!

%lLarge Numbers
earning Outcomes @ Q
Students will be able to: <«
« read and write 7, 8 and 9-digit numbers
& -+ practice the place values of the Indian and International systems of numeration
« identify the place value, face value, successor and predecessor
+ write numbers in expanded form, standard form, ascending and descending order
« round off numbers to the ncarest tens, hundreds, thousands and ten thousands
« form greatest and smallest number using the given digits
+ convert Roman numerals into Hindu-Arabic numbers and vice versa

oot st co..
Poem on Large Numbers
Numbers, numbers, numbers.
Some are small, some are big,
and there are some, oy
that are large.
10-digit mobile numbers,
$y 12-digit Aadhaar card numbers, 3
i ; 14-digit bank account numbers,
16-digit debit card numbers.
Be it science or business, 3
numbers we must know,
So, let's gear up and learn,
large numbers on the go.
Large numbers are often represented in simpler forms, such as millions, to make
them easier to understand. For example, the population of a large city like Mumbai is
approximately 20 million (20,000,000), the average distance from Earth to the Moon is
about 384 million metres (384,000,000 metres).

We know that the number system can be extended up to crores and even beyond. Let
us understand further.

+ Greatest 1-digit number + 1 = Smallest 2-digit number (e, 9+1=10)

« Greatest 2-digit number + 1 = Smallest 3-digit number (i.e, 99 + 1 = 100)

« Greatest 3-digit number + 1 = Smallest 4-digit number (i.e, 999 + 1 = 1,000)

« Greatest 4-digit number + 1 = Smallest 5-digit number (i.e., 9,999 + 1 = 10,000)

We know that the greatest 5-digit number is 99,999.

Let us see which number comes just after 99,999.
When we add 1 to 99,999, we get 99,999 + 1 = 1,00,000.
We read 1,00,000 as one lakh and know that a
number containing more digits is always greater
than the number containing fewer digits. Look at
the following examples.

M Arrange 43,125; 2,15,316; 69,543 in

< act Zone
ascending order.
Solution: Ascending order means arranging Ten lakh is the same ~: a2
as one million. a2
numbers from the smallest to the 45
greatest. So, when we arrange the
given numbers in ascending order, it becomes
43,125 < 69,543 < 2,15,316

Write 6,23,426 in expanded form.

Solution: 6,23,426 = 6 x 1,00,000 + 2 x 10,000 + 3 x 1,000 + 4 x 100 + 2 x 10 + 6 x 1

10
 &> et
set Revise
1. Rotary Club organised an awareness campaign to educate people on the
importance of immunisation for children, on a Sunday. A phenomenal total of
8,40,800 people executed the mission in their respective states all over India. The
campaign was a grand success.

TT 6
I EEE
88 4 BONS8Y
0 [0
(a) Write the number in words.
(b) Write the successor of the number.
(c) Express the number in expanded form.
(d) Write the place value and face value of 4 in the number.
2. Put <, > or = sign in the box.

(a) 367,454 ) 637,454 (® 120001 () 99999

3. Fill in the blank:
99999 +1=
4. Write 30,627 in words.
5. 6 lakhs + 10 thousands =

g System of Numeration @
Now that you're familiar with numbers up to a lakh, let’s dive even further into the
world of large numbers! Imagine you're counting the population of a big city, the
amount of rice a country produces, or the money raised for an international cause—
these all involve very large numbers.
In this chapter, we'll explore numbers up to crores and beyond. We'll see how place
value helps us read and understand these large numbers easily.

11
Numbers are the basic unit of mathematics. A number system is a writing system for
expressing numbers. A system in which the mathematical notation of numbers uses digits
and other symbols in a consistent manner is known as a system of numeration. There are
two systems of numeration, i.e., the Indian system of numeration and the International
system of numeration. These systems are based on place values discussed below.
Place value: The place value of a digit in a number is the value of the digit based on its
position.
Face value: The face value of a digit in a number is the digit itself irrespective of its
position, in the number.

fl' Indian System of Numeration @

The Indian system of numeration is also called the Hindu-Arabic system. In this section,
we will study numbers beyond lakhs. The place value chart is shown below.

