Chapter 5

Line and Surface Integrals

Dagnachew Jenber (PhD)

College Of Natural and Applied Science
Department of Mathematics, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia

April 10, 2026

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Contents

1. Line Integral and Surface Integral

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Line integral of a scalar field
1.3 Line Integral of a Vector Field
1.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals
1.5 Independent of Path
1.6 Conservative Vector Field
1.7 Green’s Theorem
1.8 Parametric Surfaces
1.9 Tangent Planes
1.10 Surface Area
Surface Area of the Graph of a Function
1.11 Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

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Contents

1.12 Surface Integrals of a Vector Field

1.13 Stock’s Theorem
1.14 Divergence Theorem

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Introduction

In many engineering and scientific problems, quantities are not only defined at single points but are
distributed along curves, across surfaces, or throughout regions in space. To analyze such
quantities, we extend the idea of integration from intervals to curves and surfaces. This leads to the
concepts of line integrals and surface integrals, which play a central role in physics, engineering,
and applied mathematics.

These integrals allow us to compute quantities such as work done by a force, mass of a wire, flow
of fluid across a surface, and flux of electromagnetic fields. In addition, powerful theorems–such as
Green’s theorem, Stokes’ theorem, and the Divergence theorem–connect local behavior of fields to
global properties, providing deep insight and simplifying complex calculations.

Engineering Stories and Physical Interpretations

To understand why these concepts are important, consider the following engineering scenarios.

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Introduction

• Civil Engineering Story –Load Distribution on a Bridge

A civil engineer analyzes how forces act along a curved bridge. The weight of vehicles is distributed
along the structure, and the engineer must compute the total load.
• A line integral of a scalar field gives the total load along the bridge.
• A surface integral helps determine stress distribution across the bridge surface.
• Green’s theorem can simplify calculations when analyzing planar sections of structures.

• Electrical Engineering Story – Circulation of Electric Fields

An electrical engineer studies how electric current flows in a loop.
• The line integral of a vector field represents voltage around a circuit.
• Stokes’ theorem connects circulation of the electric field to the magnetic field passing through
a surface.

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Introduction
These ideas are central to electromagnetic theory and circuit design.

• Mechanical Engineering Story – Work Done by a Force

A mechanical engineer moves a component along a curved path under a varying force field.
• The line integral of the vector field calculates the work done.
• If the force is conservative, the fundamental theorem simplifies the calculation.
• In fluid mechanics, circulation integrals describe vortex motion and energy transfer.

• Chemical Engineering Story – Flow Through a Reactor Surface

A chemical engineer studies fluid flowing through a reactor.
• The surface integral of a vector field measures the flow rate (flux).
• The divergence theorem relates flow through the boundary to sources or sinks inside the
reactor.
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Introduction

These tools are essential in mass balance, fluid transport, and reaction engineering.

Closing Motivation
Line and surface integrals extend the power of calculus to higher dimensions, allowing us to ana-
lyze quantities distributed along curves and across surfaces. The fundamental theorems—Green’s,
Stokes’, and the Divergence theorem—reveal deep connections between local properties of fields
and global behavior.

For engineers and scientists, these concepts are indispensable tools for analyzing forces, flows, en-
ergy transfer, and field behavior. They transform complex physical systems into manageable math-
ematical problems and provide insight into how local interactions shape global outcomes.

Mastering these ideas equips students with the ability to understand and solve real-world problems
across engineering and scientific disciplines.

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Line Integral of a Scalar Field

Definition 1.0
If 𝑓 is defined on a smooth curve 𝐶 given by

𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑎≤𝑡≤𝑏

,then the line integral of 𝑓 along 𝐶 is

∫ ∫ r
𝑏
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓 (𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡)) ( ) + ( ) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Line Integral of a Scalar Field

Example 1.0

Evaluate ∫
(2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑠
𝐶

where 𝐶 is the upper half of the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

Remark: Suppose now that 𝐶 is a piecewise-smooth curve; that is, 𝐶 is a union of a finite number
of smooth curves 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , . . . , 𝐶𝑛 , where the initial point of 𝐶𝑖+1 is the terminal point of 𝐶𝑖 .
Then we define the integral of 𝑓 along 𝐶 as the sum of the integrals of 𝑓 along each of the smooth
pieces of 𝐶: ∫ ∫ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑠 + ... + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶𝑛

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Line Integral of a Scalar Field
Example 1.1

Evaluate ∫
2𝑥𝑑𝑠
𝐶

where 𝐶 consists of the arc 𝐶1 of the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1) followed by the
vertical line segment 𝐶2 from (1, 1) to (1, 2) .

Example 1.2

Evaluate 𝐶 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 , where

∫

• 𝐶 = 𝐶1 is the line segment from (−5, −3) to (0, 2).

• 𝐶 = 𝐶2 is the arc of the parabola 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 2 from (−5, −3) to (0, 2).

