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The document provides an overview of web technology, the Internet, and the World Wide Web, explaining their definitions and differences. It details the components of computer networks, including nodes, switches, and routers, as well as various Internet protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and TCP. Additionally, it covers the structure of HTTP requests and the significance of IP addresses in networking.

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2 views12 pages

web

The document provides an overview of web technology, the Internet, and the World Wide Web, explaining their definitions and differences. It details the components of computer networks, including nodes, switches, and routers, as well as various Internet protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and TCP. Additionally, it covers the structure of HTTP requests and the significance of IP addresses in networking.

Uploaded by

petchithai10
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1:2 Website Bases web Essentials Ef internet Overview ERE What is Web Technology ? fechnology that acts as an inte! programming interfaces, ‘Web technology is @* face between web client and web server. It jncludes markup languages, online presentation tools, Java applets, 1g tools and so on. video editin nly used client side scripting The commo ranguages are HTML, JavaScript, CSS, XML and so on. « The commonly used server side technologies are ASP, JSP, Java Servlets, PHP and so on. ERE concept of Internet Definition : Internet is global system re connected together. It is in which millions of computers basically a network of networks. Tesources and can communicate with each other. To have hat means your computer must be share © the service providers. Tl + Using internet many [Link] intemet service one must go t connected to the Intemet Service Providers (ISP) through phi ; ly owned intemet service providers from which we can hire the internet one-line modem or DSL. + There are some privat services. EBEM concept of World Wide Web is collections of software and corresponding protocols used to Definition : World Wide Web (www) over the network. formation system in which various documents containing this information or write the information \d through web browsers access the resources + The world wide web is a in information are interlinked together. User can access 1 via computers. This information is typically stored on the web pages ani we can access these web pages. «The web pages may contain the information in the form of text, audio, video, images and graphics. We can navigate between the web pages using hyperlinks. i «The concept of WWW was introduced by Sir Tim Berners-Lee the contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland in 1980. He built a personal database of people and software models and used hypertext so that each new page of formation was linked to an existing page. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” - an up-thrust for know. Web Essentials ERES internet or www? + The term internet and WWW is often used interchangeably, 1-3 Website Basics but these are two different terms. * The internet is collection of computers and other devices (such as printers, scanners etc.) connected together whereas World Wide Web (WWW) is collection of software and corresponding protocols [Link] access the resources over the network. + The world wide web contains huge amount of documents, be accessed using the hyperlinks. 0 images and other resources which can Thus people use internet through the Web. Fundamental Computer Network Concepts a8 Definition of Computer Network ‘The computer network can be defined as a group of computers and other devices (such as printers, scanners, routers) connected together in order to send or receive data. + Each of these devices in the computer network is called node. In computer network each node is connected by a wire through which the data can be moved in the form of electromagnetic waves. However there is another terminology which is commonly used in computer network and i.e. host. The host is synonym to the computer node, however there is one clear difference between node and host. Node refers to any device on the computer network and host refers to the fully functional general-purpose computer. + A computer network comprises the following components: * A minimum of at least 2 computers. "Cables that connect the computers to each other, although wireless communication is ‘becoming more common, "A network interface device on each computer. This is called a network interface card or NIC. = A ‘Switch’ used to switch the data from one point to another, "Network operating system software. + You can create a computer network by hooking all the computers in your college together with cables and installing a special metwork interface card(an electroniccircuit card that resides inside your computer popularly called as NIC) in each computerso you have a place to plug in the cable. Then you set up your computer’soperating-system software to establish networking. + Each node in the network has some unique address. These addresses help to identify the computer quickly. Addresses are assigned differently on different kinds of networks. These TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” an up-thrust for knowledge 1-4 web Essentials Reb ie Bay a ing eto + bit nt addresses are situael by the organizations that are setting up the comtespondi Typically these addresses are numeric that is easy for computets to workwith, humans to remember. Example : [Link] Some networks also provide names that humans can more easilyremember than numbers, Example : [Link] corresponding to some specific numericaddress, Th . The: tyes scenario of computer network is as shown below TYpical 1 Computer network The network address is made of 4 bytes separated by dots for example [Link] First three bytes (either 1,2 or 3 ) correspond to network address and remaining three bytes(ive. last 3,2 or 1) are used for host ‘machine. + In computer networking, a NIC provides the hardware interface between a computer and a network. A NIC basically is network adapter hardware. Ethernet supports data transfers at the rate of 10 Megabits per second (Mbps).To Fig.1.2.2 Network Interface Card (NIC) connect Ethernet cables to a computer, we normally use a Network Interface Card (NIC). TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up thrust for knowledge A Web Essentials 1-5 Website Basics Switch is a device used to connect the PC to network. The switch is a device which is responsible for