Computer Studies Scheme

(Beginner to Advanced)
Module 1: Introduction to Computers
Week 1

 What is a computer?
 Characteristics of a computer
 Importance of computers
 Areas where computers are used

Week 2

 History of computers
 Generations of computers
 Evolution of computers

Week 3

 Classification of computers
o By size
o By purpose
o By data processing (Analog, Digital, Hybrid)

Module 2: Computer Hardware

Week 4

 Components of a computer system

o Hardware
o Software
o Peopleware

Week 5

 Input devices
 Output devices

Week 6
  Storage devices
 Memory devices
o RAM
o ROM
o Cache Memory

Week 7

 CPU
 ALU
 CU
 Registers

Module 3: Software
Week 8

 What is software?
 Types of software

Week 9

 System software
 Operating systems

Week 10

 Application software
 Utility software

Module 4: Data Representation

Week 11

 Data vs Information
 Bit
 Byte

Week 12
  Binary Number System
 Decimal
 Octal
 Hexadecimal

Week 13

 Number conversion

Module 5: Microsoft Windows

Week 14

 Desktop
 Icons
 Taskbar
 Start Menu

Week 15

 File Management
 Folders
 Drives

Module 6: Microsoft Word

Week 16

 Interface
 Ribbon
 Tabs
 Groups

Week 17

 Typing
 Editing
 Saving
 Opening
Week 18

 Formatting
 Font
 Paragraph
 Styles

Week 19

 Tables
 Pictures
 Shapes
 SmartArt

Week 20

 Page Layout
 Margins
 Orientation
 Columns

Week 21

 Mail Merge

Week 22

 Printing
 Page Setup
 Headers
 Footers

Module 7: Microsoft Excel

Week 23

 Workbook
 Worksheet

Week 24

 Rows
 Columns
  Cells

Week 25

 Formula
 Functions

Week 26

 Charts

Module 8: Microsoft PowerPoint

Week 27

 Slides
 Themes

Week 28

 Animation
 Transition

Week 29

 Presentation

Module 9: Internet
Week 30

 Internet
 WWW
 Website
 Browser

Week 31

 Search Engines
 Email
Week 32

 Social Media
 Cloud Computing

Definition of a Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine that receives data, processes it,
stores it, and produces useful information.
 Characteristics Of A Computer
1. Speed
A computer performs operations very fast, often in microseconds,
nanoseconds, or even picoseconds.

Example:
A computer can calculate millions or billions of numbers in one second.

Definition:

Speed is the ability of a computer to process data very quickly.

2. Accuracy
A computer produces correct results if the data entered and the
instructions given are correct.

Remember the saying:

Garbage In, Garbage Out (GIGO)

If you enter wrong data, the computer will also produce wrong results.

Definition:

Accuracy is the ability of a computer to produce correct results when

given correct data and instructions.

3. Storage Capacity
A computer can store large amounts of data and information for future
use.
Examples:

 Documents
 Pictures
 Videos
 Music
 Databases

Definition:

Storage capacity is the ability of a computer to store large amounts

of data and retrieve it whenever needed.

4. Diligence (Consistency)
A computer does not become tired or bored.

It can perform the same task repeatedly with the same speed and accuracy.

Example:
A computer can print 10,000 examination results without getting tired.

Definition:

Diligence is the ability of a computer to work continuously without

fatigue or loss of efficiency.

5. Reliability
A computer gives dependable and consistent results.

If the same data and instructions are entered repeatedly, the computer
produces the same result.

Definition:

Reliability is the ability of a computer to perform tasks accurately

and consistently over time.
6. Automation
Once a program is started, the computer can complete the task automatically
without continuous human assistance.

Example:
A payroll system calculates employees' salaries automatically after the
required information is entered.

Definition:

Automation is the ability of a computer to perform tasks

automatically once it has been programmed.

7. Versatility
A computer can perform many different kinds of tasks.

For example, the same computer can be used to:

 Type documents
 Browse the internet
 Play games
 Edit videos
 Design graphics
 Write programs

Definition:

Versatility is the ability of a computer to perform different types of

tasks.

8. Large Memory
Computers can remember information for a very long time.

They can store data in:

 Hard drives
  SSDs
 USB flash drives
 Cloud storage

Definition:

Large memory is the ability of a computer to retain vast amounts of

data for future use.