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Line Integral of a Scalar Field

Example 1.3

Evaluate 𝐶 𝑦 sin(𝑧)𝑑𝑠 , where 𝐶 is the circular helix given by the equations

∫

𝑥 = cos(𝑡) 𝑦 = sin(𝑡) 𝑧 = 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

Example 1.4

Evaluate 𝐶 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧 , where 𝐶 consists of the line segment 𝐶1 from (2, 0, 0) to
∫

(3, 4, 5), followed by the vertical line segment 𝐶2 from (3, 4, 5) to (3, 4, 0).

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Line Integral of a Vector Field

Definition 1.1
Let 𝐹 be a continuous vector field defined on a smooth curve 𝐶 given by a vector function
𝑟 (𝑡) , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 . Then the line integral of 𝐹 along 𝐶 is
∫ ∫ 𝑏 ∫
𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹 (𝑟 (𝑡)).𝑟 0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹.𝑇 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑎 𝐶

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Line Integral of a Vector Field

Remark
• If 𝐹 represents the velocity field of a fluid particle then the line integral
∫
𝐹.𝑑𝑟
𝐶

is the circulation of 𝐹 around the curve 𝐶. When the circulation of 𝐹 around every closed
curve in a region 𝐸 is zero, 𝐹 is said to be irrotational in 𝐸.

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Line Integral of a Vector Field
Remark
• If 𝐹 represents the force acting on a particle moving along an arc 𝐴𝐵 then the work done
during the small displacement 𝛿𝑟 is 𝐹.𝛿𝑟. Therefore, the total work done by 𝐹 during the
displacement from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is given by
∫
𝑊𝑇 = 𝐹.𝑑𝑟
𝐴𝐵

Example 1.5

Find the work done by the force field 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2𝑖 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 in moving a particle along the
quarter-circle 𝑟 (𝑡) = cos(𝑡)𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋2 .

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Line Integral of a Vector Field

Example 1.6

Evaluate 𝐶 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 , where 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑘 and 𝐶 is the twisted cubic given by
∫

𝑥=𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑡2 𝑧 = 𝑡3 0≤𝑡≤1

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The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals

Theorem 1.0
Let 𝐶 be a smooth curve given by the vector function 𝑟 (𝑡), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏. Let 𝑓 be a differentiable
function of two or three variables whose gradient vector Ï 𝑓 is continuous on C . Then
∫
Ï 𝑓 .𝑑𝑟 = 𝑓 (𝑟 (𝑏)) − 𝑓 (𝑟 (𝑎))
𝐶

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The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals

Example 1.7

Find the work done by the gravitational field

−𝑚𝑀𝐺
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = p (𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘) = Ï 𝑓
( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ) 3

where
𝑚𝑀𝐺
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = p
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
in moving a particle with mass 𝑚 from the point (3, 4, 12) to the point (2, 2, 0) along a
piecewise-smooth curve 𝐶.

Solution:

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The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals

we know that 𝐹 is a conservative vector field and, in fact, 𝐹 = Ï 𝑓 , where

𝑚𝑀𝐺
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = p
𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
2

Therefore the work done is

∫ ∫
𝑊= 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = Ï 𝑓 .𝑑𝑟 = 𝑓 (2, 2, 0) − 𝑓 (3, 4, 12)
𝐶 𝐶

1 1
= 𝑚𝑀𝐺 ( √ − )
2 2 13

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Independent of Path

Remark
A curve, 𝐶 is called closed if its terminal point coincides with its initial point, that is, 𝑟 (𝑎) = 𝑟 (𝑏)
A curve,𝐶 is called simple if it doesn’t intersect itself anywhere between its endpoints.
A simply-connected region in the plane is a connected region 𝐷 suchthat every simple closed
curve in 𝐷 encloses only points that are in 𝐷, intuitively speaking, a simply-connected region
contains no hole and can’t consist of two separate pieces.
A vector field 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is called conservative vector field if there exists a scalar field 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
suchthat 𝐹 = Ï 𝑓 , in this case 𝑓 is called potential function.

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Independent of Path
Theorem 1.1
Suppose 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are two piecewise-smooth curves (which are called paths) that have the
same initial point 𝐴 and terminal point 𝐵 . Then
∫ ∫
Ï 𝑓 .𝑑𝑟 = Ï 𝑓 .𝑑𝑟
𝐶1 𝐶2

whenever Ï 𝑓 is continuous. In other words, the line integral of a conservative vector field
depends only on the initial point and terminal point of a curve.
∫ In general, if 𝐹 is a continuous
vector field with domain D , we say that the line integral, 𝐶 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 is independent of path if
𝐹.𝑑𝑟= 𝐶 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 for any two paths 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 in D that have the same initial and terminal
∫ ∫
𝐶1 2
points. With this terminology we can say that line integrals of conservative vector fields are
independent of path.

