CHAPTER

Trigonometry

4
CHAPTER

Trigonometry on a vast scale

The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India by the Surveyors used the triangulation method to map
British began in 1802 and took over
60 years to a network of large, linked triangles across India.
complete. It was a huge mapping project requiringTriangulation starts with a triangle formed by
exacting mathematical calculations and physical joining each end of a horizontal baseline, of known
[Link] through jungles and across length, to the visible top of a hill. Its base angles
rugged country, the party included surveyors ridingare measured and, using high school trigonometry,
on elephants, about
30 soldiers on horses, oxen, the side lengths calculated. Each side of this
over40 camels carrying supplies and up to triangle can be used as a baseline for a new
700 walking labourers. triangle. Also, by measuring the angle of elevation
of a hilltop, its height above the baseline altitude
can be calculated.

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 Online resources
A host of additional online resources are
included as part of your Interactive Textbook,
including HOTmaths content, video
demonstrations of all worked examples,
auto-marked quizzes and much more.

In this chapter

Trigonometric ratios
4A Finding unknown angles
4B Applications using angles of elevation
4C and depression
Bearings
4D Applications in three dimensions
(10A)
4E The sine rule(10A)
4F The cosine rule (10A)
4 Area of a triangle (10A)
4H The unit circle(10A)
4I Exact values and radians(10A)
4J Graphs of trigonometric functions
(10A)
4K

Victorian Curriculum

MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY

Pythagoras and trigonometry

Solve right-angled triangle problems

including those involving direction and
angles of elevation and depression
(VCMMG346)
(10A) Establish the sine, cosine and area
rules for any triangle and solve related
problems (VCMMG367)
(10A) Use the unit circle to define
The surveying team gradually travelled from South trigonometric functions as functions of a real
India 2400 km north to the Himalayas in Nepal. After variable, and graph them with and without
measuring Mt Everest from six different locations, the use of digital technologies (VCMMG368)
Radhanath Sikdar declared it the highest mountain (10A) Solve simple trigonometric equations
on Earth at8840 m (29002 feet). It was an accurate (VCMMG369)
measurement: using GPS (Global Positioning System)
Mt Everest has since been found to have a height of (10A)Apply Pythagoras’ theorem and
8850 m (29035 feet). GPS also involves a process of trigonometry to solving three-dimensional
triangulation using radio waves sent between satellites problems in right-angled triangles
and Earth. (VCMMG 370)
© VCAA
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 266 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4A Trigonometric ratios
Learning intentions

• To understand how the trigonometric ratios relate the angles and side lengths of right-angled
triangles
• To know the trigonometric ratios involving sine, cosine and tangent
• To be able to identify which trigonometric ratio to apply based on the information in a given
right-angled triangle
• To be able to use trigonometry to find an unknown side length in a right-angled triangle
The study of trigonometry explores the
relationship between the angles and side lengths
of triangles. Trigonometry can be applied to
simple problems, such as finding the angle of
elevation of a kite, to solving complex problems
in surveying and design.
Trigonometry is built upon the three ratios sine,
cosine and tangent. These ratios do not change
for triangles that are similar in shape

3 5
q 6 10 Engineers use trigonometry to determine the horizontal and
vertical components of the forces acting on bridge trusses and
4 cables. Equations are formed by equating forces in opposite
q directions at joints; solving simultaneously calculates each load.
8

sin θ = sin θ = =

cos θ =

cos θ = = tan θ =

tan θ = =

LESSON Which ratio?

STARTER In a group or with a partner, see if you can recall some
facts from Year 9Opposite trigonometry to answer the following questions. q
Adjacent
• What is the name given to the longest side of a right-angled triangle?
Opposite
=
• tan θ Adjacent is one trigonometric ratio. What are the other two?

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 • Which ratio would be used to find the value of x in this triangle? Can you also
find the answer? 26 cm

31°
x cm
• Which ratio would be used to find the value of x in this triangle? 10 m
Can you also find the answer?
xm 72°

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 268 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4A

KEY IDEAS

■ The hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle. It is opposite the right angle.

■ Given a right-angled triangle and another angle θ , the three trigonometric ratios are:
length of the opposite side
• sine of angle θ(sin θ) = length of Hypotenuse the
hypotenuse
q
length of the adjacent sideOpposite
• cosine of angle θ(cos θ) = length of the hypotenuse

Adjacent
length of the opposite side
• tangent of angle θ(tan θ) = length of the adjacent side

■ Many people like to use SOHCAHTOA to help remember the three ratios.

O A O
• s in θ = H cos θ = H tan θ = A

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 Trigonometric ratios 269

■ To fi nd an unknown length on a right-angled triangle:

• Choose a trigonometric ratio that links one known angle and a known side length with the
unknown side length.
• Solve for the unknown side length.

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING
Use a calculator to evaluate the following, correct to three decimal places.
a cos 37° b sin 72° c tan 50° d cos
1 21.4°

O A O
2 Decide which ratio ( i.e. sin θ = H, cos θ = H or tan θ = A) would be best to help fi
nd the

value of x in these triangles. Do not fi nd the value of x .

53°
7
x
29° 75°
a b 2 c 10.3 x x

3 Solve for x in these equations, correct to two decimal places.

a t an 31° = 3x b c os 54° = 5x c s in 15.6° = 12.7x d s in 57° = 2x e cos 63.4° =

10 37.5
x f tan 71.6° = x

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 270 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Example 1 Solving for an unknown in the numerator

Find the value of x in these right-angled triangles, correct to two decimal places.
a b x mm
11 cm
27°
x cm 69° 38 mm

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
A Adjacent
a cos θ Choose the ratio cos θ .
H Hypotenuse
x
cos 27° Multiply both sides by 11 , then use a calculator.
11
x 11 cos 27°
9.80 ( to 2 d.p.) Round your answer as required.

O
b tan θ The tangent ratio uses the opposite and the adjacent sides.
A
x
tan 69°
38
x 38 tan 69° Multiply both sides by 38.
98.99 ( to 2 d.p.)

Find the value of x in these right-angled triangles, correct to two decimal places.
a b 21 m
3 cm
xm
50°
24°
x cm

Example 2 Solving for an unknown in the denominator

Find the value of x in these right-angled triangles, rounding your answer to two decimal places.
a 33° b x cm
21 m 53°
xm

71.3 cm

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 Trigonometric ratios 271

4A

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
O
a sin θ Choose the sine ratio since the adjacent side is not
H
marked.
21
sin 33°
x
Multiply both sides by x to remove the fraction, then
x sin 33° 21
divide both sides by sin 33°.
21
x
sin 33°
Evaluate using a calculator and round your answer as
38.56 ( to 2 d.p.)
required.

O
b tan θ The hypotenuse is unmarked, so use the tangent ratio.
A
71.3
tan 53°
x
x tan 53° 71.3 Multiply both sides by x, then solve by dividing both
sides by tan 53°.
71.3
x
tan 53°
53.73 ( to 2 d.p.)

Find the value of x in these right-angled triangles, rounding your answer to two decimal places.
a b
31°
6m 46° x mm
xm

27.2 mm

Example 1
Exercise 4A
FLUENCY 1, 2–3(1/2) 2–3(1/2) 2–3(1/3), 4

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 272 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

1 Find the value of x in these right-angled triangles, correct to two decimal places. a
Example 1
9 cm
xm
31° b
x cm
2 Use trigonometric ratios to find the values of the
59°
4
27 m
2
15°
pronumerals, to two decimal places. a b c
35°
a y
b

70°
5

6
f
22°
d ef
12 33°
m
4.3

65°

x
g b h i
11.9 x
72.18°
18.41
d

42.73°
7.5

15.21°

Example 2

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 Trigonometric ratios 273

y
68.02°
16.52
j a k 27.18 l
34.25°
61.12°
7.23 x

3 Use trigonometric ratios to find the values of the pronumerals, to two decimal places, for these right-
angled triangles.

a b c 15° 3.5
a
c
35° t
4
7 70°
4A

d e f

m 10 45° 8.6

85° 80°

f
g 18.23° h p i
7 x 41.73° b
5.6
31.3°
0.05
5.55 x
8.3
32.11 °

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 274 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

h 17.5
55.3°
j k l x
42.15°
10.2
x

4 Find the unknown side lengths for these right-angled triangles, correct to two decimal places where
necessary.
abc x m
5 cm 13.7 cm
x cm y cm
30° 26.5° 62.2° y m
x cm 0.23 m
y cm

350 m
21°

3.7 m
wm
30°

55.2°

shadow

PROBLEM-SOLVING 5, 6 7–9 8–11

5 A 4WD climbs a 350 m straight slope at an angle of 21° to the horizontal.
a Find the vertical distance travelled, correct to the nearest metre. b
Find the horizontal distance travelled, correct to the nearest metre.

6 A diagonal wall brace of length 3.7 metres is at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. Find the width (w m)
of the face of the wall, to the nearest centimetre.

7 The angle from the horizontal of the line of sight from the end of a tree’s shadow to the top of the tree
is 55.2°. The length of the shadow is 15.5 m. Find the height of the tree, correct to one decimal place.

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 Trigonometric ratios 275

8 On a construction site, large concrete slabs of height 5.6 metres are supported at the top by steel
beams positioned at an angle of 42° from the vertical.
Find the length of the steel beams, to two decimal places.
9 By measuring the diagonals, a surveyor checks the dimensions of a rectangular revegetation area of
length 25 metres. If the angle of the diagonal to the side length is 28.6°, find the length of the
diagonals, correct to one decimal place.

10 A right-angled triangular flag is made for the premiers of a school competition.

The second-longest edge of the flag is 25 cm and the largest non-right angle on the flag is 71°. Find
the length of the longest edge of the flag, to the nearest millimetre.

11 Find the length XY in these diagrams, correct to one decimal place.

a XY b X Y 12 mm
50° 42° 26°
3 cm
10 mm
REASONING 12 12 12, 13
12 A student solves for x, to two decimal places, in the given triangle and 24 tan 65° = x
gets 11.21, as shown. But the answer is 11.19. Explain the student’s error.
x tan 65° = 24
24 cm
24
x=
65°
x cm tan 65°
24
=
2.14
= 11.21
13 Find the value of x, correct to one decimal place, in these triangles.
x 10
20° 50° 25°

45° 30° a b 60° c 3

5 x x

ENRICHMENT: Exploring identities – – 14

14 For the following proofs, consider the right-angled triangle shown.
c
a
a Show that tan θ = by completing these steps. i Write a in terms of c q
and θ. b ii Write b in terms of c and θ. iii Write tan θ in terms of a and b. iv Substitute your
expressions from parts i and ii into your expression for tan θ in part iii.

Simplify to prove tan θ = . v Can you find a different way

of proving the rule described above?
b Show that (sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2 = 1 by completing these steps.

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 276 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

i Write a in terms of c and θ. ii Write b in terms of c and θ. iii State

Pythagoras’ theorem using a, b and c. iv Use your results from parts i, ii and iii
to show that (sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2 = 1.

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 Finding unknown angles 277

4B

4B Finding unknown angles

Learning intentions

• To know that the inverse trigonometric functions are used to find angles in right-angled triangles
• To be able to use the inverse trigonometric functions to find an angle in a right-angled triangle
given two side lengths
The three trigonometric ratios discussed earlier
can also be used to fi nd unknown angles in right-
angled triangles if at least two side lengths are

known. If, for example, c os θ = then we use the

inverse trigonometric function for cosine,

cos−1( ) , to fi nd θ . Calculators are used to

obtain these values.

The Eleanor Schonell Bridge in Brisbane is a cable-stayed

bridge in which each cable forms a right-angled triangle with
the pylons and the bridge deck. Trigonometry and geometry
are essential tools for engineers.

LESSON The ramp

STARTER A ski ramp is 2.5 m high and 5 m long (horizontally) with a vertical strut of
1.5 m placed as shown.

1.5 m 2.5 m
q
2m 3m

• Discuss which triangle could be used to fi nd the angle of incline, θ . Does it matter which triangle is
used?
• Which trigonometric ratio is to be used and why?
• How does tan −1 on a calculator help to calculate the value of θ?
• Discuss how you can check if your calculator is in degree mode.

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 278 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

KEY IDEAS

■ Inverse trigonometric functions are used to fi nd angles in right-angled triangles.

Ifsin θ k Ifcos θ k Iftan θ k
1
then θ sin (k) . 1
then θ cos (k) . then θ tan 1 (k) .
where 1 k 1 for sin θ and cos θ .

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING
1 State the missing part in each sentence.

a If cos 60° = 0.5, then cos−1(0.5) = ______. b If sin 30° , then

1 1
sin− (______) = 30°. c If tan 37° ≈ 0.75, then tan− (______) ≈ 37°.
2 Find θ in the following, rounding your answer to two decimal places where necessary.
a sin θ = 0.4 b cos θ = 0.5 c tan θ = 0.2 d sin θ = 0.1
3 Decide which trigonometric ratio (i.e. sine, cosine or tangent) would be used to find θ in these
triangles.
a 3 bc 8
13.6
q q
q 2 5
21.7

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 Finding unknown angles 279

Example 3 Finding angles

Find the value of θ in the following right-angled triangles, rounding to two decimal places in partb.
a b
2
1
1.5
q q 2.5

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
1
a sin θ Use sin θ , as the opposite side and the hypotenuse
2
are given.
1
θ sin 1
2 Use inverse sine on a calculator to find the angle.
30°
1.5
b cos θ The adjacent side and the hypotenuse are given, so
2.5
use cos θ .
1.5
θ cos 1
2.5 Use inverse cosine on a calculator to find the angle
53.13° (to 2 d.p. ) and round your answer to two decimal places.