Place Value Chart According to the Indian System of Numeration

iCRQRETSf «—— Periods

-
=
s _s TNsaisio
52 S8 sl
NENBels
=2 . £
"8
RNl
B s EENEIERRCAlEE
5o
2s2§
22 £
E=] #8 55 3.
52 |8 S| «——Places
== L) o= o=t € = o
5
==
4 &%
b=
=c 2
=
=
3

The places are grouped under periods that are separated by commas.

The Ones period has 3 places [Ones, Tens and Hundreds].

The thousands period has 2 places [Thousands and Ten Thousands].

The lakhs period has 2 places [Lakhs and Ten Lakhs].

The crores period has 2 places [Crores and Ten Crores].

12
Let us recollect six-digit numbers:
The blue whale is the largest animal in the world.
Blue whales are found in small groups or alone in
all oceans except the Arctic. Each can weigh up
to 199 tonnes, which is approximately 1,99,000
kg. 1,99,000 or one lakh ninety-nine thousand, is a 6-digit number. In the Indian place
value chart, this number is represented as given below:

L TTh Th H il o
1k 9 9 0 0 0

1 Lakh 9 Ten Thousands | 9 Thousands | 0 Hundreds | 0 Tens [0 Ones

1,00,000 90,000 9,000 0 0 0

So, 1,99,000 expressed in the expanded form is 1,00,000 + 90,000 + 9,000

7-digit Numbers
The greatest 6-digit number = 9,99,999
€ act Zone
When we add 1 to the greatest 6-digit )
In the Indian system of numeration < ‘.:
number, we get 9,99,999 + 1 = 10,00,000 the ones period has 3 places and all the4
rest have only 2 places. *
which is the smallest 7-digit number.

The greatest 7-digit number is 99,99,999.

Look at the place value chart and understand how we can represent a 7-digit number.

Ten Lakhs ‘Lakhs Ten Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

L L TTh Th H T (e}

10,00,000 | 1,00,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

13
m Write the place value and face value of all the digits in 25,55,762.

Solution: Place Value Chart.

N v~ e T Won
2 S R ¢ b2
L Place Value \7:{;

2 Ones =2 2
6 Tens =60 6
7 Hundreds =700 7
5 Thousands = 5,000 5
5 Ten Thousands = 50,000 5
5 lakhs = 5,00,000 5
2 Ten Lakhs =20,00000 2

We read 25,55,762 as: Twenty-five lakh fifty-five thousand seven hundred sixty-two.

8-digit Numbers
When we add 1 to the greatest 7-digit number, we get the smallest 8-digit number.
99,99,999 + 1 = 1,00,00,000.
The greatest 8-digit number = 9,99,99,999
Consider the population of a city A is 2,62,42,789. It is an 8-digit number.

Find the place value of each digit in 8,23,47,032.

Solution: Place Value Chart

__“ <«—— Periods

L | Tth Th H O <«—— Places
12|3|4|7|0|3 [2]

14
 In 8,23,47,032, the place value of:
2 =20nes = 2461, = 2
3 =3Tens = 310 = 30
0 = 0 Hundreds = 0x 100 =0
7 =7 Thousands = 7 x 1,000 = 7,000
4 = 4 Ten Thousands = 4 x 10,000 = 40,000
3 = 3 Lakhs = 3 x1,00,000 = 3,00,000
2 = 2 Ten Lakhs = 2 x 10,00,000 = 20,00,000
8 = 8 Crores = 8x1,0000000 = 80000000

9-digit Numbers
When we add 1 to the greatest 8-digit number, we get the smallest 9-digit number.
Greatest 8-digit number = 9,99,99,999
9,99,99,999 + 1 = 10,00,00,000 (smallest 9-digit number)
If the population of a country A is 12,72,84,643, this is a 9-digit number.
Find the place value of each digit in 73,25,67,043.
Solution: Write the numeral 73,25,67,043 in the place value chart given below.
S <— Periods
TC C TL L Tth Th H T O <—Places
L7 [3[2[]s5[]6]7Jo]a]3]
In 73,25,67,043, the place value of:

