3/28/23
Chapter 9
Energy and Chemistry
Energy
* Energy is the ability to do work or transfer heat.
* Energy used to cause an object that has mass to move is called work.
* Energy used to cause the temperature of an object to rise is called heat.
* Two forms of energy:
- Potential energy - associated with the relative position of an object.
- Kinetic energy - associated with motion.
1
3/28/23
Units of Energy
Units of Energy: Joule (J), calorie (cal), and British thermal unit (Btu)
Joule (J): It is the SI unit of energy
calorie (cal): It is a non-SI unit that is in widespread use.
1 calorie is defined as the energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
1 cal = 4.184 J
1000 cal = 1 food calorie (Cal)!
1 Btu is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by
1°F.
1 Btu = 1055 J
Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry:
It is the study of energy transformations involved in a chemical reaction.
Open system Closed system Isolated system
2
3/28/23
Energy Transformations
* During energy transformation, the total energy must be conserved.
* To account for energy transformations,
the system and surrounding must be
specified.
The system includes the molecules we want to study
(here, the hydrogen and oxygen molecules).
The surrounding is everything else!
(here, the cylinder and piston).
First Law of Thermodynamics
*Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
*In other words, the total energy of the universe
is a constant; if the system loses energy, it must be
gained by the surroundings, and vice versa.
3
3/28/23
Internal Energy
The internal energy (E) of a system is the sum of all kinetic and
potential energies of all components of the system.
The change in energy, DE, is given as:
DE = Efinal − Einitial
Changes in Internal Energy
When energy is exchanged between the system and the
surroundings, it is exchanged as either heat (q) or work (w).
Therefore, DE = q + w
4
3/28/23
DE, q, w, and their Signs
Exchange of Heat (q) between
System and Surrounding
When heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings, the
process is endothermic.
When heat is released by the system into the surroundings, the
process is exothermic.
10
5
3/28/23
Energy diagram for Exo/Endo processes
11
PV-Work
◦ The work involved in the expansion or compression of
gases is called Pressure-volume work (PV-work).
w = -PDV
If the volume of the system expands, then DV is positive
and work is done by the system.
If the gas is compressed, then DV is negative and work is
done on the system.
12
6
3/28/23
Learning Check!
Determine the change in internal energy (DE) of the
following systems:
A bar of metal is heated during which it absorbs 322 J
of heat. Assume the volume of the gold bar remains
constant.
The surrounding does 1.44 kJ of work compressing gas
in a perfectly insulated cylinder.
If 515 J of heat is added to a gas that does 218 J of
work as a result of the heat.
For reactions occuring in rigid, sealed containers, is change in
energy of the system due to heat or work or both?
13
Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify the heat flow into or out of a system in a process that
occurs at constant pressure.
DH = H (products) – H (reactants)
DH = heat given off or absorbed during a reaction at constant pressure
Hproducts < Hreactants Hproducts > Hreactants
DH < 0 DH > 0
14
7
3/28/23
Thermochemical Equation
890.4 kJ are released for every 1 mole of methane that is combusted at 250C
and 1 atm.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) DH = -890.4 kJ
15
Contd….
• The stoichiometric coefficients always refer to the number
of moles of a substance
H2O (s) H2O (l) DH = 6.01 kJ
• If you reverse a reaction, the sign of DH changes
H2O (l) H2O (s) DH = -6.01 kJ
• If you multiply both sides of the equation by a factor n,
then DH must change by the same factor n.
2H2O (s) 2H2O (l) DH = 2 x 6.01 = 12.0 kJ
16
8
3/28/23
Contd…..
• The physical states of all reactants and products must be
specified in thermochemical equations.
H2O (s) H2O (l) DH = 6.01 kJ
H2O (l) H2O (g) DH = 44.0 kJ
How much heat is evolved when 266 g of white
phosphorus (P4) burn in air?
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s) DH = -3013 kJ
17
Enthalpy of a Reaction
The quantity, DH, is called the enthalpy of reaction, or the heat of
reaction.