Find the value of θ in the following right-angled triangles, rounding to two decimal places in partb.
a b
6 q
3
q
Example 3

Example 3

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 280 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4B

Example 4 Working with simple applications

A long, straight mine tunnel is sunk into the ground. Its final depth is 120 m and the end of the
tunnel is 100 m horizontally from the ground entrance. Find the angle the tunnel makes with the
horizontal ( θ ), correct to one decimal place.

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
120
tan θ Start with a labelled diagram.
100
100 m
120
θ tan 1 q
100
50.2° (to 1 d.p. )
120 m
50.2° is the angle the tunnel makes with the
horizontal.

A straight rabbit burrow is dug into the ground. Its final depth is 4 m and the end of the burrow is
5 m horizontally from the ground entrance. Find the angle the burrow makes with the horizontalθ(),
correct to one decimal place.

Exercise 4B
FLUENCY 1, 2–3(1/2) 2–4(1/2) 2–4(1/3)
1 Find the value of θ in the following right-angled triangles, rounding to two decimal places in part b. a
b
4 q 6

q 3.5 2

2 Find the value of θ in the following right-angled triangles, rounding your answer to two decimal
places where necessary.

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 Finding unknown angles 281

q 2
q
4 5
a b 5 c
q 1.5
2
def
q 1.527
√2 q
3 q
1.1
42
3 Find the value of α and θ, to one decimal place where necessary, for these special triangles. a
b 1 c
a 2 a
a 5
3
q
√2 q q
1 4

q 13 de 15
a a 15
f
a
5 17 q q
Example 4
8
12
12

4 The lengths of two sides of a right-angled triangle are provided. Use this information to find the
size of the two interior acute angles, and round each answer to one decimal place.
a hypotenuse 12 cm, opposite 3.5 cm b hypotenuse 7.2 m, adjacent 1.9 m c hypotenuse

0.4 mm, adjacent 0.21 mm d opposite 2.3 km, adjacent 5.2 km

e opposite 0.32 cm, adjacent 0.04 cm f opposite √5 cm, hypotenuse √11 cm

1
5 cm 3.8 m
2
.4 mm 1m
B
REASONING 9 9, 10 10, 11
2m
A
9 Consider △OAC and △OBC. a Find, correct to one decimal place where
necessary: i ∠ AOC ii ∠BOC b Hence, find the angle ∠ AOB. C 3m O

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 282 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

PROBLEM-SOLVING 5, 1 6, 2 7, 34

q
q
q

1
A tarpaulin with a simple A-frame design is set up as a shelter. The width 2.9 m of half of the
tarpaulin is 2.9 metres, as shown. Find the angle to the ground that the sides of the tarpaulin make if
the height at the middle of the shelter is 1.5 metres. Round your answer to the nearest 0.1 of a degree.

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 Finding unknown angles 283

5 A ladder reaches 5.5 m up a wall and sits 2 m from the base of the wall. Find the angle the ladder
makes with the horizontal, correct to two decimal places.

2
A diagonal cut of length 2.85 metres is to be made on a rectangular wooden slab from one corner to the
other. The front of the slab measures 1.94 metres. Calculate the angle with the front edge at which the
carpenter needs to begin the cut. Round your answer to one decimal place.
3
Find the value of θ in these diagrams, correct to one decimal place.
a 4 cm bc 1.8 mm
4
.7 m

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 284 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4B

10 This triangle includes the unknown angles α and β.

a √20
a Explain why only one inverse trigonometric ratio needs to be used to find the
2 values of both α and β. b Find α and β, correct to one decimal place, using b
your method from part a. 4

11 a Draw a right-angled isosceles triangle and show all the internal angles.
b If one of the shorter sides is of length x, show that tan 45° = 1.
c Find the exact length of the hypotenuse in terms of x. d Show
that sin 45° = cos 45°.
ENRICHMENT: A special triangle – – 125
12 Consider this special triangle.
a Find the value of θ. a 2
b Find the value of α. 1 c Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the exact length of
the unknown side, in surd form.
d Hence, write down the exact value for the following, in surd form.
i sin 30° ii cos 60° iii sin 60° iv cos 30° v tan 30° vi tan 60°

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 Finding unknown angles 285

3 1
e For the diagram on the right, show that AB x.
2
x

45° 30°
A B

A map showing the triangles and transects used in the Great Trigonometric
Survey of India, produced in 1870

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 286 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Using calculators in trigonometry

Find the value of the unknowns in these triangles, correct to two decimal places.
ab q
4
7.5
61° 42°
x 10

Using the TI-Nspire: Using the ClassPad:

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 Finding unknown angles 287

a First, find the height of the triangle using tan. Do not a In Standard Degree mode,
first find the height of the round this value before using it for the next step. triangle using tan.
Use this result to find the value Then use this result to find the value of x also using of x also
using tan. Do this calculation in Decimal tan. Ensure your General Settings include Degree
Degree mode. and Approximate (decimal) modes.

Hint: use
the µ key
to access
tan.
Hint: you
can also
include a
degree
symbol
( ctrl k and
select °) in your entries if desired.

b Use the inverse sine function in Degree mode. b

Use the inverse sine function in Decimal Degree

mode.

1
Hint: use the µ key to access sin− .

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 288 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4C

4 C Applications using angles of

elevation and depression
Learning intentions

• To know how angles of elevation and depression are measured

• To be able to draw and label an appropriate diagram from a word problem description and identify a
right-angled triangle
• To know how to apply the correct trigonometric relationship to solve a problem
T here are many situations where a two-dimensional
right-angled triangle can be drawn so that
trigonometry can be used to solve a problem. An
angle of elevation or depression is commonly used in
such triangles.

LESSON Mountain
STARTER
peaks
Two mountain peaks in Victoria are Mt Stirling
(1749 m) and Mt Buller (1805 m) . A map shows a
horizontal distance between them of 6.8 km . Pilots are trained in trigonometry. Starting the final descent,
a pilot will check that the plane’s altitude and its horizontal
• Discuss if you think there is enough information distance from the runway allow for the required angle of
descent (i.e. depression)3of ° below the horizontal.
to fi nd the angle of elevation of Mt Buller from
Mt Stirling.
• What diagram can be used to summarise the information?
• Show how trigonometry can be used to fi nd this angle of elevation.
• Discuss what is meant by the words elevation and depression in this context.

KEY IDEAS
■ The angle of elevation is measured up from the horizontal. depression

■ The angle of depression is measured down from the horizontal.

• On the same diagram, the angle of elevation and the angle elevation of depression are
equal. They are alternate angles in parallel lines.

■ To solve more complex problems involving trigonometry:

• Visualise and draw a right-angled triangle and add any given information.
• Use a trigonometric ratio to fi nd the unknown.
• Answer the question in words.

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 Applications using angles of elevation and depression 289

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING
1 Name the two marked angles which are equal in this diagram.
A B

2 Choose the diagram (A, B or C) which matches the C D

description (a, b or c). (Do not try to find the answer.)
a A cable of length 45 metres is anchored from A
the ground to the top of a communications mast. The
angle of elevation of the cable to the top of the mast is
60°. Find the height of the communications mast.
b The angle of depression from the top of a B
25 metre tall viewing tower to a crocodile on the
ground is 62°. Find the direct distance from the top
of the tower to the crocodile.

c Find the angle of depression from a lighthouse C

beacon that is 112 metres above sea level to a boat that
is at a horizontal distance of 1.5 kilometres from the
lighthouse.

Example 5 Applying trigonometry in worded problems

A helicopter is hovering at an altitude of 250 metres. The angle of

elevation from the helipad to the helicopter is 35°. Find the horizontal
distance of the helicopter from the helipad, to the nearest centimetre. 35° 250 m

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
Let x metres be the horizontal distance from the
helicopter to the helipad.
250 O
tan 35 Use tan θ since the opposite and
x A
250 m adjacent sides are being used. Solve for x.
x tan 35 250
35°
xm 250
x
tan 35° There are 100 cm in 1 m, so round to two
357.04 decimal places for the nearest centimetre.
The horizontal distance from the helicopter to the Answer the question in words.
helipad is 357.04 m.

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 290 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4C

A bird is hovering at an altitude of 100 m. The angle of elevation from

the observation point to the bird is 55°. Find the horizontal distance of
the bird from the observation point, to the nearest centimetre. 100 m

55°
?

Exercise 4C
FLUENCY 1–4 2–4 3–5

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 Applications using angles of elevation and depression 291

Example 5 1 The altitude of an aeroplane is 500 metres, and the angle of elevation
from the runway to the aeroplane is 15°. Find the horizontal distance from the 500 m
aeroplane to the runway, to the nearest centimetre. 15°
? Example 5
2 The distance between two buildings is 24.5 metres. Find the height of the taller building, to
the nearest metre, if the angle of elevation from the top of the shorter building to the top of the taller
building is 85° and the height of the shorter building is 40 m.

3 The angle of depression from one mountain summit to another is 15.9°. If the two mountains differ in
height by 430 metres, find the horizontal distance between the two summits, to the nearest centimetre.

Example 6 4 Two vertical buildings positioned 91 metres apart are 136 metres and 192 metres tall, respectively.
Find the angle of elevation from the top of the shorter building to the top of the taller building, to the
nearest degree.

5 An L-shaped veranda has dimensions as shown. N

Find the width, to the nearest centimetre, of the 38°
veranda
veranda for the following sides of the house:
1.9 m W E
a north side b east side. house
S
PROBLEM-SOLVING 6 6, 7 7, 8

6 A knight on a chessboard is moved forward 3.6 cm from the centre of one square to
another, then diagonally across at 45° to the centre of the destination square. How far
did the knight move in total? Give your answer to two decimal places.

7 Two unidentified flying discs are detected by a receiver. The angle of elevation from the receiver to
each disc is 39.48°. The discs are hovering at a direct distance of 826 m and 1.296 km from the
receiver. Find the difference in height between the two unidentified flying discs, to the nearest
metre.

8 Initially a ship and a submarine are stationary at sea level, positioned 1.78 kilometres apart. The
submarine then manoeuvres to position A, 45 metres directly below its starting point. In a second
manoeuvre, the submarine dives a further 62 metres to
position B. Give all answers to two decimal places. a
Find the angle of elevation of the ship from the
submarine when the submarine is at position A.
b Find the angle of elevation of the ship from the
submarine when the submarine is at position B.
c Find the difference in the angles of elevation from
the submarine to the ship when the submarine is at
positions A and B.
4C

REASONING 9 9, 10 10–12

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 292 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

9 A communications technician claims that when the horizontal distance between two television antennas
is less than 12 metres, then an interference problem will occur. The heights of two antennas above
ground level are 7.5 metres and 13.9 metres, respectively, and the angle of elevation from the top of
the shorter antenna to the top of the taller antenna is 29.5°. According to the technician’s claim, will
there be an interference problem for these two antennas?

10 The pivot point (P) of the main supporting arm (AP) of a construction
A crane is 46 metres above the top of a 96 metre tall office building.
When the supporting arm is at an angle of 55° to the horizontal, the length of
55°
cable dropping from the point A to the ground is 215 metres. Find the length
P
of the main supporting arm (AP), to the nearest centimetre. 46 m
215 m

96 m

120°
11 Consider a regular hexagon with internal angles of 120° and side lengths of A B
10 cm.
10 cm
a For the given diagram find, to the nearest millimetre, the lengths: i BC
ii AB
b Find the distance, to the nearest millimetre, between: Ci two parallel sides ii two opposite
vertices. c Explore and describe how changing the side lengths of the hexagon changes the
answers to part b.

12 An aeroplane is flying horizontally, directly towards the city of Melbourne at an altitude of 400 metres.
At a given time the pilot views the city lights of Melbourne at an angle of depression of 1.5°. Two
minutes later the angle of depression of the city lights is 5°. Find the speed of the aeroplane in km/h,
correct to one decimal place.
ENRICHMENT: Vegetable garden design – – 13

13 A vegetable garden is to be built in the shape of a regular pentagon using D

redgum sleepers of length 2.5 metres, as shown. It is known that the internal
angles of a regular pentagon are 108°. A a Find the size of the following angles. B
C
i ∠AEB ii ∠EAB iii ∠CAD iv ∠ ADC 2.5 m b Find these lengths, to two decimal
108°
places.
i AB ii BE iii AC iv CD E c Find the distance between a vertex on the
border of the vegetable garden and the centre of its opposite side, to two decimal places.
d Find the distance between any two non-adjacent vertices on the border of the vegetable garden, to
two decimal places.
e Show that when the length of the redgum sleepers is x metres, the distance between a vertex and
the centre of its opposite side of the vegetable garden will be 1.54x metres, using two decimal
places.