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Independent of Path

Theorem 1.2
∫ ∫
𝐹.𝑑𝑟 is independent of path in D if and only if 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 0 for every closed path 𝐶 in 𝐷.
𝐶 𝐶

Theorem 1.3
∫
Suppose 𝐹 is a vector field that is continuous on an open connected region 𝐷. If 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 is
𝐶
independent of path in 𝐷, then 𝐹 is a conservative vector field on 𝐷; that is, there exists a
function 𝑓 such that Ï 𝑓 = 𝐹 .

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Conservative Vector Field

Theorem 1.4
If f is a function of three variables that has continuous second- order partial derivatives, then
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (Ï 𝑓 ) = 0

Note. Since a conservative vector field is one for which 𝐹 = Ï 𝑓 , this Theorem can be rephrased as
follows:

If 𝐹 is conservative, then curl 𝐹 = 0.

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Conservative Vector Field
This gives us a way of verifying that a vector field is not conservative.

Example 1.8

Show that the vector field 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑘 is not conservative.

Solution
Since 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝐹) = −𝑦(𝑥 + 2)𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘. This shows that 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 ≠ 0 and so, by the above Theorem,
𝐹 is not conservative.

Theorem 1.5

If F is a vector field defined on all of <3 whose component func tions have continuous partial
derivatives and 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0, then F is a conservative vector field.

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Conservative Vector Field

Example 1.9

• Show that 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦 2 𝑧 3𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑘 is a conservative vector field.

• Find a function 𝑓 such that 𝐹 = Ï 𝑓 .

Solution:
(a) We compute the curl of 𝐹 :

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝐹) = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 =0
𝑦2 𝑧3 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2

Since 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝐹) = 0 and the domain of 𝐹 is <3 , 𝐹 is a conservative vector field by the above
Theorem

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Conservative Vector Field

Theorem 1.6
Let 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑗 is a conservative vector field, where 𝑃 and 𝑄 have contin-
uous first-order partial derivatives on a domain D , then throughout D we have

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

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Conservative Vector Field

Theorem 1.7
Let 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑗 + 𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑘 is a conservative vector field, where 𝑃
and 𝑄 and 𝐻 have continuous first-order partial derivatives on a domain D , then throughout
D we have
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝐻
= , = , =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

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Conservative Vector Field

Theorem 1.8
Let 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑗 be a vector field on an open simply-connected region D .
Suppose that P and Q have continuous first-order partial derivatives and

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= throughout D
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Then 𝐹 is conservative.

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Conservative Vector Field

Theorem 1.9
Let 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑗 + 𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑘 be a vector field on an open simply-
connected region D . Suppose that P and Q and H have continuous first-order partial deriva-
tives and
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝐻
= , = , = throughout D
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
Then 𝐹 is conservative.

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Conservative Vector Field
Example 1.10

Determine whether or not the vector field

𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖 + (𝑥 − 2) 𝑗

is conservative

Solution:
Let 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 2 then

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

since 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑦 ≠ 𝜕𝑥 ,
𝜕𝑄
𝐹 is not conservative by the above theorem.

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Conservative Vector Field
Example 1.11

Determine whether or not the vector field

𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑖 + (𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 ) 𝑗

is conservative

Solution:
Let 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 . Then
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= 2𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Also, the domain of 𝐹 is the entire plane (𝐷 = <2 ) , which is open and simply- connected.
Therefore we can apply the above Theorem and conclude that 𝐹 is conservative.
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Conservative Vector Field

Example 1.12

1) If 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑖 + (𝑥
∫ − 3𝑦 ) 𝑗 ,find a function 𝑓 suchthat Ï 𝑓 = 𝐹.
2 2

2) Evaluate the line integral 𝐶 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 , where 𝐶 is the curve given by

𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 sin(𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡) 𝑗 0≤𝑡≤𝜋

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Green’s Theorem

Theorem 1.10
GREEN’S THEOREM. Let 𝐶 be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed
curve in the plane and let 𝐷 be the region bounded by 𝐶 . If 𝑃 and 𝑄 have continuous partial
derivatives on an open region that contains 𝐷, then
∫ ∫ ∫
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ( − )𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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Green’s Theorem
Example 1.13

Evaluate 𝐶 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 , where 𝐶 is the triangular curve consisting of the line segments
∫

from (0, 0) to (1, 0), from (1, 0) to (0, 1) , and from (0, 1) to (0, 0).