9. Multitasking
A computer can perform several tasks at the same time.

Example:
You can:

 Listen to music
 Type in Microsoft Word
 Download a file
 Browse the internet

all at once.

Definition:

Multitasking is the ability of a computer to execute multiple tasks

simultaneously.

10. No Intelligence (No IQ)

A computer cannot think, reason, or make decisions on its own like a
human.

It only follows the instructions it has been given.

Definition:

A computer has no intelligence of its own; it operates only according

to programmed instructions.
11. No Feelings or Emotions
A computer has no emotions.

It cannot:

 Feel happy
 Feel sad
 Become angry
 Love or hate

It simply processes instructions.

Areas Where Computers Are used

1. Education
Computers have transformed teaching and learning.

They are used to:

 Conduct online classes.

 Research information.
 Prepare assignments and projects.
 Create presentations.
 Write examinations (CBT).

Example:
Students use computers to type assignments in Microsoft Word and research
topics on the internet.

2. Communication
Computers make communication faster and easier.

People use computers to:

 Send emails.
 Chat online.
 Make video calls.
 Attend virtual meetings.

Example:
A teacher in Nigeria can teach students in another country through Zoom or
Google Meet.

3. Business and Commerce

Businesses use computers to:

 Keep financial records.

 Prepare invoices.
 Manage inventory.
 Process salaries.
 Perform online banking.

Example:
Supermarkets use computers to calculate customers' bills and manage stock.

4. Banking and Finance

Banks use computers to:

 Process deposits and withdrawals.

 Manage customer accounts.
 Transfer money electronically.
 Operate ATMs.
 Detect fraudulent transactions.

Example:
When you withdraw money from an ATM, a computer processes the
transaction in seconds.
5. Healthcare
Hospitals use computers to:

 Store patients' records.

 Diagnose diseases.
 Perform medical imaging (CT scans, MRI).
 Schedule appointments.
 Monitor patients' vital signs.

Example:
Doctors use computers to view X-ray and CT scan images.

6. Science and Research

Scientists use computers to:

 Analyze research data.

 Conduct simulations.
 Make scientific calculations.
 Predict weather.
 Study space.

Example:
Meteorologists use computers to forecast the weather.

7. Entertainment
Computers provide many forms of entertainment.

People use them to:

 Watch movies.
 Listen to music.
 Play games.
 Edit videos.
 Stream content online.
Example:
Watching YouTube or playing computer games.

8. Transportation
Computers help in:

 Booking flight and bus tickets.

 Air traffic control.
 Vehicle navigation (GPS).
 Traffic management.

Example:
Air traffic controllers use computers to monitor aircraft and ensure safe
travel.

9. Government
Governments use computers to:

 Keep citizens' records.

 Collect taxes.
 Conduct population censuses.
 Manage elections.
 Deliver public services.

Example:
Government agencies use computers to issue passports and driver's licences.

10. Manufacturing and Industry

Factories use computers to:

 Control machines.
 Design products.
 Monitor production.
 Improve quality control.
Example:
Robots in car manufacturing are controlled by computers.

11. Agriculture
Farmers use computers to:

 Monitor crops.
 Track weather conditions.
 Manage farm records.
 Operate modern farming equipment.

Example:
Computers help farmers decide the best time to plant and harvest.

12. Security and Defence

Computers are used to:

 Monitor security cameras.

 Identify fingerprints.
 Control surveillance systems.
 Support military operations.

Example:
Airports use computers to screen passengers and luggage.

13. Engineering and Design

Engineers and architects use computers to:

 Design buildings.
 Create machine parts.
 Produce technical drawings.
 Perform engineering calculations.
Example:
Architects use CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software to design houses.

History Of Computer
Introduction
The history of the computer refers to the story of how computers
developed from simple counting tools into the powerful electronic machines
we use today.

Thousands of years ago, people had no calculators or computers. They

performed calculations using their fingers, stones, sticks, and other simple
objects. As trade, business, science, and engineering became more
advanced, people needed faster and more accurate methods of calculation.
This led to the invention of various calculating devices, which gradually
evolved into modern computers.

Early Computing Devices

1. Fingers and Stones (Prehistoric Period)
The earliest method of counting involved using fingers, toes, stones,
sticks, and marks on walls.

People used these methods to count:

 Animals
 Food supplies
 Money
 Household items

Although simple, these methods became inadequate as calculations grew

more complex.
2. The Abacus (Around 3000 BC)
The Abacus is widely regarded as the first calculating device.

