Python Programming — Exam Notes

Unit I & Unit II

UNIT I — Python Basics and Code Structures

1. Numbers
• Store numerical values. Types: int (whole numbers), float (decimals), complex (real + imaginary).
• Arithmetic operators: + - * / // % ** (floor division, modulus, power).
x = 25
y = 10.5
z = 3 + 4j

2. Strings
• A sequence of characters in single or double quotes.
• Common methods: upper(), lower(), strip(), replace(), split().
name = "Archana"
message = "Hello Python"
print([Link]())
print(message[0:5])

3. Variables
• A name used to store a value; Python auto-detects the data type.
• Rules: letters, numbers, underscore allowed; can't start with a number; can't be a keyword;
case-sensitive.
name = "Anu"
age = 20
mark = 85.5
print(type(age))

4. Lists
• Ordered, mutable collection. Allows duplicates and mixed data types.
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
[Link](50)
[Link](20)
[Link](1, 15)
print(numbers)

5. Tuples
• Ordered, immutable collection, written with ().
• List vs Tuple: List is mutable & uses [ ]; Tuple is immutable & uses ( ).
numbers = (10, 20, 30, 40)
print(numbers[0])

6. Dictionaries
• Stores data as key-value pairs.
• Useful methods: keys(), values(), items(), get(), pop().
student = {"name": "Anu", "age": 20, "mark": 85}
print(student["name"])
student["course"] = "MSc CS"

7. Sets
• Unordered collection of unique elements — duplicates removed.
a = {1, 2, 3}
b = {3, 4, 5}
print(a | b) # Union
print(a & b) # Intersection
print(a - b) # Difference

8. Comparison Operators
Operator Meaning

== Equal

!= Not equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

a = 10
b = 20
print(a < b) # True

9. if, elif, else

Conditional statements used to make decisions.
mark = 75
if mark >= 90:
print("A+")
elif mark >= 60:
print("A")
else:
print("B")

10. while Loop

Repeats a block of code while a condition is true.
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1

11. for Loop

Used to iterate through a sequence.
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
12. Comprehensions
A short way to create collections.
numbers = [i * 2 for i in range(1, 6)]
even = [i for i in range(10) if i % 2 == 0]
 13. Functions
• A reusable block of code that performs a specific task.
• Advantages: code reusability, less repetition, easier debugging, better organization.
def add(a, b):
return a + b

result = add(10, 20)

print(result)

14. Generators
A special function that produces values one at a time using yield. Saves memory.
def numbers():
for i in range(1, 4):
yield i

for n in numbers():
print(n)

15. Decorators
Modifies or extends a function's behavior without changing its original code.
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function")
func()
print("After function")
return wrapper

@decorator
def hello():
print("Hello")

hello()

16. Namespace and Scope

• A namespace keeps names and their objects. Scope determines where a variable can be accessed.
• Types: Local, Global, Built-in. Python follows the LEGB rule: Local → Enclosing → Global → Built-in.
x = 10 # Global
def test():
y = 20 # Local
print(x)
print(y)

test()

17. Handling Errors — try and except

• Exceptions are errors during execution; try/except handle them.
• The finally block executes whether an exception occurs or not.
try:
a = 10
b = 0
 print(a / b)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")

18. User-Defined Exceptions

A custom exception can be created using a class derived from Exception.
class AgeError(Exception):
pass

age = 15
try:
if age < 18:
raise AgeError("Age must be 18 or above")
except AgeError as e:
print(e)
 UNIT II — Modules, Programs, Objects and Classes

19. Standalone Programs

A program that can be executed directly. The __name__ == '__main__' condition makes code run only
when the file is executed directly.
def main():
print("Hello")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

20. Command-Line Arguments

Values passed to a program while running it, via the sys module.
import sys
print([Link])

For python [Link] Hello 20: [Link][0] is [Link], [Link][1] is Hello, [Link][2] is 20.

21. Modules
• A Python file containing functions, variables or classes that can be reused.
• Types: user-defined modules, standard library modules, third-party modules.
import math
print([Link](25))

22. import Statement

Used to access functions/classes from another module.
import math
print([Link](25))

from math import sqrt

print(sqrt(25))

import math as m
print([Link](25))

23. Python Standard Library

Module Purpose

math Mathematical operations

random Random numbers

datetime Date and time

os Operating system operations

sys System-related operations

json JSON data

re Regular expressions

statistics Statistical calculations

24. Objects and Classes
A class is a blueprint for creating objects. An object is an instance of a class.
class Student:
pass

s1 = Student()

Student is the class and s1 is the object.

25. Define a Class
Defined using the class keyword. __init__() runs automatically when an object is created.
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, mark):
[Link] = name
[Link] = mark

def display(self):
print([Link], [Link])

s1 = Student("Anu", 90)
[Link]()

26. Inheritance
Allows one class to acquire properties and methods from another. Animal = parent/base class, Dog =
child/derived class.
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
pass

d = Dog()
[Link]()

27. Override a Method

Occurs when a child class provides its own version of a parent method.
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Dog barks")

d = Dog()
[Link]()

28. Add a Method

A child class can have extra methods not present in the parent class.
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
def run(self):
print("Dog runs")

d = Dog()
[Link]()
[Link]()
29. Get/Set Attributes with Properties
Properties give controlled access to attributes, supporting validation and encapsulation.
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self._name = name

@property
def name(self):
return self._name

@[Link]
def name(self, value):
self._name = value

s = Student("Anu")
print([Link])
[Link] = "Riya"
print([Link])
 30. Method Types
• Instance method: uses self.
• Class method: uses cls and @classmethod.
• Static method: uses neither self nor cls; uses @staticmethod.
class Student:
school = "ABC"

def display(self):
print("Student")

@classmethod
def show(cls):
print([Link])

@staticmethod
def add(a, b):
return a + b

s = Student()
[Link]()
[Link]()
print([Link](10, 20))

31. Special Methods

Also called dunder methods (double underscores). Examples: __init__(), __str__(), __len__(),
__add__().
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name

def __str__(self):
return [Link]

s = Student("Anu")
print(s)

Quick Memory Guide

Concept Remember

List Changeable

Tuple Unchangeable

Set Unique values

Dictionary Key + Value

Function Reusable code

Generator yield, one value at a time

Decorator Modifies a function

Class Blueprint

Object Instance of class

Inheritance Reuse parent class

Overriding Child changes parent method

Property Controlled attribute access

Exception Runtime error