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 293 Trigonometry

Chapter 4

4D Bearings
Learning intentions

• To understand how true bearings are measured and written

• To be able to state a true bearing and its opposite direction from a diagram
• To be able to apply bearings in word problems using a diagram and trigonometry
True bearings are used to communicate
direction and therefore are important in
navigation. Ship and aeroplane pilots,
bushwalkers and military personnel all
use bearings to navigate and
communicate direction.

Accurate navigation is vital to military personnel, ship and plane pilots,

geologists and bushwalkers, who all use bearings and maps to navigate and
communicate direction. GPS signals are weak, unreliable and not accurate
enough for precise navigation.

LESSON Navigating a square

STARTER A mining surveyor starts walking from base camp to map out an area for soil
testing. She starts by walking 2 km on a true bearing of 020 ° and wants to map out an area that is
approximately square.

• Draw a diagram showing the fi rst leg of the walk and the direction of north.
• If the surveyor turns right for the next leg, what will be the true bearing for this section?
• List the direction (as a true bearing) and the distance for all four legs of the walk. Remember that the
mapped area must be a square.

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 294 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

KEY IDEAS

■ True bearings (°T) are measured clockwise from due north. 360° N 000°
Some angles and directions are shown in this diagram; 315° NW NE 045°
for example, NE means north-east.
• True bearings are usually written using three digits.
270° W E 090°
• Opposite directions differ by180°.

225° SW SE 135°
S
180°

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING
1 Give the true bearing for each of these directions. N a N b NE c
E d SE NW NE
eS f SW W E g W h NW

SW SE
2 For each diagram, give the true bearing from O to A. S
a N b N c
N
50°
AA 30°
O O O 49°

A
WE
WE WE

S S Sd N e N f N

A 71°
W E W E W E
O 43° O O
18°
A
S A S S

3 State the bearing that is the opposite direction to the following.

a 020°T b 262°T c 155°T d 344°T

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 4D Bearings 295

Example 7 Stating a direction

A, B, C and D are four points, as shown. N

D
a Give the true bearing of each point from the origin, O, in this diagram. A
b Give the true bearing of:
70° 35°
i O from A ii O from D. W E
30° O 45°
C B
S

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
a The bearing of A is 90 35 055°T. East is 090° so subtract 35° from 90°.
The bearing of B is 90 45 135°T. B is 90° plus the additional 45° in a clockwise
direction.
The bearing of C is 270 30 240°T. West is 270° so subtract 30° from 270°.
The bearing of D is 270 70 340°T. Alternatively for D, subtract 20° from 360°.
Continued on next page

b i The bearing of O from A is The bearing of A from O is 055°T and an

180 55 235°T opposite direction differs by 180°.

ii The bearing of O from D is Subtract 180° from the opposite direction

340 180 160°T (340°T).

A, B, C and D are four points, as shown. N

a Give the true bearing of each point from the origin, O, D
in this diagram. A
b Give the true bearing of: 40° 30°
W E
i O from A ii O from D 20° O 50°
C
B
S

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 296 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Example 8 Using bearings with trigonometry

A ship travels due south for 5 km, then on a true bearing of 120° for 11 km.
a Find how far east the ship is from its starting point, correct to two decimal places.
b Find how far south the ship is from its starting point.

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
a N Draw a clear diagram, labelling all relevant
angles and lengths. Draw a compass at
W E each change of direction. Clearly show a
5 km right-angled triangle, which will help to solve
N 120° the problem.
x km
W
30°
y km
11 km
S
x
cos 30 As x is adjacent to 30° and the hypotenuse has
11
length 11 km, use cos.
x 11 cos 30°
9.53 ( to 2 d.p.)
The ship is 9.53 km east of its initial Answer in words.
position.

y Use sine for opposite and hypotenuse. Use the

b sin 30° = value provided rather than your answer from
11 y = 11 × part a.
sin 30° Multiply both sides by 11.
Find total distance south by adding the initial 5
= 5.5 km. Answer in words.
Distance south = 5.5 + 5 = 10.5 km
The ship is 10.5 km south of its initial
position.

Now you try

A ship travels due south for 8 km, then on a bearing of 160° for 12 km.
a Find how far east the ship is from its starting point, correct to two decimal places. b
Find how far south the ship is from its starting point, correct to two decimal places.

Exercise 4D
FLUENCY 1–5 2–6 2, 4, 6, 7

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 4D Bearings 297

1 A, B, C and D are four points, as shown. N a Give the true bearing of each point from the origin, O, in
this diagram. D A
b Give the true bearing of: i O from A ii O from D.
50° 40°
W 55° O 60° E

C
B
2 Find the true bearing of O from each of the following points, shown in S
this simple map. (Hint: First, find the bearing of each point from O.) a N
Example 8 D A
A bB cC dD
40°
60°
W E
15° O 35°

C B
S

3 For this simple map, find the following, correct to one decimal place. N a How far west is
point A from O? b How far south is point A from O?
4 Find the true bearing, correct to the nearest degree, of: N a point A from O 65°
b point O from A. O
W E
4 km
10 km
W E
Example
A O
7a
S 6 km
Example
7b S A

5 A ship travels due south for 3 km, then on a true bearing of 130° for 5 km.
a Find how far east the ship is from its starting point, correct to two decimal places. b
Find how far south the ship is from its starting point, correct to two decimal places.
Example 7
6 Two points, A and B, positioned 15 cm apart, are such that B is on a true N bearing of 100° from
A. a Find how far east point B is from A, correct to two decimal places.
100°
W A
b Find how far south point B is from A, correct to the nearest
millimetre. B

7 An aeroplane flies 138 km in a southerly direction from a military air base to a drop-off point.
The drop-off point is 83 km west of the air base. Find the true bearing, correct to the nearest degree,
of:
a the drop-off point from the air base b
the air base from the drop-off point.
PROBLEM-SOLVING 8, 9 8–10 10, 11
8 A bushwalker hikes due north from a resting place for 1.5 km to a waterhole and then on a true bearing
of 315° for 2 km to base camp. a Find how far west the base camp is from the waterhole, to the nearest

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 298 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

metre. b Find how far north the base camp is from the waterhole, to the nearest metre. c Find how far
north the base camp is from the initial resting place, to the nearest metre.

9 On a map, point C is 4.3 km due east of point B, whereas point B is 2.7 km on a true bearing of 143°
from point A. Give your answer to two decimal places for the following. a Find how far east point B is
from A. b Find how far east point C is from A.
c Find how far south point C is from A.

10 A military desert tank manoeuvres 13.5 km from point A on a true

bearing of 042° to point B. From point B, how far due south must
the tank travel to be at a point due east of point A? Give the answer
correct to the nearest metre.
11 Consider the points O, A, B, C, D and E on this Cartesian plane.
y Round the answers to one
4
decimal place. a Find the true
3
bearing of: A
2
i A from O ii D from O iii B E B from C iv E from C
1
b Find the true bearing from:x i O to E ii A to B iii D to
O
C iv B to D −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
−2
D
−3
C
−4

REASONING 12 12, 13 12–14

12 An overall direction and distance of a journey can be calculated by C
considering two (or more) smaller parts (or legs). Find the bearing of C from N
A and the length AC in this journey by answering these parts. 3 km a 20°
Find, correct to two decimal places where necessary, how far north: N
B
60°
i point B is from A 5 km
ii point C is from B A iii point C is from A.
c Find, correct to two decimal places, how far east:
i point B is from A ii point C is from B iii point C is from A.
d Now use your answers above to find the following, correct to one decimal place.
i the true bearing of C from A ii the distance from A to C. (Hint: Use
Pythagoras’ theorem.)

13 Use the technique outlined in Question 12 to find the distance AC and the bearing of C from A in these
diagrams. Give your answers correct to one decimal place.
a N b N

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 4D Bearings 299

N 20°
A B
12 kmW E W E
6.2 km
75°
W E
B C
S S
9 km 15° N
10.1 km
S
25°
C W E
A

S
14 Tour groups A and B view a rock feature from different positions on a road heading east–west.

Group A views the rock at a distance of 235 m on a bearing of 155° and group B views the rock
feature on a bearing of 162° at a different point on the road. Round all answers to two decimal places
in the following. a Find how far south the rock feature is from the road.
b Find how far east the rock feature is from: i group A ii group B. c Find the distance between
group A and group B.
ENRICHMENT: Navigation challenges – – 15, 16
15 A light aeroplane is flown from a farm airstrip to a city runway that is 135 km away. The city runway
is due north from the farm airstrip. To avoid a storm, the pilot flies the aeroplane on a bearing of 310°
for 50 km, and then due north for 45 km. The pilot then heads directly to the city runway. Round your
answers to two decimal places in the following.
a Find how far west the aeroplane diverged from the direct line between the farm airstrip and the
city runway.
b Find how far south the aeroplane was from the city runway before heading directly to the city
runway on the final leg of the flight. c Find the bearing the aeroplane was flying on when it
flew on the final leg of the flight.

16 A racing yacht sails from the start position to a floating marker on a bearing of 205.2° for 2.82 km,
then to a finish line on a bearing of 205.9° for 1.99 km. Round each of the following to two decimal

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 300 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

places. a Find how far south the finish line is from the start position. b Find how far west the finish
line is from the start position. c Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the distance between the finish line
and the start position.

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 Applications in three dimensions 301

4E

4E Applications in three dimensions

10A

Learning intentions

• To be able to visualise right-angled triangles in 3D objects

• To be able to draw and label right-angled triangles formed in 3D objects
• To know how to apply the trigonometric ratios to find an unknown and relate this to the original
object
Although a right-angled triangle is a two-
dimensional shape, it can also be used to
solve problems in three dimensions. Being
able to visualise right-angled triangles
included in three-dimensional diagrams is
an important part of the process of fi nding
angles and lengths associated with three-
dimensional objects. Surveyors use trigonometry to calculate distances and angles between
points in three dimensions. Surveyors accurately locate corners for
new buildings, boundaries of property for legal ownership, and the
placement of roads, bridges, dams, water pipes, power pylons, etc.

LESSON How many right-angled

STARTER triangles?
A right square-based pyramid has the apex above the centre of the base. In this example, the base length
is 6 m and slant height is 5 m . Other important lines are dashed.
5m
• Using the given dashed lines and the edges of the pyramid, how
many different right-angled triangles can you draw?
• Is it possible to determine the exact side lengths of all your right-
angled triangles?
6m
• Is it possible to determine all the angles inside all your right-angled
triangles?

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 302 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

KEY IDEAS

■ Using trigonometry to solve problems in three dimensions

involves:
• visualising and drawing any relevant two-dimensional triangles
• using trigonometric ratios to fi nd unknowns
• relating answers from two-dimensional diagrams to the original
three-dimensional object.

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING
1 By considering only the lines drawn inside this rectangular prism, how many
right-angled triangles are formed?

2 The cube shown here has side length 2 m.

a Draw the right-angled triangle ABC and find and label all the side
D lengths. Pythagoras’ theorem can be used. Answer using exact
values (e.g. √5).
b Draw the right-angled triangle ACD and find and label all the side
C lengths. Pythagoras’ theorem can be used. Answer using exact values. A B
c Use trigonometry to find ∠DAC, correct to one decimal place. d Find the size of ∠CAB.

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 Applications in three dimensions 303

Example 9 Applying trigonometry in 3D

A vertical mast is supported at the top by two cables reaching from two
points, A and B. The cable reaching from point A is 36 metres long and is
at an angle of 48° to the horizontal. Point B is 24 metres from the base 36 m
of the mast.
a Find the height of the mast, correct to three decimal places.
48°
b Find the angle to the horizontal of the cable reaching from point B,
24 m
to two decimal places. A B

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
a Let h be the height of the mast, in metres. First, draw the right-angled triangle, showing
the information given.

36 m hm

48°

h
sin 48° The opposite (O) and hypotenuse (H) are
36
given, so use sine.
h 36 sin 48° Multiply both sides by 36 and round to three
26.753 ( to 3 d.p.) decimal places.
The height of the mast is 26.753 m. Answer the question in words.

4E

Example 9

Example 9

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 304 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

b Draw the second triangle, including the answer

from part a.
26.753 m

q
24 m
26.753 ... 36 sin 48°
tan θ More precisely, use tan θ .
24 24
26.753 ... 36 sin 48°
θ tan 1 θ tan 1
24 24
48.11 ° (to 2 d.p. )

The cable reaching from point B is at an Answer the question in words, rounding your
angle of 48.11 ° to the horizontal. answer appropriately.

A vertical mast is supported at the top by two cables reaching from two points, A and B. The
cable reaching from point A is 53 metres long and is at an angle of 37° to the horizontal. Point B
is 29 metres from the base of the mast.
a Find the height of the mast, correct to three decimal places.
b Find the angle to the horizontal of the cable reaching from point B, to two decimal places.