It was invented in ancient civilizations such as China and Mesopotamia and

consists of a rectangular frame with rods and movable beads.

Uses

 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division

Although it cannot store information or perform calculations automatically,

the abacus greatly improved calculation speed compared to counting with
fingers.

3. Napier's Bones (1617)

John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, invented Napier's Bones.

It consisted of numbered rods that simplified multiplication, division, and the

calculation of square roots.

This invention laid the foundation for later mechanical calculators.

4. Slide Rule (1622)

The Slide Rule was invented by William Oughtred.

Scientists and engineers used it for over 300 years.

It could perform:

 Multiplication
 Division
 Square roots
 Logarithms
  Trigonometric calculations

Before electronic calculators, the slide rule was an essential scientific

instrument.

5. Pascaline (1642)
The Pascaline was invented by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician.

It was one of the first successful mechanical calculators.

It could perform

 Addition
 Subtraction

Pascal invented it to help his father, who worked as a tax collector.

6. Leibniz Calculator (1673)

The German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved Pascal's
calculator.

His machine, called the Stepped Reckoner, could perform:

 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division

This represented a major improvement over earlier calculating devices.

7. Difference Engine (1822)

The Difference Engine was designed by Charles Babbage.

It was intended to calculate complex mathematical tables automatically.

Although it was never fully completed during his lifetime, it introduced many
concepts used in modern computers.

8. Analytical Engine (1837)

Charles Babbage later designed the Analytical Engine.

It is considered the first design of a general-purpose computer because

it included ideas similar to modern computers, such as:

 An input unit
 A processing unit
 Memory
 An output unit

For this reason, Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of the

Computer."

9. Ada Lovelace
Ada Lovelace worked with Charles Babbage.

She wrote instructions for the Analytical Engine and is widely recognized as
the world's first computer programmer.

She realized that computers could do more than calculations—they could also
manipulate symbols and solve different kinds of problems.

10. Hollerith Tabulating Machine (1890)

Herman Hollerith invented the Tabulating Machine, which used punched
cards to process information.

It was used during the 1890 United States Census, reducing the time
needed to process census data from several years to about one year.

His company later became part of IBM (International Business

Machines).
Electronic Computers
The twentieth century marked the beginning of electronic computers.

Instead of gears and wheels, these machines used electricity and electronic
components, making them much faster and more powerful.

Examples include:

 ENIAC (1945) – One of the first large-scale electronic general-purpose

computers.
 UNIVAC I (1951) – One of the first commercial computers used by businesses
and government organizations.

These developments led to the modern computers we use today, including

desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
Introduction
The generation of computers refers to the different stages in the
development and evolution of computers based on the major technological
improvements made over time.

Each generation introduced new technology that made computers smaller,

faster, more reliable, more powerful, and easier to use.

Computers are generally classified into five generations.

FIRST GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS (1940 – 1956)
Description
The first generation marked the beginning of electronic computers. These
computers used vacuum tubes as their main electronic component. A
vacuum tube is a glass electronic device used to control the flow of
electricity.

These computers were very large, occupied entire rooms, generated

excessive heat, consumed large amounts of electricity, and were very
expensive to operate.

Programming was done using machine language, which consists entirely of

binary numbers (0s and 1s).

Characteristics
 Used vacuum tubes.
 Very large in size.
 Consumed enormous electricity.
 Produced a lot of heat.
 Slow compared to modern computers.
 Used machine language only.
 Very expensive.
 Limited storage capacity.

Advantages
 First successful electronic computers.
 Faster than mechanical computers.

Disadvantages
 Extremely expensive.
 Large and bulky.
 Generated excessive heat.
 Frequent breakdowns.
 Consumed a lot of power.
Examples
 ENIAC
 EDVAC
 UNIVAC I

SECOND GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS (1956 – 1963)
Description
The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors.

A transistor is much smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable than a

vacuum tube.

This made computers smaller, more efficient, and more dependable. During
this period, programmers began using assembly language and early high-
level programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

Characteristics
 Used transistors.
 Smaller than first-generation computers.
 Faster processing speed.
 Less heat production.
 More reliable.
 Lower electricity consumption.
 Used assembly and high-level languages.

Advantages
 More reliable.
 Smaller size.
  Faster performance.
 Less expensive than first-generation computers.
 Lower power consumption.

Disadvantages
 Still generated some heat.
 Required regular maintenance.