Example 1.14

Evaluate (3𝑦 − 𝑒 sin( 𝑥 ) )𝑑𝑥 + (7𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 4 ))𝑑𝑦 , where C is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

∫ p
𝐶

Remark: Green’s Theorem gives the following formulas for the area of D :
∫ ∫ ∫
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐶 𝐶 2 𝐶

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Green’s Theorem
Example 1.15

Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Solution:
The ellipse has parametric equations 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin(𝑡) , where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2𝜋 . Using the
third formula in the above remark, we have
∫
1
𝐴= 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 𝐶

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Green’s Theorem

∫
1
= (𝑎 cos(𝑡)) (𝑏 cos(𝑡))𝑑𝑡 − (𝑏 sin(𝑡)) (−𝑎 sin(𝑡))𝑑𝑡
2 𝐶

∫ 2𝜋
𝑎𝑏
= 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
2 0

Example 1.16

Evaluate 𝐶 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 , where 𝐶 is the boundary of the semiannular region D in the upper
∫

half-plane between the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.

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Green’s Theorem

Remark: Green’s Theorem can be extended to apply to regions with holes, that is, regions that are
not simply-connected.

Example 1.17

If 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦𝑖+𝑥 , show that 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋 for every positively oriented simple closed path
𝑗
∫
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝐶
that encloses the origin.

Solution:
Since 𝐶 is an arbitrary closed path that encloses the origin, it’s difficult to compute the given
integral directly. So let’s consider a counterclockwise-oriented circle 𝐶 0 with center the origin and
radius 𝑎 , where 𝑎 is chosen to be small enough that 𝐶 0 lies inside 𝐶 . Let D be the region bounded

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Green’s Theorem
by 𝐶 and 𝐶 0 . Then its positively oriented boundary is 𝐶 ∪ (−𝐶 0 ) and so the general version of
Green’s Theorem gives
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ( − )𝑑𝐴
𝐶 −𝐶 0 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
∬
= ( − )𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐷 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2
Therefore
∫ ∫
𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 0 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝐶
that is
∫
𝐶
𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 𝐶0
𝐹.𝑑𝑟
We now easily compute this last integral using the parametrization given by

𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑎 cos(𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑎 sin(𝑡) 𝑗 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

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Green’s Theorem

Thus ∫ ∫ ∫ 2𝜋
𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹 (𝑟 (𝑡)).𝑟 0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝐶0 0

∫ 2𝜋
(−𝑎 sin(𝑡)) (−𝑎 sin(𝑡)) + (𝑎 cos(𝑡)) (𝑎 cos(𝑡))
= 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑎 2 cos2 (𝑡) + 𝑎 2 sin2 (𝑡)

∫ 2𝜋
= 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋
0

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Parametric Surfaces
In much the same way that we describe a space curve by a vector function 𝑟 (𝑡) of a single
parameter 𝑡 , we can describe a surface by a vector function 𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) of two parameters 𝑢 and 𝑣 . We
suppose that
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘
is a vector-valued function defined on a region D in the 𝑢𝑣 -plane. So 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 , the component
functions of 𝑟, are functions of the two variables 𝑢 and 𝑣 with domain 𝐷.
The set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in <3 such that

𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣) [∗]

and (𝑢, 𝑣) varies throughout D , is called a parametric surface 𝑆 and Equations [∗] are called
parametric equations of 𝑆 . Each choice of 𝑢 and 𝑣 gives a point on 𝑆; by making all choices, we
get all of 𝑆. In other words, the surface 𝑆 is traced out by the tip of the position vector 𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) as
(𝑢, 𝑣) moves throughout the region D.

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Parametric Surfaces

Example 1.18

Find a vector function that represents the plane that passes through the point 𝑃0 with position
vector 𝑟 0 and that contains two nonparallel vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏.

Solution:
If 𝑃 is any point in the plane, we can get from 𝑃0 to 𝑃 by moving a certain distance in the direction
of 𝑎 and another distance in the direction of 𝑏 . So there are scalars 𝑢 and 𝑣 such that
−−−→
𝑃0 𝑃 = 𝑢𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏 . (you can illustrate how this works, by means of the Parallelogram Law, for the
case where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are positive.) If 𝑟 is the position vector of 𝑃, then

𝑟 (𝑡) = −
𝑜−→
𝑝0 + −
𝑝−→
0 𝑝 = 𝑟 0 + 𝑢𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏

So the vector equation of the plane can be written as

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Parametric Surfaces

𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑟 0 + 𝑢𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏
where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are real numbers.
If we write 𝑟 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝑟 0 = (𝑥 0 , 𝑦 0 , 𝑧 0 ) , 𝑎 = (𝑎 1 , 𝑎 2 , 𝑎 3 ) , and 𝑏 = (𝑏 1 , 𝑏 2 , 𝑏 3 ), then we can write
the parametric equations of the plane through the point (𝑥 0 , 𝑦 0 , 𝑧 0 ) as follows:

𝑥 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑢𝑎 1 + 𝑣𝑏 1 𝑦 = 𝑦 0 + 𝑢𝑎 2 + 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑧 = 𝑧0 + 𝑢𝑎 3 + 𝑣𝑏 3

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Parametric Surfaces
Example 1.19

Find a parametric representation of the sphere

𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎2

Example 1.20

Find a parametric representation for the cylinder

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 0≤𝑧≤1

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Parametric Surfaces
Remark:
1) A surface given as the graph of a function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 , that is, with an equation of the form
𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦), can always be regarded as a parametric surface by taking 𝑥 and 𝑦 as parameters and
writing the parametric equations as

𝑥=𝑥 𝑦=𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)

2) Parametric representations (also called parametrizations) of surfaces are not unique. The next
example shows two ways to parametrize a cone.