Exercise 4E
FLUENCY 1–4 2–4 3–5
1 A vertical mast is supported at the top by two cables reaching from two points, A and B. The cable
reaching from point A is 43 metres long and is at an angle of 61° to the horizontal. Point B is 37 metres
from the base of the mast.
a Find the height of the mast, correct to three decimal places. b Find the angle to the horizontal of
the cable reaching from point B, to two decimal places.

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 Applications in three dimensions 305

2 A vertical tent pole is supported at the top by two

ropes reaching from two pegs, A and B. The rope
reaching from peg A is 3 m long and is at an angle
of 39° to the horizontal. Peg B is 2 m from the
base of the pole.
a Find the height of the pole correct to three
decimal places.
b Find the angle to the horizontal of the cable
reaching from peg B, to two decimal places.
3 Viewing points A and B are at a horizontal
distance from a clock tower of 36 metres and 28
metres, respectively. The viewing angle to the
clockface at point B is 64°.
a Find the height of the clockface above the viewing level, to three decimal places.
b Find the viewing angle to the clockface at point A, to two decimal places.

A B

4 A rectangular prism, ABCDEFGH, is 5 cm wide, 10 cm G long and 2 cm high.

a By drawing the triangle ABF find, to two decimal places: F i ∠BAF ii AF

b By drawing the triangle AGF, find ∠GAF, to two decimal places. A 10 cm B

5 A ramp, ABCDEF, rests at an angle of 20° to the horizontal and E
the highest point on the ramp is 2.5 metres above the ground, as
shown. Give your answers to two decimal places in the F
following questions. a Find the length of the ramp BF. b Find C
the length of the horizontal BD. 2.5 m
D
A

20°
B

64°
Viewing level

H
E
2 cm D C 5 cm
PROBLEM-SOLVING 6, 7 6–9 7–9

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 306 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

6 The triangular faces of a right square-based pyramid are at an

angle of 60° to the base. The height of the pyramid is 30 m. Find
the perimeter of the base of the pyramid, correct to one decimal 30 m
place.
60°

7 A tent pole 2.1 metres tall is secured by ropes in two directions.

tent
The ropes are held by pegs A and B at angles of 43° and 39°,
respectively, from the horizontal. The line from the base of the 2.1 m
pole to peg A is at right angles to the line from the base of the pole
pole to peg B. Round your answers to two decimal places in these 43° 39°
questions.
peg A
a Find the distance from the base of the tent pole to:
i peg A ii peg B peg B b Find the angle at peg A formed by peg A, peg B and the base of the
pole. c Find the distance between peg A and peg B.
4E

8 The communities of Wood Town and Green Village live

in a valley. Communication between the two
communities is enhanced by a repeater station on the
summit of a nearby mountain. It is known that the angles
of depression from the repeater station to Wood Town
and Green Village are 44.6° and 58.2°, respectively.
Also, the horizontal distances from the repeater to Wood
Town and Green Village are 1.35 km and 1.04 km,
respectively.
a Find the vertical height, to the nearest metre,
between the repeater station and: i Wood Town
ii Green Village. b Find the difference in height between the two communities, to the nearest
metre.

9 Three cameras operated at ground level view a rocket being

launched into space.

At 5 seconds immediately after launch, the rocket is 358 m

above ground level and the three cameras, A, B and C, are 358 m
positioned at an angle of 28°, 32° and 36°, respectively, to
the horizontal.
A C
At the 5 second mark, find: B
a which camera is closest to the rocket b the distance between the rocket and the closest camera, to
the nearest centimetre.

REASONING 10 10 10, 11

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 Applications in three dimensions 307

10 It is important to use a high degree of accuracy for calculations that B involve multiple parts.

For this 3D diagram complete these steps. a Find AB, correct to one decimal
place.
b Use your answer from part a to find θ, correct to one decimal place.
c Now recalculate θ using a more accurate value for AB. Round θ to one q
29° A
8m
decimal place. d What is the difference between the answers for parts b and 10 m
c?

11 For a cube, ABCDEFGH, of side length 1 unit, as shown, use H

trigonometry to find the following, correct to two decimal places G
F
where necessary. Be careful that errors do not accumulate. E
a ∠BAC b AC c ∠CAG d AG

C
D
A B
ENRICHMENT: Three points in 3D – – 12, 13
12 Three points, A, B and C, in three-dimensional space are such that C AB = 6, BC = 3 and AC = 5.

The angles of elevation from A to B and from B to C are 15° and 25°,
respectively. Round your answer to two decimal places in the following.B a
Find the vertical difference in height between:
i A and B A ii B and C iii A and C. b Find the angle of elevation from A
to C.

13 The points A, B and C in 3D space are such that:

• AB = 10 mm, AC = 17 mm and BC = 28 mm.
• The angle of elevation from A to B is 20°.
• The angle of elevation from A to C is 55°.
Find the angle of elevation from B to C, to the nearest degree.

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 308 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Triangulation points or ‘trig stations’ such as this are used in geodetic surveying to mark points at which measurements
are made to calculate local altitude. The calculations involved are similar to those in the Enrichment questions above.

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 4F The sine rule 309

4F The sine rule 10A

Learning intentions

• To know how the sine rule relates the ratio of sides and angles in non right-angled triangles
• To know the criteria of a triangle that must be known to apply the sine rule
• To know how to apply the sine rule to find an angle or a side length in non right-angled triangles
• To understand that some information of triangles can lead to two possible triangles involving either
an acute
angle or an obtuse angle
• To be able to use the sine rule to find acute or obtuse angles
The use of sine, cosine and tangent functions can
be extended to non right-angled triangles.

First consider the triangle below with sides a, b and

c and with opposite angles ∠A, ∠B and ∠C.
Height h is also shown.
C

b h a

A Pilots need to compensate for cross-winds. In a triangle

ABC,
if AB shows a plane’s speed and directionBC
andthe wind’s
P c B speed and direction, then side
AC gives the plane’s resultant
speed and direction, calculated using the sine and cosine
rules.
From △CPB,
h
so = a sin B
h
=
From △CPA, sin A b

h
so = b sin A

∴ a sin B = b sin A or sina A = sinb B

a c b c
Similarly, it can be shown that sin A = sin C and sin B = sin C.

In this section we will consider the sine of angles larger than 90°. This will be discussed in more detail in
Section 4I but for the moment we will accept such angles with our trigonometric functions.

LESSON Explore the sine rule

STARTER Use a ruler and a protractor to measure the side lengths (a, b and c) in
centimetres, correct to one decimal place, and the angles (A, B and C), correct to the nearest degree, for
this triangle.

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 310 Trigonometry

a b c
• Calculate the following. Ba b c
a
sin A sin B sin C
• What do you notice about the three answers above? c C
• Draw your own triangle and check to see if your observations
are consistent for any triangle. A b
Chapter 4

KEY IDEAS
■ When using the sine rule, label triangles with capital letters for A vertices and the
corresponding lower-case letter for the side
c
opposite the angle. b

■ The sine rule states that the ratios of each side of a triangle to C a B the sine of
the opposite angle are equal.

a = sinb B = sinc C or sina A = sinb B = sinc C sin A

• The sine rule holds true for both acute- and obtuse-angled triangles.
• Use the sine rule when you know:
– one side length and
– the angle opposite that side length and – another side length
or angle.

■ The ambiguous case can arise when we are given two sides and an angle that is not the
included angle.
• This example shows a diagram with two given side lengths and B
1 230° one
angle. Two triangles are possible.
6 cm 10 cm

• Using sin6 30° = sin10 θ could give two results for θ C 6 cm

(i.e. θ 1 or θ 2 ). You will need to choose the correct angle

(i.e. acute or obtuse) to suit your triangle (if known).
• θ 1 and θ 2 are supplementary so to fi nd the obtuse angle θ 2 use θ 2 = 180° − θ1.

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING

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 4F The sine rule 311

1 State the missing parts of the sine rule for this triangle.
c
a

= b
sin B = c B a

2 Solve each equation for a or b , correct to one decimal place.

a a = sin 51°2 b sin5 63° = sinb 27° sin 47°

3 Find θ , correct to one decimal place, if θ is acute.

a sin4 38° = sin5 θ b = sin1.8 47°

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 312 Trigonometry

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 4F The sine rule 313

4 6
b = sin θ
sin 40°
Alternatively, use = 4 .
sin 40°

4 × sin θ = 6 × sin 40° sin θ = 40°

sin θ = 6 × sin4 40°

θ = sin−1 40°)

θ = 74.6° or 180° − 74.6° = 105.4° This is an example of the ambiguous case of θ is

obtuse, so θ = 105.4° (to 1 d.p.).the sine rule but as θ is obtuse, you will need to choose the
supplement of 74.6°.
Now you try
Find the value of θ in this triangle, correct to one decimal place. a

100°
q
5 cm 3 cm b θ is obtuse.
7m
q
30° 12 m
Exercise 4F
FLUENCY 1, 2–3(1/2) 2–3(1/2) 2–3(1/3)
Example
10
1 Find the value of x in this triangle, correct to one decimal place. 4 cm
70°

92° x cm

Example
10 2 Find the value of x in these triangles, correct to one decimal place. a
b c 15 m
x cm 71°
84° 22 cm
x cm
57°
39°
52° 48° x m
10 cm

d ef 45°
46° 110 °
40°
12.7 cm x mm
12 m 30.2 mm
95°
x cm 67°
xm
3 Find the value of θ, correct to one decimal place, if θ is acute.

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 314 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Example
a 5m b 10 cm c
11a 70° q
100° 18 m
12 cm
8m q 120°
q
10 m

d ef 8 cm
q
28 m 56° 9 5.1 cm 6.8 cm
q
78° 83° q
cm

20 m

PROBLEM-SOLVING 4, 5 5–7 6–8

4 Three markers, A, B and C, map out the course for a cross-country race. B

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 4F The sine rule 315

The angles at A and C are 67° and 39°, respectively, and BC is 2 km.
a Find the length AB, correct to three decimal places. 2 km
b Find the angle at B. 67° 39°
c Find the length AC , correct to three decimal places. A C

5 A factory roof has a steep 6 m section at 80° to the horizontal and

13 m
another 13 m section. What is the angle of elevation of the 13 m section 6m
of roof? Give your answer to one decimal place. q 80°
factory

6 A golf ball is hit off-course by 13° to point B. The shortest B

distance to the hole is 300 m and the angle formed by the new 31°
ball position is 31°, as shown. Find the new distance to the 13°
A 300 m hole (H)
hole (BH ), correct to one decimal place.

7 An aeroplane is flying due north but, to avoid a storm, it flies 150 km on N

a bearing of 060°T and then on a bearing of 320°T until it reaches its C
original course. N
a Find the angles ABC and ACB. B
b As a result of the diversion, how much farther did the aeroplane
150 km
have to fly? Round your answer to the nearest kilometre. A

8 A ship heads due north from point A for 40 km to point B, and then heads N
on a true bearing of 100° to point C. The bearing from C to A is 240°. BN a Find
∠ABC.C
b Find the distance from A to C, correct to one decimal place. 40
km c Find the distance from B to C, correct to one decimal place.
A
REASONING 9(1/2) 9(1/2), 10 9(1/3), 10, 11

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 316 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

9 Find the value of θ, correct to one decimal place, if θ is obtuse. a

21° b
q
6 km
16 m
9 km 12 m

q 47°

d
q c 36 cm 52° 28.2 m
Example 34° q
11b 52 cm
22.6 m

f
e 32° 4.7 km
q 18°
3 km 10 25
q
8.5 m
3.9 m q 30°

10 Try to find the angle θ in this triangle.

What do you notice? Can you explain this result?

11 A triangle ABC has ∠C = 25°, AC = 13 cm and AB = 9 cm. Find all possible values of ∠B, correct to
one decimal place.
ENRICHMENT: More on the ambiguous case – – 12
12 When finding a missing angle θ in a triangle, the number of possible solutions for θ can be one or two,
depending on the given information.

Two solutions: A triangle ABC has AB = 3 cm, AC = 2 cm and ∠B = 35°. a

Find the possible values of ∠C, correct to one decimal place. b Draw a
triangle for each angle for ∠C in part a.

One solution: A triangle ABC has AB = 6 m, AC = 10 m and ∠B = 120°. c

Find the possible values of ∠C, correct to one decimal place.
d Explain why there is only one solution for ∠C and not the extra supplementary
angle, as in parts a and b above.
e Draw a triangle for your solution to part c. See the poster on the inside back
cover of your book for more information about solving unfamiliar problems.

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 317

Progress
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 318 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

quiz

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 The cosine rule 319

6 Give the true bearing of A, B and C from the origin, O, in the given diagram.
4D
N

C A
72°
W 30° E
O

B
S
7 A man leaves camp C at 11 a.m. and walks 12 km
4D
on a true bearing of 200°. He then stops. A
woman also leaves camp C at 11 a.m. However,
she walks on a true bearing of 110 ° for 6.5 km
before stopping.
a How far apart are the man and the woman
once they stop? Give your answer correct to
two decimal places.
b If the man changes direction and walks to
where the woman is waiting, on what bearing should he walk? Round your answer to
one decimal place.
8 Consider the given 3D diagram on the right. A
4E
a Find the value of h, correct to two decimal places.
1A b Find ACB, to the nearest degree.
0

48 m hm
B
50°

C
9 A cube has vertices A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H and has side length 2 cm.
4E
a Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the length AC as an H
1A exact value. G
0 F
b Find the angle of elevation of the diagonal AG, E
2 cm
i.e. find CAG. Round to the nearest degree.