Examples
 IBM 1401
 IBM 7094
 CDC 1604

THIRD GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS (1964 – 1971)
Description
The third generation introduced the Integrated Circuit (IC).

An integrated circuit is a small silicon chip containing many electronic

components.

This innovation greatly reduced the size of computers while increasing their
speed and reliability.

Computers became capable of running several programs at the same time

(multiprogramming).

Characteristics
 Used integrated circuits (ICs).
  Smaller and lighter.
 Faster processing.
 More reliable.
 Lower heat production.
 Supported operating systems.
 Supported multiprogramming.

Advantages
 Very reliable.
 Faster operation.
 Lower maintenance cost.
 Less electricity consumption.
 Greater storage capacity.

Disadvantages
 More expensive to manufacture than second-generation computers.
 Required sophisticated technology to produce.

Examples
 IBM System/360
 PDP-8
 Honeywell 6000

FOURTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS (1971 – PRESENT)
Description
The fourth generation introduced the microprocessor.

A microprocessor places the entire CPU on a single silicon chip.

This breakthrough led to the invention of personal computers (PCs),
laptops, and modern desktop computers.

Most computers used today belong to this generation.

Characteristics
 Uses microprocessors.
 Very small in size.
 Extremely fast.
 High storage capacity.
 User-friendly.
 Affordable.
 Supports networking and the internet.

Advantages
 Very fast.
 Portable.
 Reliable.
 Easy to use.
 Large memory.
 Low power consumption.
 Low maintenance cost.

Disadvantages
 Can become outdated quickly.
 Vulnerable to viruses and cyberattacks if not properly protected.

Examples
 IBM PC
 Apple Macintosh
 Desktop computers
 Laptop computers
FIFTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS (PRESENT AND
BEYOND)
Description
The fifth generation focuses on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

These computers are designed to simulate aspects of human intelligence,

such as learning, reasoning, understanding language, and solving complex
problems.

Modern AI systems, robotics, machine learning, natural language processing,

and ongoing quantum computing research are associated with this
generation.

Characteristics
 Uses Artificial Intelligence.
 Supports machine learning.
 Can recognize speech and images.
 Can process natural language.
 Very high processing speed.
 Handles extremely large amounts of data.

Advantages
 Highly intelligent.
 Extremely fast.
 Automates complex tasks.
 Improves decision-making.
 Increases productivity.
Disadvantages
 Expensive to develop and maintain.
 Raises ethical and privacy concerns.
 May reduce demand for some jobs through automation.

Examples
 AI assistants
 Self-driving vehicle systems
 Advanced robotics
 AI-powered medical diagnostic systems

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Introduction
The classification of computers refers to the grouping of computers
according to their size, purpose, and the type of data they process.

Computers are classified to help us understand their capabilities, functions,

and areas of application.

Computers are mainly classified in three ways:

1. Classification by Size
2. Classification by Purpose
3. Classification by Data Processing
1. CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS BY SIZE
This classification groups computers according to their physical size,
processing power, storage capacity, and the number of users they
can support.

There are four major classes.

A. Microcomputer
Definition
A microcomputer is the smallest type of computer designed for use by one
person at a time.

It uses a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).

Today, microcomputers are the most common computers in homes, schools,

and offices.

Characteristics
 Small in size.
 Uses a microprocessor.
 Supports one user.
 Affordable.
 Easy to operate.
 Low power consumption.

Uses
 Typing documents
 Internet browsing
 Programming
  Gaming
 Watching movies
 Online learning

Examples
 Desktop computer
 Laptop computer
 Notebook computer
 Tablet
 Smartphone

B. Minicomputer
Definition
A minicomputer is a medium-sized computer that is more powerful than a
microcomputer but less powerful than a mainframe.

It supports multiple users simultaneously.

Characteristics
 Medium-sized.
 Faster than microcomputers.
 Supports several users.
 Larger memory.
 Used in organizations.

Uses
 Universities
 Banks
 Factories
 Hospitals
Examples
 PDP-11
 VAX Computers

C. Mainframe Computer
Definition
A mainframe computer is a very large and powerful computer capable of
processing enormous amounts of data while supporting hundreds or
thousands of users at the same time.

Characteristics
 Very large.
 Extremely powerful.
 Huge storage capacity.
 Highly reliable.
 Supports many users simultaneously.