Example 1.21

Find a parametric representation for the surface 𝑧 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , that is, the top half of the
p

cone 𝑧 2 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 .

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Tangent Planes

We now find the tangent plane to a parametric surface S traced out by a vector function

𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘

at a point 𝑃0 with position vector 𝑟 (𝑢 0 , 𝑣 0 ) .

If 𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 is not 0 , then the surface 𝑆 is called smooth (it has no “corners”). For a smooth surface,
the tangent plane is the plane that contains the tangent vectors 𝑟 𝑢 and 𝑟 𝑣 , and the vector 𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 is a
normal vector to the tangent plane.

Example 1.22

Find the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations𝑥 = 𝑢 2 ,𝑦 = 𝑣 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 2𝑣 at

the point (1, 1, 3) .

Solution:
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Tangent Planes

We first compute the tangent vectors:

𝑟 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑢 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑢 𝑘 = 2𝑢𝑖 + 𝑘, 𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑣 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑣 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑣 𝑘 = 2𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑘

Thus a normal vector to the tangent plane is

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 = 2𝑢 0 1 = −2𝑣𝑖 − 4𝑢 𝑗 + 4𝑢𝑣𝑘
0 2𝑣 2

Notice that the point (1, 1, 3) corresponds to the parameter values 𝑢 = 1 and 𝑣 = 1 ,so the normal
vector there is
−2𝑖 − 4 𝑗 + 4𝑘

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Tangent Planes

Therefore an equation of the tangent plane at (1, 1, 3) is

−2(𝑥 − 1) − 4(𝑦 − 1) + 4(𝑧 − 3) = 0

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 3 = 0

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Surface Area

Definition 1.2
If a smooth parametric surface S is given by the equation

𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘 (𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ 𝐷

and 𝑆 is covered just once as (𝑢, 𝑣)ranges throughout the parameter domain 𝐷, then the sur-
face area of S is ∫ ∫
𝐴(𝑆) = ||𝑟 𝑢 × 𝑟 𝑣 ||𝑑𝐴
𝐷

where 𝑟 𝑢 = 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑗+ 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝑘 and 𝑟 𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝑗+ 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝑘.

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Surface Area

Example 1.23

Find the surface area of a sphere of radius 𝑎.

Solution:
the parametric representation of sphere with radius 𝑎 is

𝑥 = 𝑎 sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃), 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝜙) sin(𝜃), 𝑧 = 𝑎 cos(𝜙)

where the parameter domain is

𝐷 = {(𝜙, 𝜃) : 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋}

We first compute the cross product of the tangent vectors:

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Surface Area

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 = 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
= 𝑎 cos(𝜙) cos(𝜃) 𝑎 cos(𝜙) sin(𝜃) −𝑎 sin(𝜙)
−𝑎 sin(𝜙) sin(𝜃) 𝑎 sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃) 0

=⇒ 𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 =

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Surface Area

𝑎 2 sin2 (𝜙) sin(𝜃)𝑖 + 𝑎 2 sin2 (𝜙) cos(𝜃) 𝑗 + 𝑎 2 sin(𝜙) cos(𝜙)𝑘

=⇒ ||𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 || = 𝑎 2 sin(𝜙)
Therefore by definition the surface area of the sphere is given by
∬ ∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 𝜋
𝐴= ||𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 ||𝑑𝐴 = 𝑎 2 sin(𝜙)𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜃
𝐷 0 0

=⇒ 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑎 2

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Surface Area of the Graph of a Function

Definition 1.3
For the special case of a surface 𝑆 with equation𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) , where (𝑥, 𝑦) lies in 𝐷 and 𝑓 has
continuous partial derivatives, we take 𝑥 and 𝑦 as parameters. The parametric equations are

𝑥=𝑥 𝑦=𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)

Thus, from this definition,

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑖 + ( )𝑘 𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑗 + ( )𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
and
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑟 𝑥 𝑋𝑟 𝑦 = −( )𝑖 − ( ) 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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Surface Area of the Graph of a Function

Thus, we have s s
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
||𝑟 𝑥 𝑋𝑟 𝑦 || = ( )2 + ( )2 + 1 = 1+( ) + ( )2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
and the surface area formula in Definition becomes
∫ ∫ s
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
𝐴(𝑆) = 1+( ) + ( ) 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Example 1.24

Find the area of the part of the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 that lies under the plane 𝑧 = 9.