3 = 3 Ones = 3x1 =3
4 = 4Tens = 4x10 = 40
0 = 0 Hundreds = 0x100 =0
7 = 7 Thousands = 7 x 1,000 = 7,000
6 = 6 Ten Thousands = 6 x 10,000 = 60,000
5 = 5 Lakhs = 5 x 1,00,000 = 5,00,000
2 = 2Ten Lakhs = 2 x 10,00,000 = 20,00,000
3 = 3 Crores = 3x1,0000000 = 3,0000000
7 = 7 Ten Crores = 7 x10,00,00,000 = 70,00,00,000

15
m Write 12,68,05,463 according to the Indian system of numeration.

Solution:

We read this number as twelve crore sixty-eight lakh five thousand four
hundred sixty-three.

8 :C ) Write 678533112 according to the Indian system of

numeration and mark the periods.
Solution: _ « Periods

Periods: 67,85,33,112

mWrite the numerals for the following using the Indian system of
numeration.
(@) Ninety-one crore sixty-four thousand four hundred one.

(b) Thirty-seven crore four lakh two thousand nine.

Solution: Ones
1 T Th H RO Number
@ |9 1 0|0 6 4 4 0 1 |91,00,64,401
(b)| 3 710 4 0 2 0 0 9 |37,04,02,009

Relation between Place Values

10 ones = 1lten 10 ten thousands = 1 lakh

10 tens = 1 hundred & 10 lakhs = 1ten lakh

10 hundreds = 1 thousand 10 ten lakhs = 1 crore

10 thousands = 1 ten thousand 10 crores = 1ten crore

16
Expanded Form and Standard Form
If each digit of a number is written with its place value, we get the expanded form of
the number.
Write 23,05,86,721 in expanded form.
Solution: We can write the expanded form ofa number in any one of the following
three methods:
Method 1: 2 ten crores + 3 crores + 5 lakhs + 8 ten thousands
+ 6 thousands + 7 hundreds + 2 tens + 1 one.
Method 2: 2 x 10,00,00,000 + 3 x 1,00,00,000 + 5 x 1,00,000
+8x10,000+6x1000+7x100+2x10+1x1
Method 3: 20,00,00,000 + 3,00,00,000 + 5,00,000 + 80,000 + 6,000
+700+20+1
Write the following in standard form.
60,00,00,000 + 8,00,00,000 + 20,00,000 + 10,000 + 500 + 60 + 5

Solution: Crores Lakhs

68 20 10 565 = 68,20,10,565
.‘
Colour the Medal

Get Set Practise... 1.1 " e

J_,

G. Write the number names of the following numbers using the Indian system of
numeration.
(a) 1,45,37,619 (b) 50,00,17,009 (c) 6,00,00,010
(2. Write the numerals for the following using the Indian system of numeration.
(a) Twenty crore twenty-nine lakh seventy thousand seven hundred seventeen.
(b) Eight crore thirteen lakh forty thousand twelve.
(c) Six crore six lakh six thousand six.

(3. Write the place value of 5 and 7 in each of the following: @

(a) 5,00,27,934 (b) 40,70,02,050 (c) 70,02,05,004

17
G. Express the following numbers in expanded form.
(a) 54,27,30,560 (b) 12,34,56,789 (c) 3,81,80,700
G. Express the following numbers in standard form.
(a) 30,00,00,000 + 6,00,00,000 + 50,00,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 2,000 + 600 +
50+9

(b) 7 ten crores + 6 crores + 8 ten lakhs + 3 lakhs + 5 ten thousands

+ 7 thousands + 6 hundreds + 5 tens + 3 ones

(c) 8 x 10,00,00,000 + 7 x 10,00,000 + 5 x 10,000 + 4 x 1,000 + 3 x 100

+5x10+7x1

fl* International System of Numeration @

Many countries of the world use the International System of Numeration. We have
already learnt up to thousands. In this class, we will learn up to millions.