Uses
 Banks
 Government agencies
 Airlines
 Insurance companies
 Large corporations

Examples
 IBM zSeries
 IBM System z
D. Supercomputer
Definition
A supercomputer is the most powerful and fastest type of computer in the
world.

It performs billions or trillions of calculations every second.

Characteristics
 Largest processing power.
 Extremely high speed.
 Massive storage.
 Very expensive.
 Used for scientific research.

Uses
 Weather forecasting
 Space exploration
 Scientific simulations
 Nuclear research
 Artificial Intelligence research

Examples
 Frontier
 Fugaku

Summary of Classification by Size

 Type Users Speed Examples
Microcomput Desktop,
One Moderate
er Laptop
Minicomputer Several High PDP-11
Mainframe Hundreds to Thousands Very High IBM zSeries
Supercomput Thousands of tasks Extremely Frontier,
er simultaneously High Fugaku

2. CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS BY PURPOSE
This classification is based on what the computer is designed to do.

There are two categories.

A. General-Purpose Computer
Definition
A general-purpose computer is designed to perform many different
tasks.

It is flexible because users can install different software for different jobs.

Characteristics
 Performs many tasks.
 Flexible.
 Widely used.
 Supports different applications.

Uses
 Typing
  Browsing
 Programming
 Accounting
 Graphic design
 Gaming

Examples
 Desktop computers
 Laptops
 Tablets
 Smartphones

B. Special-Purpose Computer
Definition
A special-purpose computer is designed to perform one specific task.

It is programmed for a particular function and cannot easily perform

unrelated tasks.

Characteristics
 Performs one task.
 Highly efficient.
 Fast.
 Less flexible.

Uses
 ATM machines
 Traffic light control
 Washing machines
 Industrial machines
  Aircraft control systems

Examples
 ATM
 Calculator
 Microwave oven controller
 Engine Control Unit (ECU)

Summary of Classification by
Purpose
Type Function Examples
General-
Performs many tasks Laptop, Desktop
Purpose
Special- Performs one specific ATM, Traffic Light
Purpose task Controller

3. CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS BY DATA PROCESSING
This classification depends on the type of data the computer processes.

There are three categories.

A. Analog Computer
Definition
An analog computer processes continuous data.

Continuous data changes smoothly and can take any value within a range.
Characteristics
 Processes continuous data.
 Measures physical quantities.
 Very fast for measurement tasks.
 Less precise than digital computers.

Uses
 Measuring temperature
 Measuring speed
 Measuring pressure
 Measuring voltage

Examples
 Speedometer
 Thermometer
 Voltmeter
 Pressure gauge

B. Digital Computer
Definition
A digital computer processes discrete data, such as numbers, letters, and
symbols.

Most modern computers are digital computers.

Characteristics
 Processes discrete data.
  Highly accurate.
 Stores data.
 Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Uses
 Office work
 Education
 Banking
 Programming
 Business

Examples
 Desktop computer
 Laptop
 Smartphone
 Calculator

C. Hybrid Computer
Definition
A hybrid computer combines the features of both analog and digital
computers.

It processes both continuous and discrete data.

Characteristics
 Combines analog and digital technology.
 High speed.
 Highly accurate.
 Used in specialized fields.
Uses
 Hospitals
 Scientific laboratories
 Petrol stations
 Weather forecasting

Examples
 CT Scan Machine
 ICU Patient Monitor
 Petrol Pump
 Weather Forecasting System

Summary of Classification by Data

Processing
Type Data Processed Examples
Analo
Continuous data Thermometer, Speedometer
g
Digita
Discrete data Laptop, Desktop, Smartphone
l
Hybri Both continuous and discrete CT Scanner, ICU Monitor, Petrol
d data Pump

Microcomputer, Minicomputer, Mainframe,

By Size
Supercomputer
By Purpose General-Purpose, Special-Purpose
By Data
Analog, Digital, Hybrid
Processing
 Components Of A Computer
System
A computer system is a combination of different software working together to
perform data processing tasks. This components comprises of the physical,
the non – physical parts, and the people who use the computer. Without this
components data processing cycle would not be possible.

The major components of the computer system are:

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Peopleware

1. HARDWARE
Definition
Hardware refers to all the physical and tangible parts of a computer
system that can be seen and touched.

Hardware performs the actual processing of data under the control of

software.

Examples include the monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, system unit, hard
disk, and scanner.

Types of Hardware
Hardware is divided into four major categories.

A. Input Devices

These are devices used to enter data and instructions into the
computer.