managing bandwidth on the network. In other words, switches -are actually capable of switching the data from one port directly to the other without wasting the bandwidth of the entire network attached AS chat sWitth: Fig. 1.2.3 Switch A router, is an electronic device used to connect two or more computers or other electronic devices to each other, and usually to the Internet, by wire or radio signals. This allows several computers to communicate with each other and to the Internet at the same time. The networking using router can viewed as follows. Router is an intelligent device used to connect heterogeneous networking. Bu Fig. 1.2.4 Networking with router TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” - an up-thrust for knowledge Web Essentials Hub A network hub or repeater hub is a device for connecting mult} ‘ Ple tWisteg Pay devices together and making them act as a single network segment, 4 hy Tory, i i Sh incoming packets, regenerates the electrical signal and broadcasts these Packets Mply CY out devices on the network, toa EJ Computer Network Types » Local-Area Networks (LANS) allows multiple users in ar elatively smal] Re0gr, exchange files and messages and to access shared resources api Such as file servers » Wide-Area Networks (WANs) interconnect LANs across normal telephone lines (ng media), ‘hereby imerconnecting geographically dispersed users. * Metropolitan area network(MANs) is @ network that covers larger geographic} mi Sonnecting different LANS interconnected using telephone exchange line, Gener Government agencies use MAN, WEA Address + Each host on a TCP/IP netw ‘ork is assigned a unique 32-bit logical adres that is dvd ine ‘Wo main parts : the network ‘umber and the host numb * The IP address is grouped four into S-bits s weight. er. This address is called IP address eparated by dots. Each bit in the octet has ‘ina * As we know the IP address is divided in two categories network number and host number. Pes HA a z e bog 4 aes PA A A \ \ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an [Link] for knowledge Web Essentials Website Basics Medium size organizations use this groups. This class addressing is reserved for experimental purpose, | + Here N stands for network number and H stands for host number. For instance in class C first three octets are reserved for network address and last 8-bits denote host address. + IP address is assigned to the devices participating in computer network. The IP protocol makes use of this address for communication between two computers. Using IP address particular node can be identified in the network. : coos hed: clefire. how clevices & EE] Web Protocols ao « sj SL Actes Various protocols used in intemetworking are- COM mun Cle due} Cxcheer (1) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) (MOywrlion Oey {FA unlevre} s * The file transfer protocol sets the rules for transferring files between computers. * When user wants to download a file from the server FTP is used. * FTP uses two connections between client and server. One connection is used for actual data transfer and other is used for control information (used for commands), This separation of oh ex data and commands makes the FTP more efficient. Control process Control process Data transfer process Data transfer process Client Server Fig. 1.3.1 Two connections used in FTP processing * When client makes a request for particular file download then using the data transfer connection actual data gets transmitted from server to the client. © At the same time server keeps track of how much [Link] sent so far and how much is es Control connection Data transfer connection remaining. This tracking can be done using the control transfer connection. ‘* Hence during the file downloading/uploading we can see a message about how many bytes are getting transferred and how much time is remaining, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Web Essentials 1-8 @arte at aawolueh Prys brug, * The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a Fequestires : ae * Itisa communication protocol used to transfer the information ion on | World Wide Web (WWW), ‘Ocal Ategy, Ponse mee fy a * Itis the network protocol used to deliver Virtually all file resources) on the World Wide Web, whether they're HT) or anything else. Usually, HTTP takes place through TC $ and other data (c MLfiles, ima 5 PIIP sockets, * tis also called as a stateless Protocol because this Previous conversation/information, ‘ork Management Protocol (SNMP) is a Protocol wi administrators to manage network devices and t Protocol is nop able to pe: Tings x ) (3) SNMP © Simple Netw hich enabeg 0 diagnose network prot vblem! . "The netvork ‘management system is based on two main elements : a L Supervisor ania, ih he network administrator equ fag © The supervisor is the terminal at wh ‘management, ewer Add, Server. chaos © The agents are found at the level of each interface connecting the managed devi s the network. With the help of these agents information on the different objects (su switch, hub, routers) can be collected, (4) SMTP * Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a simple protocol which is extensively usll transfer of e-mails to remote servers, © Ttisan asynchronous Protocol, because it allows delayed delivery of message. the est ‘© With the help of mail transfer agent and user agent the SMTP sends and els ( Jer darnnbe' : cs ae (5) POP3 ewe Simos\ fore > co pe Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is used by local email clients : Outlook Express). ail * tthe sender ‘The POP3 protocol works only at the receivers end and has no work 2 we . vet's POP an The POP protocol has two parts, a client POP ie. receiver's PO! tion with nec iver opens TCP co! I reciever’s email server. The client ie. the receiver op name and FE 1 4 ils from the mailbox. can receive the emai Then the clien ‘ ode HINICAL PUBLICATIONS” 09 utes! or TEC y using the user ithenticated first by using This client must be aut POP server. Web Essentials 1-9 Website Basics (6) TCP * The Transmission Control Protocol is used for, ect geral beet 1. Safe delivery of data \ deta promus ( 2. Error detection » inte vampin fpr & 3. Assurance of the correct sequencing of data being received. * This protocol is called connection oriented protocol because before sending the data this Protocol requires that two computers have established connections. * The TCP allows the transmission of arbitrary amount of data by breaking it into stream of separate IP packets. * These IP packets are numbered so that it could be reassembled properly at arrivals. Along with the data an acknowledgement is also senv/received in order to know whether the reliable connection has occurred or not. 1 jayor prove! (7) uP Cyan prr” Hey?" * The user datagram protocol is a connectionless, protocol without any error detection facility. fos) > Kt nel * This protocol is used for simply transmission of data. © The UDP is known as an unreliable protocol however this is much faster than TCP. * Internet Protocol (IP) is a network layer protocol which consist * Using this information the communication between uniquely addressed computers is possible. 