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Surface Area of the Graph of a Function

Solution:
The plane intersects the paraboloid in the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 , 𝑧 = 9 . There fore the given surface
lies above the disk 𝐷 with center the origin and radius 3. Hence
∫ ∫ s
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝐴= 1 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∫ ∫ p
= 1 + (2𝑥) 2 + (2𝑦) 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐷

∫ ∫ p
= 1 + 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴
𝐷

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Surface Area of the Graph of a Function

Converting to polar coordinates, we obtain

∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 3p
𝜋 √
𝐴= 1 + 4𝑟 2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = (37 37 − 1)
0 0 6

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

Definition 1.4
Suppose that a surface S has a vector equation

𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘 (𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ 𝐷

then the surface integral of a scalar function, 𝑓 over the surface 𝑆 is defined as
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆 = 𝑓 (𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣))||𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 ||𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑆

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

Example 1.25

Compute the surface integral ∫ ∫

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑆
𝑆

where 𝑆 is the unit sphere, 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 =1

Solution:
we use the parametric representation

𝑥 = sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃), 𝑦 = sin(𝜙) sin(𝜃), 𝑧 = cos(𝜙)

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠, 𝑟 (𝜙, 𝜃) = sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃)𝑖 + sin(𝜙) sin(𝜃) 𝑗 + cos(𝜙)𝑘

we can compute that

||𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 || = sin(𝜙)
Therefore ∫ ∫ ∬
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑆 = (sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃)) 2 ||𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 ||𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝐷

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 𝜋
4𝜋
= (sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃)) 2 sin(𝜙)𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜃 =
0 0 3

∫ ∫
4𝜋
=⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑆 =
𝑆 3

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field
Definition 1.5
Any surface 𝑆 with equation 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) can be regarded as a parametric surface with para-
metric equations
𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦).

Thus, from this definition, we have

𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑖 + ( )𝑘, 𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑗 + ( )𝑘.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Thus
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝑟 𝑥 𝑋𝑟 𝑦 = − 𝑖− 𝑗+𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

and s
𝜕𝑔 2 𝜕𝑔
||𝑟 𝑥 𝑋𝑟 𝑦 || = ( ) + ( )2 + 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Therefore the surface integral of 𝑓 over the surface 𝑆 with equation 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) is given by
∫ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆 =
𝑆

∫ ∫ s
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)) ( ) + ( ) 2 + 1𝑑𝐴
𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field
Example 1.26

Evaluate ∫ ∫
𝑦𝑑𝑆
𝑆

where 𝑆 is the surface, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2.

Solution:
Since
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
=1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Therefore the above formula gives
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ s
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
𝑦𝑑𝑆 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)) ( ) + ( ) 2 + 1𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

∫ 1∫ 2
√
p 13 2
= 𝑦 (1) 2 + (2𝑦) 2 + 1𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =
0 0 3

Remark:
If S is a piecewise-smooth surface, that is, a finite union of smooth surfaces 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , . . . , 𝑆 𝑛 that
intersect only along their boundaries, then the surface integral of f over 𝑆 is defined by
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
𝑓 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑓 𝑑𝑆 + ......... + 𝑓 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆𝑛

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

Example 1.27

Evaluate 𝑆 𝑧𝑑𝑆 , where 𝑆 is the surface whose sides 𝑆1 are given by the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1,
∫ ∫

whose bottom 𝑆2 is the disk 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 in the plane 𝑧 = 0, and whose top 𝑆3 is the part of
the plane 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑥 that lies above 𝑆2 .

Solution:
For 𝑆1 we use 𝜃 and 𝑧 as parameters and write its parametric equations as

𝑥 = cos(𝜃) 𝑦 = sin(𝜃) 𝑧=𝑧

Where
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 + 𝑥 = 1 + cos(𝜃)

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field
Therefore
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑟 𝜃 𝑋𝑟 𝑧 = − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 0 = cos(𝜃)𝑖 + sin(𝜃) 𝑗
0 0 1
q
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ||𝑟 𝜃 𝑋𝑟 𝑧 || = cos2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃) = 1

Thus the surface integral over 𝑆1 is

∬ ∬
𝑧𝑑𝑆 = 𝑧||𝑟 𝜃 𝑋𝑟 𝑧 ||𝑑𝐴
𝑆1 𝐷

∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 1+cos( 𝜃 )
= 𝑧𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃
0 0
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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

∫ 2𝜋
1
= (1 + cos(𝜃)) 2 𝑑𝜃
0 2

3𝜋
=
2

Since 𝑆2 lies in the plane 𝑧 = 0 , we have

∬ ∬
𝑧𝑑𝑆 = 0𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝑆2 𝑆2

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field
The top surface 𝑆3 lies above the unit disk 𝐷 and is part of the plane 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑥 .So, if we take
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 + 𝑥 and converting to polar coordinates, we have
∬ ∫ ∫ s
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑧𝑑𝑆 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)) ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + 1𝑑𝐴
𝑆3 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∫ ∫ s
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
= (1 + 𝑥) ( ) + ( ) 2 + 1𝑑𝐴
𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 1 p √
= (1 + 𝑟 cos(𝜃)) (1) 2 + (0) 2 + 1𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝜋
0 0