Examples:

 Keyboard
 Mouse
  Scanner
 Microphone
 Webcam
 Joystick
 Barcode Reader

B. Processing Devices

These are responsible for processing data.

The main processing device is the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

The CPU consists of:

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

 Control Unit (CU)
 Registers

The CPU is often called the brain of the computer because it controls all
computer operations.

C. Output Devices

These display processed information.

Examples:

 Monitor
 Printer
 Speakers
 Plotter
 Projector

D. Storage Devices

These store data and information for future use.

Examples:

 Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

 Solid State Drive (SSD)
 Flash Drive
  Memory Card
 CD/DVD

Importance of Hardware
Hardware enables users to:

 Enter data.
 Process information.
 Display results.
 Store files permanently.

2. SOFTWARE
Definition
Software refers to the collection of programs and instructions that tell
the computer what to do.

Unlike hardware, software cannot be seen or touched physically.

Without software, computer hardware cannot perform any meaningful task.

Types of Software
A. System Software

System software controls the operation of the computer and manages

hardware resources.

Examples:

 Windows
 Linux
 macOS
 Android
B. Application Software

Application software enables users to perform specific tasks.

Examples:

 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft PowerPoint
 Google Chrome
 Adobe Photoshop

C. Utility Software

Utility software helps maintain and protect the computer.

Examples:

 Antivirus programs
 Disk Cleanup
 Backup software
 Disk Defragmenter

Importance of Software
Software enables users to:

 Operate the computer.

 Write documents.
 Browse the internet.
 Edit pictures.
 Play multimedia.

3. PEOPLEWARE (HUMANWARE)
Definition
Peopleware (also called Humanware) refers to the people who design,
operate, manage, maintain, and use computer systems.
A computer cannot work by itself. Human beings are needed to operate and
control it.

Categories of Peopleware
System Analyst

Studies problems and designs computer solutions.

Programmer

Writes computer programs using programming languages.

Examples:

 JavaScript
 Python
 Java
 C++

Computer Operator

Operates computer systems daily.

Network Administrator

Manages computer networks.

Database Administrator

Maintains databases.
End User

Uses the computer to perform everyday tasks.

Examples:

 Students
 Teachers
 Bank workers
 Doctors

Importance of Peopleware
People:

 Operate computers.
 Develop software.
 Maintain hardware.
 Solve computer problems.
 Make decisions.

INPUT DEVICES
Introduction
An input device is a hardware component that enables users to enter data,
instructions, and commands into a computer for processing.

Input devices serve as the communication link between the user and the
computer. Without them, the computer would not receive any information to
process.

For example, when you type on a keyboard, click a mouse, speak into a
microphone, or scan a document, you are using an input device.
Definition
An input device is any hardware device used to enter data,
instructions, and commands into a computer system for processing.

Functions of Input Devices

Input devices perform several important functions:

 Enter data into the computer.

 Enter instructions and commands.
 Allow users to communicate with the computer.
 Convert user actions into digital signals that the computer can understand.
 Facilitate interaction between the user and software applications.

Characteristics of Input Devices

Most input devices:

 Are hardware components.

 Accept data from the user.
 Send data to the CPU for processing.
 Convert physical actions into electronic signals.
 Work together with software to perform specific tasks.

Types of Input Devices

Input devices can be classified into:

 Text Input Devices

 Pointing Devices
 Image Input Devices
 Audio Input Devices
 Video Input Devices
 Biometric Input Devices
  Gaming Input Devices

1. Keyboard
Definition
A keyboard is the most commonly used input device. It is used to enter
letters, numbers, symbols, and commands into a computer.

It resembles a typewriter but contains additional function and control keys.

Parts of a Keyboard
A standard keyboard contains:

A. Alphanumeric Keys

Used for typing letters, numbers, and punctuation marks.

Example:

A, B, C, 1, 2, 3

B. Function Keys

Located at the top of the keyboard.

They are labeled:

F1 – F12

Each performs a special function depending on the software.

C. Numeric Keypad

Located on the right side.

Used for entering numbers quickly.

D. Control Keys

Examples include:

 Ctrl
 Alt
 Esc
 Windows Key

They are used together with other keys to perform commands.

E. Navigation Keys

Examples:

 Arrow Keys
 Home
 End
 Page Up
 Page Down

Used for moving around a document.

Advantages
 Fast typing.
 Easy to use.
 Highly accurate.