D C
2 cm
A 2 cm B
1 Find the value of the pronumeral, correct to one decimal place, using the sine rule.
4F
0 a xm b θ is acute.
1A 20°
7 cm
0
3 m 85° q

40°
10 cm

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 320 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4G

4G The cosine rule 10A

Learning intentions

• To know that the cosine rule relates one angle and three sides of any triangle
• To be able to use the cosine rule to find any angle (given all three sides) or a third side of a
triangle (given two sides and the included angle)
When a triangle is defi ned by two sides and the included angle, the sine rule is unhelpful in fi nding the
length of the third side because at least one of the other two angles is needed.

?
100°
6 cm
10 cm

In such situations a new rule called the cosine rule can be used. It relates all three side lengths and the
cosine of one angle. This means that the cosine rule can also be used to fi nd an angle inside a triangle
when given all three sides.

The proof of the cosine rule will be considered in the Enrichment question of this section.

LESSON Cosine rule in three ways

STARTER One way to write the cosine rule is like this:
c = a + b − 2ab cos C , where c 2 is the subject of the formula.
2 2 2

B
a
c

CA b

• Rewrite the cosine rule by replacing c with a , a with c and C with A.

• Rewrite the cosine rule by replacing c with b , b with c and C with B.

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 The cosine rule 321

KEY IDEAS

■ Thecosine rule relates one angle and three sides of any triangle.
A
■ The cosine rule is used to fi nd: c
• the third side of a triangle when given two sides and the included b
angle B
C a
• an angle when given three sides.
a2 b2 c2
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C or cos C
2ab

■ If θ is obtuse, then note that cos θ is negative. This will be discussed in more detail in Section 4I.

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING

1 State the missing parts to the cosine rule for each triangle. a c2 = a2
c
+ b2 − 2ab cos C c2 = 32 + ––––−2 × ––––– × ––––– × cos––––– 3
105°
4
2 2 2
b c = a + b − 2ab cos C
–––––– = 52 + 92 − 2 × ––––– × ––––– × cos θ 7 5

q
9

2 Simplify and solve for the unknown (i.e. c or θ) in these equations, correct to one decimal place.
a c2 = 42 + 72 − 2 × 4 × 7 × cos 120° b c2 = 1.52 + 1.12 − 2 × 1.5 × 1.1 × cos 70° c 102 = 72 +
62 − 2 × 7 × 6 × cos θ d 182 = 212 + 302 − 2 × 21 × 30 × cos θ

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 322 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Example 12 Finding a side length using the cosine rule

Find the length of the third side in this triangle, correct to two decimal places. 2 cm
3 cm 102°

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C C (b )
32 22 2(3)(2) cos 102° (a) 2 cm
3 cm 102° A
13 12 cos 102°
15.49494 … c cm
c 3.94 ( to 2 d.p.) B

The length of the third side is 3.94 cm. Let c be the length of the unknown side, so
a 3 and b 2. Alternatively, let b 3 and
a 2.
c 15.494904 …

Find the length of the third side in this triangle, correct to two 1m 4m
decimal places. 100°

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 The cosine rule 323

4G

Example 13 Finding an angle using the cosine rule

Find the angle θ in this triangle, correct to two decimal places.

13 mm 8 mm

q
12 mm

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C Choose θ to represent C, so this makes
82 132 122 2(13)(12) cos θ c 8.
a2 b2 c2
64 313 312 cos θ Alternatively, use cos C to
2ab
312 cos θ 249 give the same result.
249 313 64 249
cos θ
312
249
θ cos 1
312
37.05° (to 2 d.p. )

Find the angle θ in this triangle, correct to two decimal places.

9m

20 m
19 m
q

Exercise 4G
Example
12

FLUENCY 1, 2−3(1/2) 2−3(1/2) 2−3(1/3)

1 Find the length of the third side in this triangle, correct to two decimal places.
5m
7m 97°

Example 12 2 Find the length of the third side, correct to two decimal places.

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 324 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

a 7m 7 cm b c
125°
11 cm 19 cm
72°
38°
8m
24 cm
e 1.8 km
20° 9.1 m
94°
10.6 m
7.2 m df 41°
2.1 km

12.4 m

Example 13 3 Find the angle θ, correct to two decimal places.

a 5 mm q 7 mm b 8m c q
14 cm 13 cm 9 cm
q
8 mm 4m
6m
12 cm
q 4.1 m def q 8.2 mm
11.1 mm
19.4 cm
6.4 m
23.2 cm q
5.7 m 8.9 mm

PROBLEM-SOLVING 4−6 5−7 6−8

4 A triangular goat paddock has two sides of lengths 320 m and 170 m, and a 71° angle between them. Find the
length of the third side, correct to the nearest metre.

5 Find the size of all three angles in a triangle that has side lengths 10 m, 7 m and 13 m. Round each angle to
one decimal place.

6 Three camp sites, A, B and C, are planned for a hike and the distances between N the camp
sites are 8 km, 15 km and 9.5 km, as shown. If camp site B is due north
of camp site A, find the following, correct to one decimal place. B
8 km a The bearing from camp site B to camp site C.
b The bearing from camp site C to camp site A.C
15 km
9.5 km

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 The cosine rule 325

A
4G

7 A helicopter on a joy flight over Kakadu National Park travels due east for 125 km, then on a
bearing of 215°T for 137 km before returning to its starting point. Find the total length of the journey,
correct to the nearest kilometre.

8 The viewing angle to a vertical screen is 18° and the

distances 25 m
screen
between the viewing point, P, and the top and bottom of the 18°
(x m) screen are 25 m and 23 m, respectively. Find the height of 23 m the
screen (x m), correct to the nearest centimetre.
P
REASONING 9(1/2) 9(1/2), 10 9(1/3), 10, 11
9 Decide whether the cosine rule or sine rule would be used to calculate the value of x in these triangles.
a b c
x cm 84° 10 cm
11 cm 51°
97° 32° 14 cm
x cm
15 cm
105°
d 1.6 km e f
xm
42° 1.4 m 118 ° 24° 3 km
x km 54°
2.1 km 1.5 km x km
x cm

10 a Rearrange c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C to make cos C the subject. 8 b Use your rule
to find angle C in this triangle, correct to one decimal place. 3 6
C
11 A student uses the cosine rule to find an angle in a triangle and simplifies the equation to cos θ =
−0.17. Is the triangle acute or obtuse? Give a reason.
ENRICHMENT: Proof of the cosine rule – – 12
12 Triangle ABC shown here includes point P such that PB ⟂ CA, BP = h and CP = x.
B

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 326 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

a h c

C A
x P
b
a Write an expression for length AP.
b Use Pythagoras’ theorem and △CBP to write an equation in a, x and h. c Use
Pythagoras’ theorem and △ APB to write an equation in b, c, x and h.
d Combine your equations from parts b and c to eliminate h. Simplify your result.
Adjacent
e Use cos θ = Hypotenuse to write an expression for cos C. f Combine your

equations from parts d and e to prove c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C.

Applications and problem-solving

The following problems will investigate practical situations drawing upon knowledge and skills developed
throughout the chapter. In attempting to solve these problems, aim to identify the key information, use
diagrams, formulate ideas, apply strategies, make calculations and check and communicate your solutions.
Flying a kite
1 Holly and her friend are flying a kite on a 25 m long string (pulled tight).
Holly and her friend are interested in the relationship between the angle of elevation and the height
of the kite.
a Holly’s friend is standing 10 m away from her and notices the kite is directly overhead. Determine
the angle of elevation of the kite from Holly’s hand. Round to one decimal place.
b The kite rises with a gush of wind and the angle of elevation becomes
75°. How high is the kite (vertically) above Holly’s hand level correct 25 m to one
decimal place? c The kite can range from being 0 m to 25 m above Holly’s hand level. At
what height is the kite when the angle of elevation is 45°? Round to one decimal place. d
Holly
Determine the angle of elevation when the kite is 12.5 m above 10 m
Friend Holly’s hand level.
e If the string is x m long, find in terms of x:
i the height of the kite at an angle of elevation of
30°
ii the angle of elevation when the kite’s vertical
height is the length of the string. Round to one
decimal place.
3
4

Off the beaten track

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 The cosine rule 327

2 A walker travels off a straight-line track that runs east–west and then later returns to a point further
west along the track.
The walker is interested in the relationship between the chosen bearing heading off the track and
the return bearing as well as the distances that need to be walked in order to complete the journey. a
Initially the walker takes a true bearing off the track at 200° for 5 km.
i To return to the track they travel on a true bearing of 340°. What distance do they need to walk
to meet up with the track? Give reasons.
ii Another walker walks for x km from the track on a true bearing of 230°. They head back to the
track on a true bearing of 310°. What distance do they need to walk to meet up with the track?
iii If a walker was to walk in a south-westerly direction from the track for x km on a true
bearing of q°, where 180 < q < 270, on what true bearing do they need to travel for x km to
arrive back at the track?

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 328 Trigonometry

b A walker heads from the track on a true bearing

of 210° for 4 km.
i Determine three different bearings and
distances that would get them back on the
track. Include diagrams to represent these
walks.
3 km west along the track from where they start
begins a 500 m section of the track that is not
accessible. To avoid this section the walker must
rejoin the track either before or after this section.
ii On what possible bearings does the walker need to travel to get back to the track but avoid the
inaccessible part? Assume that the walker does not want to backtrack, and round bearings to the
nearest whole number.

How high is the building?

3 To determine the height of a building two angles of elevation are recorded on level ground a set
distance apart.
By applying basic right-angled trigonometry we can investigate the height of the building using
angles of elevation and the distance between the points at ground level.
a For the case shown, with two angles of elevation 50° and 60°,
5 m apart:
i Write down two equations involving x and h (one from each
right-angled triangle). hm
ii Use the expressions from part i to solve for h correct to the
nearest centimetre. 50° 60°
b i Repeat part a, with the two angles of elevation 50° and 60°,
now taken d m apart, to find h in terms of d . 5m xm
ii Use your answer from part i, to confirm your answer to part a and to find the height of the
building if the measurements were taken 8 m apart. Round to the nearest centimetre.
c Using the diagram from part a:
i make use of the sine rule to find the value of h correct to the nearest centimetre.
ii compare your working from part i with part a. Is either method preferable?
d For the general case shown below, use the method from part a to
find an expression for h in terms of , and d . Check by using
your values from part a.
h

a b
d

Applications and problem-

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 329

solving

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 330 Trigonometry

Chapter 4

4H Area of a triangle 10A

Learning intentions
• To understand how the area of a triangle can be found when two sides and the included angle are
known

• To be able to use the area of a triangle formula , A = ab sin C

We can use trigonometry to establish a
rule for the area of a triangle using two
sides and the included angle.

h
We can see in this triangle that s in C = a,

so h = a sin C .

bh
becomes A =
a
c
h ba sin C.
A polygon’s area can be found by dividing it into oblique triangles
and measuring relevant angles. This method is useful for finding
B
polygon-shaped areas such as irregular farm paddocks, blocks of
A b C land or a space that is to be landscaped or paved.

LESSON Calculating area in two

STARTER ways
Draw any triangle ABC and construct the height PB . Measure the
P C
following as accurately as possible.
A
a AC b BC c BP d∠C
Now calculate the area using: h a
c
• A rea = bh • A rea = ab sin C B
How close are your answers? They should be equal!

KEY IDEAS

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 331

■ The area of a triangle is equal to half the product of two sides and
C
the sine of the included angle.
b a
1
Area = 2 ab sin C A
c B

4H Area of a
triangle

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING

1 Evaluate ab sin C, correct to one decimal place, for the given values of a, b and C.
a a = 3, b = 4, C = 38° b a = 15, b = 7, C = 114°
2 Which angle pronumeral (i.e. α, β or θ) represents the included angle between the two given sides
in these triangles?

q a b 7 c 10.2
b q
q a b
a 3
b a 12.4
16
2
3 Solve these equations for C. Round your answer to two decimal places.

a 10 = × 4 × 6 × sin C b 25 = × 7 × 10 × sin C

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 332 Trigonometry

Example 14 Finding the area of a triangle

Find the area of these triangles, correct to one decimal place.

a b 1.8 km
10 cm 3.4 km 119 °
29°
9 cm

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
1
a Area ab sin C Substitute the two sides (a and b) and the
2
included angle (C ) into the rule.
1
9 10 sin 29°
2
21.8 cm2 (to 1 d.p.)

1 C
b Area ab sin C
2 1.8 km
3.4 km
119 ° B
1
1.8 3.4 sin 119 °
2 A
2.7 km2 (to 1 d.p.)

Find the area of this triangle, correct to one decimal place.

107° 9 cm
7 cm

Example
14

Example
14

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 333

Chapter 4

Example 15 Finding a side length given the area

Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places, given that the area of this triangle is 70 cm2.