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Surface Integrals of a Scalar Field

Therefore ∬ ∬ ∬ ∬
𝑧𝑑𝑆 = 𝑧𝑑𝑆 + 𝑧𝑑𝑆 + 𝑧𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3

3𝜋 √ 3 √
= + 0 + 2𝜋 = ( + 2)𝜋
2 2

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Surface Integrals of a Vector Field
Definition: If 𝐹 is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface 𝑆 with unit normal
vector 𝑛 , then the surface integral of 𝐹 over 𝑆 is
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.𝑛𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆

This integral is also called the flux of 𝐹 across 𝑆 .

Note: If 𝑆 is given by a vector function 𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) , then the unit normal vector 𝑛 is given by
𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣
𝑛=
||𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 ||
Therefore the flux of 𝐹 across 𝑆 becomes
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹. ||𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 ||𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑆 𝐷 ||𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 ||

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Surface Integrals of a Vector Field

where 𝐷 is the parameter domain. Thus we have

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.(𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 )𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝐷

Example 1.28

1) Find the flux of the vector field 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑘 across the unit sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 =
1.
2) Evaluate 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 , where 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 and 𝑆 is the boundary of the solid
∫ ∫
𝑆
region 𝐸 enclosed by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 and the plane 𝑧 = 0 .

Solution (1):

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Surface Integrals of a Vector Field

Using the parametric representation

𝑟 (𝜙, 𝜃) = sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃)𝑖 + sin(𝜙) sin(𝜃) 𝑗 + cos(𝜙)𝑘

𝑊 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0≤𝜙≤𝜋 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

𝑤𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐹 (𝑟 (𝜙, 𝜃)) = cos(𝜙)𝑖 + sin(𝜙) sin(𝜃) 𝑗 + sin(𝜙) cos(𝜃)𝑘

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 = sin2 (𝜙) cos(𝜃)𝑖 + sin2 (𝜙) sin(𝜃) 𝑗 + sin(𝜙) cos(𝜙)𝑘

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Surface Integrals of a Vector Field

Therefore
𝐹 (𝑟 (𝜙, 𝜃)).𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃

= cos(𝜙) sin2 (𝜙) cos(𝜃) + sin3 (𝜙) sin2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜙) cos(𝜙) cos(𝜃)

and the flux is ∬ ∬

𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.(𝑟 𝜙 𝑋𝑟 𝜃 )
𝑆 𝐷

∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 𝜋
= (2 sin2 (𝜙) cos(𝜙) cos(𝜃) + sin3 (𝜙) sin2 (𝜃))𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜃
0 0

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Surface Integrals of a Vector Field

4𝜋
=
3

Solution(2) :
𝑆 consists of a parabolic top surface 𝑆1 and a circular bottom surface 𝑆2 .Since 𝑆 is a closed
surface, we use the convention of positive (outward) orientation. This means that 𝑆1 is oriented
upward and D is the projection of 𝑆1 on the 𝑥𝑦 -plane, namely, the disk 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 . Since

𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 𝑞(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦 ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

on 𝑆1 and

𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
= −2𝑥 = −2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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Surface Integrals of a Vector Field

we have ∬ ∬
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = (−𝑝 −𝑞 + ℎ)𝑑𝐴
𝑆1 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∬ ∬
=⇒ 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = (−𝑦(−2𝑥) − 𝑥(−2𝑦) + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴
𝑆1 𝐷

∬
= (1 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴
𝐷

∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 1
𝜋
= (1 + 4𝑟 2 cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) − 𝑟 2 )𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
0 0 2

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Surface Integrals of a Vector Field

The disk 𝑆2 is oriented downward, so its unit normal vector is 𝑛 = −𝑘 and we have
∬ ∬ ∬ ∬
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.(−𝑘)𝑑𝑆 = (−𝑧)𝑑𝐴 = (−0)𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑆2 𝑆2 𝐷 𝐷

Since 𝑧 = 0 on 𝑆2
Finally, we compute, by definition, 𝑆 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 as the sum of the sur face integrals of 𝐹 over the
∬

pieces 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 : ∬ ∬ ∬
𝜋 𝜋
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 + 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = + 0 =
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 2 2

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Stock’s Theorem

Theorem 1.11
STOKE’S THEOREM. Let 𝑆 be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that is bounded by
a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth boundary curve 𝐶 with positive orientation. Let 𝐹 be a
vector field whose components have continuous partial derivatives on an open region in <3
that contains 𝑆 . Then ∫ ∫ ∫
𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝐹).𝑑𝑆
𝐶 𝑆

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
= 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝐹).𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝐹).(𝑟 𝑢 𝑋𝑟 𝑣 )𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝐷
where 𝐷 is the parameter domain and 𝑆 is given by a vector function 𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣).