Disadvantages
 Requires typing skills.
 Can become damaged by dust or liquids.
2. Mouse
Definition
A mouse is a pointing device used to control the movement of the cursor on
the screen.

It allows users to select, open, drag, and move objects.

Main Parts
 Left Button
 Right Button
 Scroll Wheel

Common Mouse Operations

 Click
 Double-click
 Right-click
 Drag and Drop
 Scroll

Advantages
 Easy to learn.
 Speeds up navigation.

Disadvantages
 Needs a flat surface (for many models).
 Less convenient for extensive text entry.
3. Scanner
Definition
A scanner is an input device used to convert printed documents and
photographs into digital form.

It creates an electronic copy that can be stored or edited.

Uses
 Scanning certificates.
 Scanning photographs.
 Digitizing books.
 Archiving documents.

4. Microphone
Definition
A microphone is an input device used to capture sound and convert it into
digital signals.

Uses
 Voice recording.
 Online meetings.
 Video conferencing.
 Voice commands.
 Podcasting.

5. Webcam
Definition
A webcam is a camera connected to a computer that captures live images
and videos.

Uses
 Online classes.
 Video calls.
 Virtual meetings.
 Live streaming.

6. Joystick
Definition
A joystick is a pointing input device mainly used for controlling movement in
games and simulations.

Uses
 Flight simulators.
 Video games.
 Robotics.

7. Light Pen
Definition
A light pen is a pen-shaped pointing device used to draw or select items
directly on compatible screens.

Although rarely used today, it was common on older computer systems.

8. Touchscreen
Definition
A touchscreen is both an input and output device.

It displays information and allows users to interact with the computer by

touching the screen.

Examples
 Smartphones
 Tablets
 ATM machines
 Self-service kiosks

9. Barcode Reader
Definition
A barcode reader is an input device that reads barcodes and sends the
information to the computer.

Uses
 Supermarkets.
 Warehouses.
 Libraries.
 Hospitals.

10. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

Definition
An Optical Mark Reader (OMR) reads marks made on specially designed
forms.

Uses
 WAEC examinations.
 JAMB examinations.
 Surveys.
 Questionnaires.

11. Optical Character Reader

(OCR)
Definition
An Optical Character Reader (OCR) recognizes printed characters and
converts them into editable text.

Uses
 Digitizing books.
 Editing scanned documents.
 Document archiving.

12. Magnetic Ink Character Reader

(MICR)
Definition
A Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) reads characters printed with
magnetic ink.

Uses
 Banks.
 Cheque processing.

13. Biometric Scanner

Definition
A biometric scanner identifies people using unique biological features.

Examples
 Fingerprint scanner
 Iris scanner
 Facial recognition system

Uses
 Office attendance.
 Smartphone unlocking.
 Security systems.
 Immigration.

OUTPUT DEVICES
Introduction
An output device is a hardware component that receives processed data
from the computer and presents it to the user in a form that can be
understood.
After the computer processes data entered through input devices, the results
are sent to output devices. These results may appear as text, images,
sound, video, or printed documents.

Without output devices, users would not be able to see, hear, or use the
information processed by the computer.

Definition
An output device is any hardware device that receives processed
data from a computer and presents it to the user in a readable,
visible, audible, or permanent form.

Functions of Output Devices

Output devices perform the following functions:

 Display processed information.

 Produce hard copies of documents.
 Produce soft copies of information.
 Convert electronic signals into forms humans can understand.
 Enable communication between the computer and the user.

Characteristics of Output Devices

Most output devices:

 Receive processed data from the CPU.

 Present information to users.
 Cannot process data themselves.
 Depend on input devices for data entry.
 May produce temporary or permanent output.

Types of Output
Computer output can be classified into two main categories.

1. Soft Copy Output

A soft copy is information displayed electronically and cannot be physically
touched.

Examples include:

 Text displayed on a monitor.

 Images displayed on a screen.
 Audio played through speakers.
 Videos displayed on a screen.

Advantages

 Easy to edit.
 Saves paper.
 Can be shared electronically.

Disadvantages

 Requires electricity.
 Cannot be physically handled.

2. Hard Copy Output

A hard copy is information printed on paper or another physical material.

Examples include:

 Printed examination results.

 Printed letters.
 Printed certificates.
 Printed photographs.

Advantages

 Permanent record.
 Easy to file.
 Can be read without electricity.
Disadvantages

 Uses paper and ink.