10 cm 93° x cm

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
1
Area ab sin C Substitute all the given information into the
2
rule, letting a 10 and b x. Use C 93°
1
70 10 x sin 93° as the included angle.
2 1
14 x sin 93° 10 5, so divide both sides by 5
2
14 (70 5 14) and then solve for x.
x
sin 93°
14.02 ( to 2 d.p.)

Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places, given that the
area of this triangle is 37 cm2.
97° x cm
4 cm

Exercise 4H
FLUENCY 1, 2(1/2), 2(1/2), 3, 2−4(1/3)
4(1/2) 4(1/2)

1 Find the area of this triangle, correct to one decimal place.

5m

21°
6m

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 334 Trigonometry

2 Find the area of these triangles, correct to one decimal place. a b

c 2.1 km
3 cm 6m
36° 78° 32°
5 cm 9m
1.6 km
de
Example
15 4m f
105° 7.1 m 24 m 124°
20.1 cm
48°
10.2 cm
32 m
4H Area of a
triangle

3 Find the area of these triangles, correct to one decimal place. a △XYZ if XY = 5 cm, XZ = 7 cm and ∠X
= 43° b △STU if ST = 12 m, SU = 18 m and ∠S = 78° c △EFG if EF = 1.6 km, FG = 2.1 km and ∠F =
112°
4 Find the value of x, correct to one decimal place, for these triangles with given areas.
a x mm b c
5 cm
xm 100°
40° 45°
12 mm x cm 20 m
2 2
Area = 22 mm Area = 14 cm Area = 90 m2
d x cm e f
70° 9.4 m
11 ° 1.8 km
65°
x km
15 cm

xm

Area = 128 cm2 Area = 45 m2 Area = 0.23 km2

PROBLEM-SOLVING 5, 6 5−7 5−8(1/3)

5 Find the area of these shapes, correct to two decimal places.

abc

100° 6 cm 1.9 mm21 km

125°

10 cm

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 335

6 First use the sine rule to find another side length, and then find the area of these triangles, correct to
two decimal places.
13 cm abc 3 km
33°
75°
80° 112 °
62°
42° 8 m

7 First use the cosine rule to find an angle, and then calculate the area of these triangles, correct to two
decimal places.
ab 28 m c
1.3 km
66 m 38 m
36 m 16 m1.4 km
51 m
1.2
km 8 Find the area of these quadrilaterals, correct to one decimal place. a 4m
b c

2.5 m 58° 18 km
6 cm 22 km
65° 6m
7 cm 8 km
10 cm 5 m 12 km
Chapter 4

REASONING 9 9, 10 9−11
9 Write a rule for the area of these shapes, using the given pronumerals. a b c
a q
q a
b a

10 a Find the area of these two triangles, correct to one decimal place. i ii

20 cm20 cm 120°

60° 15 cm

15 cm
b What do you notice about your answers in part a? How can you explain this?

c Draw another triangle that has the same two given lengths and area as 1.7 m
the triangle on the right. 40°
1.2 m

11 a Use the rule Area = ab sin C to find the two possible values of θ (one acute and one
obtuse) in the triangle detailed below. Round your answer to one decimal place.

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 336 Trigonometry

△ ABC with AB = 11 m, AC = 8 m, included angle θ and Area = 40 m2.

b Draw the two triangles for the two sets of results found in part a.

ENRICHMENT: Polygon areas – – 12

12 You will recall that the sum (S) of the interior angles of a polygon with B n sides is
given by S = 180(n − 2).
a This regular pentagon has each side measuring 5 cm.
i Calculate the angle sum of a pentagon. AC ii Calculate the size of
one interior angle of a regular pentagon. iii Find the area of △ AED, correct
to two decimal places. iv Find the length AD, correct to two decimal places.
E D
5 cm
v Find ∠ ADC and ∠ DAC. vi Find the area of △ ADC, correct to two decimal places.

vii Find the total area of the pentagon, correct to one decimal place.
b Use a similar approach to find the area of a regular hexagon of side length 5 cm, correct to one
decimal place.
c Can this method be used for other regular polygons? Explore and give examples.

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 4I The unit circle 337

4I The unit circle 10A

Learning intentions

• To know what the unit circle represents

• To understand how a point on a unit circle can be defined by coordinates related to the cosine of the
angle in
its triangle and the sine of the angle
• To know the four quadrants of the unit circle and the sign and symmetry properties in these
quadrants for
the trigonometric ratios
• To be able to identify in which quadrant an angle lies and determine whether its different
trigonometric ratios
will be positive or negative
• To be able to write an angle in terms of its reference angle in the first quadrant
• To know how tan can be expressed in terms of sin and cos
From early trigonometry we calculated sin θ, cos θ and tan θ using acute angles. We will now extend this
to include the four quadrants of the unit circle, using 0° ⩽ θ ⩽ 360°.

Note the following. y

• The unit circle has radius one unit and has centre
1 Quadrant 1
(0, 0) on a number plane. Quadrant 2
• θ is defined anticlockwise from the positive x-axis.
1
P(x = cos θ, y = sin θ)
x
−1 O 1
• There are four quadrants, as shown.
• Using a point P(x, y) on the unit circle we define the
three trigonometric ratios
Quadrant 3 −1 Quadrant 4
Opposite y
– sin θ = Hypotenuse = 1 = y

Adjacent x
– cos θ = Hypotenuse = 1 = x

– tan θ = OppositeAdjacent = yx = cos sin θθ

y 1
• The coordinates of P, a point on the unit circle, are
(x, y) = (cos θ, sin θ). P(x = cos qθ, y = sin qθ)
• In the second quadrant sin θ is positive, cos θ is negative and tan θ is negative. In this 130°
P (cos 130°, sin 130°) , where cos 130° is negative, 50°
x
diagram we can see sin 130° is positive and so tan 130° will be negative. −1 1

In the diagram at right showing 130°, a 50° angle (180° − 130°) drawn y
in the first quadrant can help relate trigonometric values from the 1
second quadrant to the first quadrant. By symmetry we can see that sin
130°
50°
x
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 338 Trigonometry

130° = sin 50° and cos 130° = −cos 50°. This 50° angle is called the
reference angle (or related angle).

In this section we explore these symmetries and reference angles in the

second, third and fourth quadrants.
Chapter 4

LESSON Positive or negative

STARTER For the angle 230 ° , the reference
1
angle is 50 ° and P = (cos 230°, sin 230°) . y Since P is in the third

quadrant, we can see that:

230° 50°
• cos 230° = −cos 50° , which is negative. −1 50° 1
• sin 230° = −sin 50° , which is negative. x
P
Now determine the following for each value of θ given below. You −1
should draw a unit circle for each.

• What is the reference angle?

• Is cos θ positive or negative?
• Is sin θ positive or negative?
• Is tan θ positive or negative?
a θ = 240° b θ = 210° c θ = 335° d θ = 290° e θ = 162°

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 4I The unit circle 339

■ A reference angle (sometimes called a related angle) is an acute angle that helps to relate cos θ and
sin θ to the first quadrant.

Angle θ 90° to 180° 180° to 270° 270° to 360°

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 340 Trigonometry

Reference angle ■ 180° θ θ 180° 360° θ

Multiples of 90°. y y y
θ 0
sin θ 0
cos θ 1 x x
tan θ 0

° 90° 180° 270° 360°

1 0 –1 0
0 –1 0 1
undefined 0 undefined 0

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING

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 4I The unit circle 341

1 Which quadrant in the unit circle corresponds to these values of θ?

a 0° < θ < 90° b 180° < θ < 270° c 270° < θ < 360° d 90° < θ <
180°
2 Decide which quadrants make the following true.
a sin θ is positive b tan θ is negative c cos θ is negative d cos
θ is positive e tan θ is positive f sin θ is negative
3 State the missing values in this table.
θ 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
sin θ 0

cos θ –1

tan θ undefined

4 Use a calculator to evaluate the following, correct to three decimal places. a sin 172° b sin
212° c cos 143° d cos 255° e tan 222° f tan 134°

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 342 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

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 4I The unit circle 343

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 344 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

FLUENCY 1, 2–5(1/2) 2–6(1/2) 2–6(1/3)

1 Choose an obtuse angle to complete each statement. ii sin 75° = sin ii

ai sin 20° = sin cos 42° = −cos ii
bi cos 70° = −cos tan 79° = −tan
c i tan
2 35° = −tan
sin 65° = sin cos
Choose an obtuse angle to complete each statement. 81° = −cos tan
a sin 40° = sin b c cos 25° = −cos d 8° = −tan
e tan 37° = −tan f
3
Choose an acute angle to complete each statement. sin 94° = sin −cos
a sin 150° = sin b c −cos 110° = cos d 171° = cos −tan
e −tan 159° = tan f 143° = tan
4
Decide in which quadrant θ lies and state whether sin θ, cos θ and tan θ are positive
or negative.
a θ = 172° b θ = 295° c e θ = 318° f θ = 154° g i θ = θ = 252° d θ = 197° θ = 73° θ =
210° j θ = 53° k h θ = 346° 221° θ =

5 Write each of the following using its reference angle. l 147°

a sin 280° b cos 300° c e cos 125° f tan 315° g i tan
227° j sin 112° k tan 220° d sin 345° sin 140°
h cos 294° cos 238°
If θ is acute, find the value of θ.
6 l tan 123°
a sin 150° = sin θ b sin 240° = −sin θ d cos 220° = −cos
θ e cos 109° = −cos g tan 310° = −tan θ h
tan 155° = −tan θ
c sin 336° θ = −sin θ
f cos 284° = cos θ
i tan 278° = −tan θ
PROBLEM-SOLVING 7, 8 7(1/2), 8 8, 9

Exercise 4I

Example 16

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 4I The unit circle 345

Example 17

Example Example 18
16a
Example
16b
Example
16c

7 Write the reference angle (i.e. related angle) in the first quadrant for these angles.
a 138° b 227° c 326° d 189° e 213° f 298° g 194° h 302°

8 For what values of θ, in degrees, are the following true?

a All of sin θ, cos θ and tan θ are positive. b Only sin θ is
positive. c Only cos θ is positive. d Only tan θ is positive.
9 Complete the table by finding a second angle, θ2, that gives the same value for the trigonometric
function as θ1. Use the unit circle to help in each case and assume 0 ⩽ θ2 ⩽ 360°.
Trigonometric sin cos sin tan cos tan cos sin tan
function θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ
θ1 30° 45° 190° 15° 125° 320° 260° 145° 235°
θ2

REASONING 10 10, 11, 13(1/2) 10(1/2), 11, 12,

13(1/2)

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 346 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

10 Decide which quadrant suits the given information.

a sin θ < 0 and cos θ > 0 b tan θ > 0 and cos θ > 0 c tan θ < 0 and
cos θ < 0 d sin θ > 0 and tan θ < 0 e sin θ > 0 and tan θ > 0 f sin θ < 0
and cos θ < 0

11 Explain why tan θ > 0 when 180° < θ < 270°.

12 Explain why tan 90° and tan 270° are undefined.

13 By considering a unit circle, state whether the following are true or false.
a sin 10° < cos 10° b sin 50° < tan 50° c cos 80° > sin 80° d
cos 90° = sin 0° e tan 180° = sin 180° f cos 170° > sin 170° g
sin 120° > tan 120° h sin 90° = cos 180° i tan 230° < cos 230°
j cos 350° < sin 85° k sin 260° < cos 110° l tan
270° = cos 180°

ENRICHMENT: Trigonometric – – 14, 15

identities

14 You will recall that complementary angles sum to 90°. Answer these questions to explore the
relationship between sine and cosine ratios of complementary angles. a Evaluate the
following, correct to two decimal places.
i sin 10° ii cos 80° iii sin 36° iv cos 54°
v cos 7° vi sin 83° vii cos 68° viii sin 22°
b Describe what you notice from part a.
c Complete the following.
i cos θ = sin( ) ii sin θ = cos( ) d State the value of θ if θ is acute.

i sin 20° = cos θ ii sin 85° = cos θ iii cos 71° = sin θ iv cos 52° = sin θ

e For this triangle ∠B = θ. A i Write ∠ A in terms of θ. ii Write a ratio for sin θ in

terms of b and c.
c
b
iii Write a ratio for cos(90° − θ) in terms of b and c.
q
2
f If cos(90° − θ) = 3, find tan θ. C a B

15 Trigonometric identities are mathematical statements that may involve

1
y sin θ and/or cos θ and/or tan θ and hold true for all values of θ.
A
In previous exercises you will have already considered the
trigonometric
q
−1 O B 1
sin θ
identity tan θ = cos θ.x

a Consider the triangle OAB in the unit circle shown. −1

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 4I The unit circle 347

i Given that OA = 1, OB = cos θ and AB = sin θ, use Pythagoras’ theorem to prove the
trigonometric identity: sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1.
(Note: sin2 θ = (sin θ)2.) ii Check your identity using a calculator to see if it holds true for θ =
30°, 145°, 262° and 313°.
b i Evaluate the given pairs of numbers using a calculator.
(sin 60°, cos 30°), (sin 80°, cos 10°), (sin 110°, cos −20°), (sin 195°, cos −105°) ii What do you
notice about the value of each number in the pairs above? Drawing a unit circle illustrating each
pair of values may help.
iii What is the relationship between θ in sin θ and θ in
cos θ that is true for all pairs in part b i? iv In terms of θ,
complete this trigonometric identity: sin θ = cos( ).
v Check this identity for θ = 40°, 155°, 210° and 236°. c Explore other trigonometric identities by
drawing diagrams and checking different angles, such as: i sin θ = sin(180° − θ) ii cos θ = cos(360° −
θ) iii tan θ = tan(180° + θ)
iv sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ v cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ vi
cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 vii cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ

Extending trigonometry to any sized angle led to the discovery that their values
regularly repeat, like the periodic change in the height of a wave. A world-changing
application of trigonometry is the modelling of electromagnetic waves.