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Stock’s Theorem

Example 1.29

Evaluate 𝐶 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 , where 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = −𝑦 2𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 and 𝐶 is the curve of intersection of

∫

the plane 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 and the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 . (Orient 𝐶 to be counterclockwise when

viewed from above.)

Solution: ∫
Although 𝐶 𝐹.𝑑𝑟 could be evaluated directly, it’s easier to use Stokes’ Theorem. We first compute

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 = (1 + 2𝑦)𝑘
−𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑧2

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Stock’s Theorem

Although there are many surfaces with boundary 𝐶, the most convenient choice is the elliptical
region 𝑆 in the plane 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 that is bounded by 𝐶 . If we orient 𝑆 upward, then 𝐶 has the induced
positive orientation. The projection 𝐷 of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑦 -plane is the disk 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 and so with
𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 − 𝑦, we have
∫ ∬ ∬
𝐹.𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = (1 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑆 𝐷
∫ 2𝜋 ∫ 1
= (1 + 2𝑟 sin(𝜃))𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋
0 0

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Stock’s Theorem
Example 1.30

Use Stokes’ Theorem to compute the integral 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹.𝑑𝑆 , where 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 +
∫ ∫
𝑆
𝑥𝑦𝑘 and 𝑆 is the part of the sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 that lies inside the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
2 2 2

and above the 𝑥𝑦 -plane.

Solution:
To find the boundary curve
√ 𝐶 we solve the equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 . Subtracting,
we get
√ 𝑧 = 3 and so 𝑧 = 3 (since 𝑧 > 0 ). Thus 𝐶 is the circle given by the equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 ,
2 2 2

𝑧 = 3 . A vector equation of 𝐶 is
√
𝑟 (𝑡) = cos(𝑡)𝑖 + sin(𝑡) 𝑗 + 3𝑘 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

⇒ 𝑟 0 (𝑡) = − sin(𝑡)𝑖 + cos(𝑡) 𝑗

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Stock’s Theorem
Also we’ve √ √
𝐹 (𝑟 (𝑡)) = 3 cos(𝑡)𝑖 + 3 sin(𝑡) 𝑗 + cos(𝑡) sin(𝑡)𝑘

Therefore, by stoke’s theorem ∬ ∫

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.𝑑𝑟
𝑆 𝐶

∫ 2𝜋
= 𝐹 (𝑟 (𝑡)).𝑟 0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

∫ 2𝜋 √ √
= (− 3 cos(𝑡) sin(𝑡) + 3 sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡))𝑑𝑡
0

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Stock’s Theorem

∫ 2𝜋
= 0𝑑𝑡 = 0
0

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Divergence Theorem

Theorem 1.12
DIVERGENCE THEOREM: Let 𝐸 be a simple solid region and let 𝑆 be the boundary sur-
face of 𝐸, given with positive (outward) orientation. Let 𝐹 be a vector field whose component
functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains 𝐸.Then
∬ ∭
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹)𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝐸

Example 1.31

Find the flux of the vector field 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑘 over the unit sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1.

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Divergence Theorem

Solution:
First we compute the divergence of 𝐹 :

𝜕 (𝑧) 𝜕 (𝑦) 𝜕 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹) = + + =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

The unit sphere 𝑆 is the boundary of the unit ball 𝐵 given by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1 . Thus the Divergence
Theorem gives the flux as ∬ ∭
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹)𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝐵

∭
4 2 4
= 1𝑑𝑉 = 𝑉 (𝐵) = (1) 𝜋 = 𝜋
𝐵 3 3

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Divergence Theorem

Example 1.32

Evaluate 𝑆 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 , where

∬

2
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑧 ) 𝑗 + sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑘

and 𝑆 is the surface of the region 𝐸 bounded by the parabolic cylinder 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and the
planes 𝑧 = 0 , 𝑦 = 0 , and 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.

Solution:

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Divergence Theorem
It would be extremely difficult to evaluate the given surface integral directly. (We would have to
evaluate four surface integrals corresponding to the four pieces of 𝑆 .) Furthermore, the divergence
of 𝐹 is much less complicated than 𝐹 itself:
2
𝜕 (𝑥𝑦) 𝜕 (𝑒 𝑥𝑧 ) 𝜕 (sin(𝑥𝑦))
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 = + + = 3𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Therefore we use the Divergence Theorem to transform the given surface integral into a triple
integral. The easiest way to evaluate the triple integral is to express 𝐸 as a type 3 region:

𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) : −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ (1 − 𝑥 2 ), 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ (2 − 𝑧)}

Then we’ve ∬ ∭
𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹)𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝐸

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Divergence Theorem

∫ 1 ∫ 1−𝑥 2 ∫ 2−𝑦
=3 𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
−1 0 0

184
=
35

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