Python Programming - Complete Notes
A concise but comprehensive Python reference covering basics, data structures, functions,
OOP, files, exceptions, modules, advanced topics, and common interview concepts.
Introduction
Python is a high-level, interpreted, object-oriented programming language known for
readability and a vast ecosystem.
Installation
Download Python from [Link] and verify with python --version or python3 --version.
Syntax
Variables, indentation, comments, input/output, operators, and expressions.
Data Types
int, float, complex, bool, str, list, tuple, set, dict, None.
Strings
Indexing, slicing, methods, formatting with f-strings.
Lists
Creation, indexing, slicing, append, extend, insert, remove, pop, sort, reverse.
Tuples
Immutable sequences and tuple packing/unpacking.
Sets
Unique unordered elements; union, intersection, difference.
Dictionaries
Key-value pairs; get, keys, values, items, update.
Control Flow
if, elif, else, for, while, break, continue, pass.
Functions
def, parameters, return, default arguments, *args, **kwargs, lambda.
Comprehensions
List, set, and dictionary comprehensions.
Modules & Packages
import, from ... import, creating modules, __name__ == '__main__'.
File Handling
open, read, write, append, with statement.
Exception Handling
try, except, else, finally, raise.
Object-Oriented Programming
Classes, objects, attributes, methods, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction.
Iterators & Generators
iter, next, yield, generator expressions.
Decorators
Wrapping functions with @decorator syntax.
Context Managers
with statement and custom context managers.
Regular Expressions
re module, search, match, findall, sub.
Standard Library
math, random, datetime, os, sys, pathlib, json, collections.
Virtual Environments
python -m venv venv and activation commands.
PIP
Installing packages with pip install package_name.
NumPy
Arrays, indexing, vectorized operations, broadcasting.
Pandas
Series, DataFrame, reading CSV, filtering, grouping.
Matplotlib
Basic plotting: line, bar, scatter, histogram.
Working with APIs
requests library, GET/POST, JSON parsing.
SQLite
sqlite3 module, creating tables, CRUD operations.
Concurrency
threading, multiprocessing, and asyncio overview.
Testing
assert, unittest, and pytest basics.
Best Practices
Meaningful names, functions, modules, error handling, virtual environments, formatting
with black and linting.
Interview Topics
Time complexity, recursion, sorting, searching, dictionaries vs lists, mutable vs immutable
objects.
Mini Example
def factorial(n):
return 1 if n <= 1 else n * factorial(n-1)
print(factorial(5))
Conclusion
Python is widely used in automation, web development, data science, AI/ML, scripting,
cybersecurity, and software engineering.