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 348 Trigonometry

4J Exact values and radians 10A

Learning intentions

• To understand the radian unit of measure for an angle

• To be able to convert between radians and degrees for angles
• To know the exact values of 30°, 45° and 60° for the three trigonometric ratios
• To be able to write certain angles in terms of a reference angle of 30°, 45° or 60° and determine their
exact value
We know that the common unit for angles is the degree
and that one full revolution is 360°. This unit of
measure dates back thousands of years and relates to
ancient number systems which used the number 360
and its factors as its base.

A more mathematically ‘pure’ unit of measure for an

angle is called the radian. One radian (1c) is the angle
subtended by an arc of length 1 on the unit circle. This
along with exact values for selected trigonometric
ratios will be studied in this section.
Radian measure has numerous applications in
engineering design, as radians relate arc length to the
circle’s central angle and its radius. Curves in roads,
railway tracks and racing car circuits are mostly arc
shaped and radians are used to calculate their lengths.

LESSON What is a radian?

STARTER This 1 st quadrant diagram shows 1 radian (1c) subtended by an arc of length 1
on the unit circle.
y

1 unit
1

1c(1 radian)
x
1

• First estimate the 1 radian angle using degrees.

• Find the circumference of the unit circle as an exact value.
Hence state the number of radians in one full revolution (360°).
• State the number of radians equivalent to:
a 180° b 90° c 270° d 45° e 30°
• Discuss how you might:
a convert an angle from degrees to radians b convert an angle from
radians to degrees.

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 4J Exact values and radians 349

Chapter 4

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 350 Trigonometry

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 4J Exact values and radians 351

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING
1 State the missing values to complete this table.
Degrees 360° 90° 45° 15°

πc πc
Radians πc
3 6
2 State the missing fraction.
a To convert from degrees to radians we multiply
by . b To convert from radians to degrees we
multiply by .
3 Use trigonometric ratios (SOHCAHTOA) with these triangles to
state the exact value for:
a sin 45° b cos 45° c tan 45° d cos 30° e sin
1
30° f tan 30°
g tan 60° h cos 60° i sin 60°
4 State the missing values to complete this table.
θ° 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360
θc

sin
θ
cos √2
θ 2
45° 60°
tan
30°
θ 1 √3 1

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 352 Trigonometry

Example 19 Converting degrees and radians

Convert the following to the units given in the brackets.

5 c
a 120° (radians) b (degrees)
4

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
c
a 120° 120 1° so 120° 120
180 180 180
2 c

3
b
5 c 5 180 × p
4 4 180°
225°
degrees radians

× p°
180

Convert the following to the units given in the brackets.

5 c
a 135° (radians) b (degrees)
6

Example
19a

Example
19b

Example
19

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 4J Exact values and radians 353

Chapter 4

Example 20 Using exact values

Find the exact value of each of the following.

a cos 60° b sin 150° c tan 135°

SOLUTION EXPLANATION

a cos 60° 1 Adjacent 1

2 2 60° cos 60°
1 Hypotenuse 2
30°
√3

b sin 150° sin 30° y

1
1
2
150°
−1 1
x
30° 30°
The sine of supplementary angles are equal and
1
the exact value of sin 30° is .
2
c tan 135° tan 45° 45° and 135° are supplementary angles.
1 Also tan (180° θ) tan θ and tan 45° 1.

Find the exact value of each of the following.

a cos 30° b sin 135° c tan 150°

Exercise 4J
FLUENCY 1, 2–3(1/2), 4 2–3(1/2), 4, 2–3(1/3), 4,
5(1/2) 5(1/3)
1 Convert the following to the units given in the brackets.
a i 90° (radians) ii 225° (radians)

3π c 7π c
b i (degrees) ii (degrees)
4 6
2 Convert the following to the units given in the brackets.

a 60° (radians) b 150° (radians) c 225° (radians) d 330° (radians)

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 354 Trigonometry

3π c 7π c 5π c 11π c
Example e (degrees) f (degrees) g (degrees) h (degrees)
20
4 6 3 12
3 Find an exact value for each of the following.
a cos 30° b sin 45° c tan 60° d cos 45° e cos 150° f tan 120° g sin
135° h cos 135° i sin 120° j tan 150° k cos 120° l sin 150° m tan
135° n sin 90° o cos 90° p tan 90°

4 Recall the exact sine, cosine and tangent values for 30°, 45° and 60°. θ 30° 45° 60°
a State the reference angle for 225°.
1
b Hence, give the exact value of the sin
2
following. θ
i sin 225° ii cos 225° iii tan 225° c State the reference angle for 330°. 1
cos
d Hence, give the exact value of the following. 2
θ
i sin 330° ii cos 330° iii tan 330° e State the reference angle for 120°.
tan
1 √3
f Hence, give the exact value of the following. θ

i sin 120° ii cos 120° iii tan 120° 5 Give the exact value of the
following.
a sin 135° b tan 180° c cos 150° d sin 240°

e tan 315° f cos 210° g sin 330° h tan 120°

i cos 225° j sin 270° k tan 330° l cos 300°

m sin 180° n tan 270° o tan 225° p cos 180°

PROBLEM-SOLVING 6–7(1/2) 6–8(1/2) 6–8(1/3), 9

6 Write down the reference angle for these radian measures.

a 2π c b 3π c c 7π c d 4π c
3 4 6 3
e 5π c f 11π c g 11π c h 17π c
3 6 12 12

7 Use reference angles and exact values to evaluate the following.

a sin 2π c b sin 5π c c sin 11π c d cos 3π c

3 4 6 4 e cos 4π c f cos 5π c g tan 5π c h tan 4π c

3 3 6 3

8 Use trigonometric ratios to find the exact value of x. Calculators are not required.

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 4J Exact values and radians 355

a bc 20
6 x x 30°
3
45° x
45°

d ef pc
pc 6
x 3 7
15
pc
x
3
x 1.5
Chapter 4

9 Find the exact value of θ without the use of a calculator. Give a radian answer. a b c
q q
√2 2
√3 2
q 1
1

REASONING 10(1/2) 10(1/2), 11 10(1/2), 11

10 Explain why each of the following is true.

a sin 5π c = sin π6 c b cos 23π c = −cos π3 c c cos 116π c = cos π6 c 6

d tan 3π c = −tan π4 c e tan 54π c = tan π4 c f sin 43π c = −sin π3 c 4

11 This right-angled triangle has its two shorter sides of length 5 and 12. a Use Pythagoras’ theorem to
find the length of the hypotenuse. b Find:

q
5i sin θ ii
cos θ iii tan θ

12
c Use tan θ = to verify your result from part b iii.
ENRICHMENT: Symmetry and equations – – 12

1 θ
12 We know that sin for 0° θ
so to solve sin
2 360° the solutions are 30° and
1 c 5 c
150°. Alternatively, to solve sin θ for 0c θ 2 c the solutions are and .
2 6 6
a Write the solutions for these simple equations for 0° ⩽ θ ⩽ 360°. vi tan θ = −√3

i sin ii sin iv cos v tan θ = 1

b Write the solutions for these simple equations for 0c ⩽ θ ⩽ 2π c. i iii cos

vi tan θ = −1
sin ii sin iv cos v tan

iii cos

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 356 Trigonometry

4K Graphs of trigonometric functions

10A

Learning intentions

• To know the meaning of the terms amplitude and period and be able to relate them to sine and
cosine graphs
• To understand the shape of the sine and cosine graphs and their periodic nature
• To be able to use a sine or cosine graph to find the approximate solution of an equation
• To be able to use symmetry of the unit circle and graphs to compare the trigonometric ratios of
angles
As the angle θ increases from 0° to 360°, the values
of sin θ, cos θ and tan θ increase or decrease
depending on the value of θ. Graphing the values of
sin θ, cos θ and tan θ against θ gives a clear picture
of this.

Incoming solar energy is essential for agriculture and solar

power production. Local light intensity is determined by
the sun’s angle of elevation, which has a periodic variation.
Trigonometric graphs can model light intensity versus day
LESSON of the year, time of the day and latitude.

STARTER

Position Angle of rotation, θ, from halfway Vertical height, h, above ground level
up (m)
Halfway up 0°

Top 90°

Halfway
down
Bottom 2

Halfway up

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 4K Graphs of trigonometric functions 357

Top These
wave-
Halfway like
down graphs
based on trigonometric functions are used to model many variables from the height of the tide on a beach
to the width of a soundwave giving a high or low pitch sound.

Ferris wheel ride

Have you ever had a ride on a Ferris wheel? Imagine yourself riding a Ferris wheel again. The wheel
rotates at a constant rate, but on which part of the
ride will your vertical upwards movement be
fastest? On which part of the ride will your vertical
movement be slowest?
Work in groups to discuss these questions and help
each other to complete the table and graph. start of
rotation
For this example, assume that the bottom of the
Ferris wheel is 2 m above the ground and the
diameter of the wheel is 18 m. Count the start of a
rotation from halfway up on the right, as shown.
The wheel rotates in an anticlockwise direction.
2m ground
Chapter 4
level

Now draw a graph of the vertical height (h ) above the ground (vertical axis) versus the angle ( θ ) of
anticlockwise rotation for two complete turns of the Ferris wheel.

q
h

q (angle of rotation)
As a group, discuss some of the key features of the graph.

• What are the maximum and minimum values for the height?
• Discuss any symmetry you see in your graph. How many values of θ (rotation angle) have the same
value for height? Give some examples.

Discuss how the shape would change for a graph of the horizontal distance (d ) from the circumference
(where you sit) to the central vertical axis of the Ferris wheel versus the angle ( θ ) of rotation. Sketch
this graph.

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 358 Trigonometry

q (angle of rotation)
The shapes of the Ferris wheel graphs you have drawn are examples of periodic functions because the
graph shape continuously repeats one cycle (for each period of 360 ° ) as the wheel rotates. The
graph of height above the ground illustrates a sine function (sin θ ). The graph of the distance from a
point on the circumference to the central vertical axis of the Ferris wheel illustrates a cosine function (cos
θ ).

KEY IDEAS

■ By plottingθ on the x-axis and sin θ on the y -axis we form the graph ofsin θ.
sin θ y-coordinate of point P on the unit circle.
• y sin θ
y sinq = y-coordinate of point P
1
1

x q
−1 O 1 O 90° 180° 270° 360°

−1 −1

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 4K Graphs of trigonometric functions 359

■ By plotting θ on the x-axis and cos θ on the y-axis we form the graph of cos θ.
cos θ x-coordinate of point P on the unit circle.
• When we write y cos θ, the y variable is not to be confused with the y-coordinate of the
point P on the unit circle.
• y cos θ
cosq
θ = x-coordinate of point P
y
1 1

x q
−1 O 1 O 90° 180° 270° 360°

−1
−1
−1 1

90°

180°

270°

360°

■ Amplitude is the maximum displacement of the graph from a reference level (here it is the
x-axis).

■ The period of a graph is the time taken (or number of degrees) to make one complete cycle.

■ Both y sin θ and y cos θ have Amplitude 1 and Period 360°.

■ Symmetry within the unit circle using reference angles can be illustrated using graphs of
trigonometric functions.

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 360 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

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 4K Graphs of trigonometric functions 361

BUILDING
UNDERSTANDING

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 362 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

1 a Find the missing values in the table below for sin θ, stating the y-coordinate of each point at
which the angle intersects the unit circle (shown below).
θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
sin 0 0.5 0.87 −0.5
θ

cos θ, stating the x-coordinate of each point at which the angle intersects the unit circle.
θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
cos 1 0.87 −0.5 −0.87
θ
b Graph the points above and join them to cosq make
a smooth curve for cos θ. 1
3 a For the graph of sin θ and using 0° ⩽ θ ⩽ 360°,
state:
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
i the maximum and minimum values of q
sin θ −1
ii the values of θ for which sin θ = 0.
b For the graph of cos θ and using 0° ⩽ θ ⩽ 360°, state:
i the maximum and minimum values of cos θ ii the values of θ for which cos θ =
0.
c State the values of θ for which:

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 4K Graphs of trigonometric functions 363

i cos θ < 0 ii sin θ < 0

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 364 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Example 22 Comparing the size of the sine of angles

Use the graph of y sin θ to state whether or not the following are true or false.
a sin 70° sin 130°
b sin 195° sin 335°

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 4K Graphs of trigonometric functions 365

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
a false y sin
b true 1 70° 1
130°

x
−1 1 O 90° 180° 270° 360°
195°
335°
−1 −1

Use the graph of y sin θ to state whether or not the following are true or false.
a sin 30° sin 140°
b sin 240° sin 290°

Exercise 4K
FLUENCY 1–3 2, 3, 4(1/2) 2, 3, 4(1/3)
1 Use the graph of cos θ shown in Question 2 below to estimate:
Example
21
a the value of cos θ for θ = 140° b the two

values of θ for which cos θ = 0.4 2 This graph

Example
shows cos θ for 0° ⩽ θ ⩽ 360°.
21
cosq
1

O 90° 180° 270° 360°

−1
a Use this graph to estimate the value of cos θ for the following.

i θ = 35° ii θ = 190° iii θ = 330° iv θ = 140°

v θ = 260° vi θ = 75° vii θ = 115° viii θ = 305°

b Use the same graph to estimate the two values of θ for each of the following.