18
9
3/28/23
DH for Exothermic/Endothermic Reactions
A process is endothermic when:
DH is positive.
A process is exothermic when:
DH is negative.
19
Energy involved in Phase Changes
For melting and evaporation, ΔH is positive or negative?
For freezing and condensation, ΔH is positive or negative?
For the following processes, ΔH = + or − ?
§ Combustion of a fuel
§ Forming a cation from an atom in the gas phase
§ Photosynthesis
20
10
3/28/23
Calorimetry
Since we cannot know the exact enthalpy of the reactants and products,
we measure DH through calorimetry, the measurement of heat flow.
The instrument used to measure heat flow is called a calorimeter.
21
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a
substance by 1 K (or 1 °C) is its Heat Capacity.
Specific heat is the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 K (or 1 °C)
22
11
3/28/23
Why is the sand hotter than the sea water??
23
By carrying out a reaction in aqueous
solution in a simple calorimeter, the
heat change for the system can be
found by measuring the heat change
for the water in the calorimeter.
DH for the reaction is given by:
q = m ´ Cs ´ DT
The specific heat for water is 4.184 J/g∙K
24
12
3/28/23
Learning Check!
Heating a 24.0 g aluminum can raise its
temperature by 15.0°C. Find the value of q
for the can (specific heat for Al is 0.90 J/g.K)
A glass contains 250.0 g of warm water at
78.0°C. A piece of gold at 2.30°C is placed
in the water. The final temperature reached by
this system is 76.9°C. What was the mass of
gold? The specific heat of water is 4.184 J g-1
°C-1, and that of gold is 0.129 J g-1 °C-1.
25
Practice problems
A metal radiator is made from 26.0 kg of iron.
The specific heat of iron is 0.449 J/g.°C. How
much heat must be supplied to the radiator to
raise its temperature from 25.0 to 55.0 °C.?
When 0.0157 g of a compound with a heat of
combustion of -37.6 kJ/mol is burned in a
calorimeter, 18.5 J of heat is released. What is the
molar mass of the compound?
A cold pack consists of 40.0 g of NH4NO3
dissolved in water. How much energy is absorbed
from the surrounding if the DHsoln is 26.2 kJ/mol.
26
13
3/28/23
• When power was turned off to a 30.0 gal
water heater, the temperature of the water
dropped from 75.0 °C to 22.5 °C. How much
heat was lost to the surrounding?
• When 26.7 g of H2S was burned in excess
oxygen, 406 kJ of heat was released. Calculate
DH for the following equation:
2 H2S (g) + 3 O2 ® 2 SO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
27
Energy in Foods
Dry red beans contain 62% carbohydrates, 22% proteins, and 1.5% fat.
Estimate the fuel value of these beans.
28
14
3/28/23
Bomb Calorimeter
• A bomb calorimeter is used
to measure the energy
content of food.
• The calorie value of food is
measured by heating a pre-
measured mass of food and
igniting it in oxygen.
• The heat is transferred to a
water system and the heat
involved in the process is
calculated from the
temperature change and the
mass of water.
29
Global Energy Resources
• Biomass (mainly wood) – major sources of energy in many
under-developed countries
• Coal – was once the major source of energy
• Petroleum – replaced coal in the middle of 20th Century as the
major source of energy
• Hydroelectric power and nuclear energy are used in certain
developed countries.
• Solar energy (eg: solar panels used for household heating).
30
15
3/28/23
Energy in Fuels
————————————————————————
Substances Energy (kJ/g fuel)
————————————————————————
• Hydrogen gas (H2) 120
• Natural gas (CH4) 50
• Gasoline 48
• Crude petroleum 43
• Animal fat 38
• Coal 29
• Charcoal 29
• Ethanol 27
• Methanol 20
• Paper 20
• Biomass (wood) 16
————————————————————————
31
Hydrogen Fuel
• Combustion of H2:
• Combustion of H2 produces 2.5 times more energy per gram than
natural gas.
• Combustion of H2 only produces water.
• However, production, storage and transportation of the gas poses
major problems. Why??
32
16