1. Explain the various Internet protocols used for client server commumication EDEN 2. Explain TCP/IP in detail. c3 HTTP Request and Response Message LURETTZOE May-12, 13,14, Dec.-12, 13, Marks + The basic feature of HTTP protocol is that it follows the request response model. + The client makes a request for desired web page by giving the URL in the address bar. This request is submitted to the web server and then web server gives the response to the web browser by returning the required web page. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge 4, HTTP Request Message Structure The basic structure of request message is given by following general form . 1e ‘ ) Request method i) Request-URI © Request Method : Various met ‘The HEAD method is identical to Should not return a. mMhessage-body contained in the HTTP. ‘headers in similar to the Information sent in, GET. The only difference i thatthe server | inthe response. The meta-information Tesponse fo a HEAD request should be Fesponse toa GET request. This method stppors forthe specifies _| functionality ofa we server by "A URL. It can be used to check the Tequesting ™ instead ofa specific resource entation of the specified resource, This method is useful in deleting te specified resouce This method uploads a repres DELETE TRACE ‘When request is made using TRACE method the serves cchoes back he adding ceived reaues o that client can soe what tueriediaiecervers ae _{ or changing in the request, Ma RTE eo TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS’ - an up-hnist for knowledge Web Essentials 3; “ul Website Basics (il) Request-URI: The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string used to identify the names or resources on the Internet, ¢ The URI is a combination of URL and URN. The URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator and URN stands for Uniform Resource © Name. The web address denotes the URL and specific name of the place or a person or item denotes the URN. For example um : ISBN 978-81-8431-123-2 specifies the address of some book. If the URI is written in the form of http: then it is both an URI and URL but there are some other URI which can also be used as URL. For example URL ay Intended server _ ‘[Link] } File can be located on FTP server. telnet://[Link] Telnet server | [Link] | Mail box [Link] | Web server http/Avww. (iii) HTTP Version : The first HTTP version was HTTP/0.9 but the official version of HTTP was HTTP/1.1 and The host header filed is associated with the http request. The header fields are in the form of field name and field value. Thus typical structure of http request is given be following example - ‘Start Line GET /pubWWWIHTTP/1.4 Host:[Link] accept:[Link], video/x-mng,image/png,image/jpeg accept-language:en-us,en connaction:keep-alive keep-alive:500 content-length:10 Header Flelds Blank Line hello world Message body Fig. 1.4.1 HTTP request message structure TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge 1-12 Website Ba, HTTP Response Message Structure basie structure of response message is given by following general form - The basic ‘ ' Status line is similar to the start line in the Tequest message. It consists of three fields, HTTP version Status code | reason phrase | The HTTP version denotes the HTTP version such as HTTP/L The status code is a numerie Code indicating the type of response. The reason phrase is in th, ie text string form and presents the information about the status code For example - HTTP /1.1 200 OK fo\\ HTTP version Status code Reason phrase Following table explains some commonly used status codes, Status code | Reason phrase | | 200 | ox 201 Description | This isa standard response for successfl request shows thatthe request i fulfilled and a new being created, Created resource is 202 | Accepted | When the request is accepted for Processing but is not Processed yet is denoted by this status code 301 Moved | The URI for requested resource is moved at some another permanently location, \ 401 | Unauthorized The requested resource is protected by some password and | +_| the user has not provided any password, \ 403 | Forbidden ‘The tested resource i present onthe sesver out te ever: is not able to respond it, © TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS" - an upthust or knowiedge Web Essentials 1-13 Website Basics 404 Not Found | The requested resource is not present currently but may be available in future, 500 Internal Server | It is a generic error message that appears due to software 4 Error internal failure, ‘ c The header field in response message is similar to that of request message. The message body consists of response message, For example HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 07:59:01 GMT Server: Apache/2.0.50 (Unix) mod_perl/1.99_10 Perl/v5.8.4 mod_ss1/2.0.50 OpenSSL/0.9.7d DAV/2 PHP/4.3.8 Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Feb 2009 08:32:41 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 2010 Content-Type: text/html ... The response header fields are enlisted in following table Header field _| Description. Date It represents the date and time at which the response is generated. Server The name of the server which is responding, Last-modified _| The date and time at which the response is last modified. Accept-ranges | It specifies the unit which is used by the client to accept the range request. For example if there is a large document and only a single web page is currently needed then this specifies the accept-range. ill Features of HTTP Protocol 1. Itis a communication protocol used between web browser and web server. 2. This protocol is based on request-response messaging. That means client makes the request of desired web page and then the server responds it by sending the requested resource. 3. It is a stateless protocol. That means HTTP protocol can not remember the previous user’s information nor it remembers the number of times the user has visited particular website. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” - an up-thrust for knowledge

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