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 366 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

i cos θ = 0.8 ii cos θ = 0.6 iii cos θ = 0.3 iv cos θ = 0.1

v cos θ = −0.4 vi cos θ = −0.2 vii cos θ = −0.8 viii cos θ = −0.6

3 This graph shows sin θ for 0° ⩽ θ ⩽ 360°.

sin q
1

O 90° 180° 270° 360°

−1

a Use this graph to estimate the value of sin θ for the following.
i θ = 25° ii θ = 115° iii θ = 220° iv θ = 310°
v θ = 160° vi θ = 235° vii θ = 320° viii θ = 70° b Use the same graph to estimate the two
Example values of θ for each of the following.
22
i sin θ = 0.6 ii sin θ = 0.2 iii sin θ = 0.3 iv sin θ = 0.9 v sin θ = −0.4 vi
sin θ = −0.8 vii sin θ = −0.7 viii sin θ = −0.1

simple equations.

a sin θ = 0.3 b sin θ = 0.7 c cos θ = 0.6

d cos θ = 0.8 e sin θ = −0.2 f sin θ = −0.8

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 4K Graphs of trigonometric functions 367

g cos θ = −0.4 h cos θ = 0.65 sin θ = 0.48 4 i By

considering
the graphs of y = sin θ and y = cos θ, state whether the following are true or false.
a sin 60° > sin 200° b sin 100° < sin 300° c sin 135° < sin 10°
d sin 200° = sin 340° e cos 70° < cos 125° f cos 315° > cos 135°
g cos 310° = cos 50° h cos 95° > cos 260° i sin 90° = cos 360°
j cos 180° = sin 180° k sin 210° > sin 285° l cos 15° > cos 115°
PROBLEM-SOLVING 5–6(1/2) 5–7(1/2) 5–8(1/4)
5 For each of the following angles, state the second angle between 0° and 360° that gives the same
value for sin θ.
a 70° b 120° c 190° d 280° e 153° f 214° g 307° h 183°

6 For each of the following angles, state the second angle between 0° and 360° that gives the same
value for cos θ.
a 80° b 10° c 165° d 285° e 224° f 147° g 336° h 199°

7 Give the reference angle in the first quadrant that matches these angles.
a 150° b 120° c 195° d 290° e 235° f 260° g 125° h 205° i 324° j 252° k 117° l 346°

8 Use a calculator to find the two values of θ for 0° ⩽ θ ⩽ 360°, correct to one decimal place, for these
REASONING 9 9, 10 10, 11
9 a How many values of θ satisfy sin θ = 2? Give a reason. b How many values of θ satisfy cos θ = −4?
Give a reason.

10 Recall the exact values for sin θ and cos θ for 30°, 45° θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
and 60° in the first quadrant. a Complete this table.
sin
θ
cos 0
b Using the reference angles in the table above, state θ
the exact value of the following.
i sin 150° ii cos 120° iii cos 225° iv sin 180° v cos 300° vi sin 240° vii cos 270° viii sin 135° ix
cos 210° x sin 330° xi sin 315° xii cos 240° xiii sin 225° xiv sin 120° xv cos 150° xvi cos 330°

11 For θ between 0° and 360°, find the two values of θ that satisfy the following.
a cos b sin c sin

f
d sin e cos cos

ENRICHMENT: Trigonometric functions with – – 12

technology
12 Use technology to sketch the graph of the following families of curves on the same axes, and then
write a sentence describing the effect of the changing constant.
a i y = sin x ii y = −sin x
b i y = cos x ii y = −cos x

c i y = sin x ii y = 3 sin x iii y = sin x

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 368 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

d i y = cos x ii y = cos (2x) x

iii y = cos (3 )

e i y = sin x ii y = sin (x) + 2 iii y = sin (x) − 1

f i y = cos x ii y = cos (x − 45°) iii y = cos (x + 60°)

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 369 Trigonometry

Chapter 4

Using calculators to graph trigonometric functions

1 Sketch the graph of y = sin(x) for 0 ° ⩽ x ⩽ 360° and trace to explore the behaviour of y .
2 Sketch the graph of y = cos(x) and y = cos (2x) for 0 ° ⩽ x ⩽ 360° on the same set of axes.

Using the TI-Nspire: Using the ClassPad:

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 370 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

In aGraphpage, define f 1(x ) sin(x ) and press 1 1 With the calculator in

Usemenu>Window/Zoom> Window SettingsDegree mode, go to
enter . s

and setx from 0 to 360 andy from 1.5 to 1.5. the Graph&Table application. Enter the rule
y Usemenu>Trace>Graph Trace and scroll along the 1 = sin(x ) followed by EXE . Tap
graph. to see the graph. Tap and set x from 0
to 360 with a scale of 60 and y from about
− 1.5 to 1.5 with a scale of 0.5 . Tap

Note:Ensure you are in Degree mode. This setting

can be accessed usingmenu> whilst in the
Graphpage. Settings
s
Hint: you can double click on the end axes values
Analysis , Trace and then scroll along the graph.

and edit if preferred.

2 In a Graphs page, define f 1(x ) = cos(x ) and

2 In the Graph&Table
application, enter the rules f 2(x ) = cos(2x ) .
Use the same settings as y 1 = cos(x ) and y 2
= cos(2x ) followed by EXE . before.
Tap . Use settings as before.

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 371

Hint: if the graph entry line is not showing, press

tab or double click in an open area.

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 372 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Problems and

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 373

challenges

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 374 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

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 375

Chapter

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 376 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

checklist

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 377

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 Chapter review 378

Short-answer questions
1 Find the value of each pronumeral, rounding your answer to two decimal
4A
places. a b c
y 4B

35° 18 28° 62°

7
xx
x 10.2

4B
2 Find the value of θ, correct to one decimal place. a
14 b
q
10
6.8
q

3.2

4C
3 An escalator in a shopping centre from level 1 to
level 2 is 22 m in length and has an angle of elevation
of 16°. Determine how high level 2 is above level 1, to
one decimal place.

4D
D
B
45°
4 a Write each bearing A–D as a true bearing. Nb
60°
Give the true bearing of: E
70° O 25°
i O from A C A
ii O from C. W

5 A helicopter flies due south for 160 km and then on

4D
a bearing of 125°T for 120 km.
Answer the following, to one decimal place.
a How far east is the helicopter from its start location?
b How far south is the helicopter from its start location?
c What bearing must it fly on to return directly to
the start location?
4E
59°
6 A tree is being supported by two ropes, as shown. 12 m
4E B
The rope to point A is 18 m long and makes an angle
1A of 59° with the ground. Point B is
0

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 Chapter review 379

4F/H

1A 12 m from the base of the tree. 18 m a Find the height of the tree, to two
0
decimal places.
b Find the angle the rope to point B makes with the ground, to the
nearest degree. A
7For these triangles, find the following, correct to one decimal place.
i the value of x ii the area of the triangle a
4H x cm 98°
38° b
1A 18 cm
0 25 cm
72° 56°
x cm

8Three fences are used to form a triangular pig pen with known A dimensions, as
4F
shown in the diagram. If the area of the pig pen is 20 m 78°
1A
0 275 m2, what is the length AB? Round your answer to one

15 26
25° B
32°
q decimal place.
10 C 11.4
4G
q

1A
0
9 Use the sine rule to find the value of θ, correct to one
7 102° 9 decimal place. a θ is acute b θ is obtuse

x
4I/J
10 Use the cosine rule to find the value of the pronumeral,
1A 9
0

12
5 q
4J to one decimal place. a b

1A 11 a Rewrite the following using their reference angle.

0
i sin 120° ii cos 210° iii tan 315° iv sin 225° b Hence, give the exact value of each part in
4J a.
cState whether the following are positive or negative.
1A
0 i cos 158° ii tan 231° iii sin 333° iv cos 295°

12 Convert the following to the units shown in the brackets.

5π c 5π
a 60° (radians) b 225° (radians) c (degrees) d c (degrees)

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 380 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

6 3

13 Use exact values to find the value of the pronumerals, without using a calculator. a b 5 x

8 x
pc
4K 14 Use the graph of sin θ shown to 3 complete the following.
30°

sinq
1A 1
0

O q
90° 180° 270° 360°

−1

a Estimate the value of:

i sin 130° ii sin 255° b Find the values of θ
between 0° and 360° such that:
i sin θ = 0.8 ii sin θ = −0.3 c State if the iii sin θ = 1.5
following are true or false.
i sin 90° = 1 ii sin 75° > sin 140° iii sin 220° < sin 250°

Multiple-choice questions
4A
1 The value of x in the diagram shown is equal to: 12
A 12 B 12 sin 40° C sin 40° cos 40° 12
40°
12
D 12 cos 40° E tan 40° x

4B
2 The angle θ, correct to one decimal place, is: 5
A 56.3° B 33.7° C 29.1°
D 60.9° E 42.4°4
9
q

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 Chapter review 381

4C
3 The angle of depression from the top of a communications tower measuring 44 m tall to the top
of a communications tower measuring 31 m tall is 18°. The horizontal distance between the two
towers is closest to:
A 12 m B 4m C 14 m D 42 m E 40 m

4D
4 A yacht is sailed from A to B on a bearing of 196°T. To sail from B directly back to A the
true bearing would be:
A 074°T B 096°T C 164°T D 016°T E 286°T
4E
5 The angle θ that AF makes with the base of the rectangular E F prism is closest to:
4m H G
1A
A 22° B 68° C 16°
0 D 24° E 27°C D
q
6m
A 8m B
6 The side length x in the triangle shown, correct to one decimal place, is:
x m 65°
A 10.9 B 29.7 C 13.3 D 12.6 E 17.1

42°
18 m
7 The smallest angle in the triangle with side lengths 8 cm, 13 cm and 19 cm, to the
nearest degree is:
A 19° B 33° C 52° D 24° E 29°

8 The area of the triangle shown can be determined by calculating: 12.2

54°
5.1 105°
A × 5.1 × 12.2 × cos 54° B × 5.1 × 12.2 × sin 105°

C × 12.2 × 5.1 D × 12.2 × 5.1 × sin 54°

E × 6.1 × 5.1 × sin 21°

9 The incorrect statement below is:

A cos 110° = −cos 70° B cos 246° is negative C tan 130° is positive
D sin 150° = sin 30° E sin 300° is negative and cos 300° is positive

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 382 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4F

1A 2π c
0 10 The exact value of sin is

4G
A B C D E−
1A
0

Extended-response questions
4H
1 A group of friends
1A
set out on a hike to
0 a waterfall in a
national park. They
are given the
following
directions to walk
from the park’s
4I entrance to the
waterfall to avoid
1A
0 having to cross a
river.
4J
Walk 5 km on a bearing of 325°T and then 3 km due north.
1A
0 Round each answer to one decimal place.
a Draw and label a diagram to represent this hike. b Determine how
far east or west the waterfall is from the entrance. c Find the direct
distance from the park’s entrance to the waterfall. The friends set up
tents on level ground at the base of the waterfall at
points A (35 m from the base of the waterfall) and
B (28 m from the base of the waterfall). The angle
of elevation from A to the top of the waterfall is
32°.
10A d Determine:
i the height of the waterfall
ii the angle of elevation from B to the top of
the waterfall.

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 Chapter review 383

A paddock, ABC, is fenced off, as shown in the figure.

a Find A, to three decimal places. 102 m
74 m
b Hence, find the area enclosed by the fences. Round your answer
A B
to two decimal places. 155 m
It is planned to divide the paddock into two triangular paddocks by
constructing a fence from point C to meet AB at right angles at a point D.
c Determine how many metres of fencing will be required along CD, to the nearest centimetre.
d How far is point D from point A, to the nearest centimetre?
e The person who constructs the fence CD misinterprets the information and builds a fence
that does not meet AB at right angles. The fence is 45 metres long.
i Determine, to two decimal places, the two possible angles (i.e. acute and obtuse), this
fence line makes with AB.
ii Hence, find the two possible distances of fence post D from A. Round your answer to
one decimal place.

2 C

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 Chapter review 384

1A
0

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