposition is the direct solidification of a vapour by cooling; the reverse of

sublimation.
Let’s Practise.
Continued.
4. Look at the substances in the table.
a. Which of them has the lowest melting
point?
b. Which has the highest boiling point?
c. Which will boil off first on heating:
iron or table salt?
d. Which are liquids at room
temperature?
e. Why are the melting and boiling
points so different?
Hook!

• Why is it that solids keep their shape,

but liquids and gases change to fit
their containers? Also, why are solids
rigid while liquids and gases flow so
easily?
Solid

• The particles in a solid are packed very tightly

together with strong forces between one
another.
• The particles in a solid are arranged in a regular
pattern or lattice.
• The only movements they make are tiny
vibrations to and fro.
Liquid

• Liquids are composed of particles which are not

fixed in any definite positions as in the solids.
• The particles in a liquid can move about and
slide past each other.
• They are still close together, but not in a lattice.

• The forces that hold them together are weaker

than in a solid.
Gases

• The particles in a gas are in constant and rapid

motion because of weak attractive forces
between gaseous particles.
• There are almost no forces holding them
together.
• They collide with each other and bounce off in
all directions.
Changing
State:
Melting
Changing
State:
Boiling
Reversing
the changes
The ideas A susbstance can be a solid, a liquid,
or a gas, and change from one state
relate to the to another.
kinetic
particle
It has different characteristics in
theory each state.

The differences are due to the way its

particles are arranged, and move, in
each state.
Let’s Practise.
Heating curve for water
• A heating curve is a graph that
illustrates how the temperature of a
substance changes as heat is added
over time. .
• Temperatures remain constant while
water changes state. These
temperatures are its melting and
boiling points.
The cooling
curve for
water

A COOL ING CUR VE I S A LI NE

GR APH TH AT SHO WS H OW TH E
TE M P ER ATU RE OF A SU BS TAN C E
CH ANGE S OV ER TI ME AS IT COO LS
FRO M A H IG HE R TEMPE RA TUR E TO
A LOWE R TEMPE RA TURE .
What if a substance is not pure?
• Impurities cause the substance to melt
over a lower, broader range of
temperatures rather than a sharp, fixed
point, and the boiling point increases.
• The heating curve of an impure
substance is distinguished from a pure
substance by having sloping lines
instead of horizontal plateaus during
phase changes (melting and boiling).
Let’s Practise.
Interactive Simulation

[Link]
intro/latest/gases-intro_all.html
What is gas pressure?

• Gas pressure is the force exerted by gas

particles colliding with the surfaces of an object
or container.
The effects of temperature and
pressure on the volume of a gas

• When you heat a gas, its volume

increases.
• When you cool a gas, its volume
decreases.
• An increase in pressure means a
decrease in volume, for a gas.
• A decrease in pressure means a n
increase in volume, for a gas
Diffusion

• Diffusion is the movement of a substance from

an area of high concentration to an area
of lower concentration.
 The Rate of Diffusion
of Gases
D O T W O D I F F E R E N T G AS E S D I F F U S E A T T H E S A M E
S P E E D I F T H E Y A R E A T T H E S AM E T E M P E R A T U R E ?
Continued.

• The lower the mass of its particles, the faster a gas will diffuse.

• The lower its relative molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse.

• Graham's law states that the rate of diffusion or of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to
the square root of its molecular weight.
Experiment

• Cotton wool soaked in ammonia

solution is put into one end of a long
tube (at A). It gives off ammonia gas.
• At the same time, cotton wool soaked
in hydrochloric acid is put into the
other end of the tube (at B). It gives
off valid hydrogen chloride gas.
• Gases diffuse along the tube. White
smoke forms where they meet.
Experiment
Experiment

• The particles in hydrogen chloride gas are twice

as heavy as those in ammonia gas. So which gas
do you think will diffuse faster?
Let’s
Practise.