 Printing costs money.

Types of Output Devices

The major output devices include:

 Monitor
 Printer
 Speakers
 Plotter
 Projector
 Headphones

1. Monitor (Visual Display Unit -

VDU)
Definition
A monitor is the most common output device. It displays processed
information such as text, pictures, videos, and graphics on the screen.

It is also called the Visual Display Unit (VDU).

Types of Monitors
A. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

Older type of monitor.

Characteristics:

 Large and heavy.

 Consumes more electricity.
  Generates more heat.
 Good picture quality for its time.

B. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Characteristics:

 Thin.
 Lightweight.
 Uses less electricity.
 Better picture quality.

C. LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Characteristics:

 Very thin.
 Brighter display.
 Energy efficient.
 Better colour quality.

Uses
 Viewing documents.
 Watching videos.
 Browsing the internet.
 Gaming.
 Graphic design.

Advantages
 Produces clear images.
 Easy to use.
 Instant display.

Disadvantages
  Requires electricity.
 Can cause eye strain after prolonged use.

2. Printer
Definition
A printer is an output device that produces hard copies of documents on
paper.

Types of Printers
A. Impact Printers
Impact printers print by striking an ink ribbon against paper.

Examples:

 Dot Matrix Printer

 Daisy Wheel Printer
 Line Printer

Advantages

 Can print multiple copies at once.

 Durable.

Disadvantages

 Noisy.
 Slower.
 Lower print quality.

B. Non-Impact Printers
These print without striking the paper.
Examples:

 Inkjet Printer
 Laser Printer
 Thermal Printer

Advantages

 Quiet operation.
 High-quality printing.
 Faster than impact printers.

Disadvantages

 More expensive.
 Ink or toner replacement can be costly.

Uses
 Printing assignments.
 Printing reports.
 Printing photographs.
 Printing certificates.

3. Speakers
Definition
Speakers are output devices that convert digital signals into sound.

Uses
 Playing music.
 Watching movies.
 Video conferencing.
 Online classes.
 Gaming.
Advantages
 Clear sound output.
 Easy communication.

Disadvantages
 Can disturb others if volume is high.
 Requires electrical power.

4. Headphones
Definition
Headphones are audio output devices worn over or inside the ears.

Unlike speakers, headphones allow only the wearer to hear the sound.

Uses
 Online meetings.
 Music.
 Gaming.
 Private listening.

Advantages
 Provides privacy.
 Better sound quality.
Disadvantages
 Prolonged use at high volume may affect hearing.

5. Plotter
Definition
A plotter is a specialized output device used to produce large, high-quality
drawings and graphics.

Unlike ordinary printers, plotters are designed for precision.

Uses
 Engineering drawings.
 Architectural plans.
 Maps.
 Building designs.
 Posters.

Advantages
 Highly accurate.
 Excellent print quality.

Disadvantages
 Expensive.
 Large in size.
 Slower than ordinary printers for regular documents.
6. Projector
Definition
A projector is an output device that projects images from a computer onto a
large screen or wall.

Uses
 Classroom teaching.
 Conferences.
 Seminars.
 Business presentations.
 Church services.

Advantages
 Large display.
 Suitable for many viewers.

Disadvantages
 Requires a dark or dim room for best visibility.
 Can be expensive.

Comparison of Output Devices

Output Type of
Main Use
Device Output

Monitor Soft Copy Displays text, images, and videos

Printer Hard Copy Prints documents on paper

 Output Type of
Main Use
Device Output

Speakers Audio Produces sound

Headphones Audio Private listening

Prints maps and engineering

Plotter Hard Copy
drawings

Displays images to a large

Projector Visual
audience

Importance of Output Devices

Output devices are important because they:

 Display processed information.

 Produce printed documents.
 Enable communication through sound and images.
 Support education and presentations.
 Improve productivity in homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.

Advantages of Output Devices

 Easy access to information.
 Improve communication.
 Produce permanent records.
 High-quality visual and audio output.
 Increase efficiency.

Disadvantages of Output Devices

 Require electricity.
 Some are expensive.
 May require maintenance.
 Some produce noise (e.g., impact printers).
Difference Between Input and
Output Devices
Input Devices Output Devices

Used to enter data into the Used to display processed

computer. information.

Receive processed data from the

Send data to the CPU.
CPU.

Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Examples: Monitor, Printer,

Scanner. Speakers.