Place Value Chart According to the International System of Numeration

.
2 £ e

e B e = | w E .
o id | 23| gl s | Es GRS
=2
== sg gg | =25
=2 | Ee 3% G ellE =l T 28 ol BG =< Places
| 23 | HE Bl e
¥S |23 52| 5= 2% 3 5 = 15}
_Ug c = = 'g E S EE
€ 2 5 5 =
= é =

?‘,thom’—
< alt2
The Indian and International system of A
numeration is based on 10 digits, i.e.0,1,2, -
3,4,5,6,7,8and 9.

18
7-digit Numbers
We represent the smallest 7-digit number on the place value chart according to the
International System of Numeration as follows:

HM ™ M HTh TTh Th H il o
1,000,000 | 100,000 | 10,000 | 1,000 | 100 10 X

m Write the place value, face value, expanded form and standard form of
7,463,216.
Solution: Place Value Chart

HM TM M HTh TTh Th H T O
2|16
1 £ 138 Place Value J;f;

— 6 Ones =6 6
—>1Ten =10 1
‘————>
2 Hundreds =200 2
‘———————— 3 Thousands = 3,000 3
L6 Ten thousands = 60,000 6
4 Hundred thousands = 400,000 4
7 Millions = 7,000,000 7

Standard form= 7,463,216

Expanded form = 7,000,000 + 400,000 + 60,000 + 3,000 + 200 + 10 + 6
7,463,216 is read as seven million four hundred sixty-three thousand two hundred
sixteen.

8-digit Numbers
The greatest 7-digit number = 9,999,999
9,999,999 + 1 = 10,000,000 is the smallest 8-digit number (ten million).
The greatest 8-digit number is 99,999,999 (Ninety-nine million nine hundred ninety-
nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine).

19
Let us represent an 8-digit number using a place value chart.

Place Value Chart

HM ™ M HTh TTh Th H i) ()

10,000,000 | 1,000,000 (100,000| 10,000 | 1,000 | 100 10 1

m Write the place value and face value of each digit in 80,346,245.
Solution:

Face
(81013 [4][6[2[4]5] Blsica Vajum Value
5 Ones = 5
> 4 Tens =40 4
———— 2 Hundreds =200 2
‘———————— 6 Thousands = 6,000 6
‘————————— 4 Ten thousands = 40,000 4
3 Hundred thousands = 300,000 B
0 Millions =0 0
8 Ten millions = 80,000,000 8

9-digit Numbers
When we add 1 to the greatest 8-digit number, we get a 9-digit number.
The greatest 8-digit number = 99,999,999
99,999,999 + 1 = 100,000,000 which is the smallest 9-digit number (i.e., hundred million).
The greatest 9-digit number = 999,999,999 (Nine hundred ninety-nine million nine
hundred ninety-nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine).
Let us now represent a 9-digit number on a place value chart.

HM ™ M HTh TTh Th HES (ST (S C)

100,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 100,000 | 10,000 | 1,000 | 100 (10| 1

20
 Write the numerals for the following using the International system of
numeration.
(@) Six hundred forty-five million seven hundred two thousand eight
hundred sixty-five.
(b) Three hundred seventy-five million three hundred ninety-four
thousand seven.

HM TM M HTh TTh Th H Number

@ | 6 | 4 B 7 0 2 8 6 5 645,702,865
(b) | 3 7 5 3 9 (4|00 7 | 375,394,007

= ol Write 179,605,283 according to the International system of numeration.

Also, write the place value of 6 and 7.

Solution:

179 605 283

We read this number as one hundred seventy-nine million six hundred

five thousand two hundred eighty-three.
Place value of 6: 6 hundred thousands = 600,000

Place value of 7: 70 million = 70,000,000

Relation between Indian and International Systems of Numeration

Indian System of Numeration

International System of Numeration

21
 Indian System of International System of
Numeration Numeration

Smallest 7 - digit number %I'er(\)?.:ff? oln:(’&fi:,):n

Smallest 8 - digit number 102‘1032?: -Lonop?floflfig?\

Smallest 9 - digit number 1(1)5:;(:):)5('):0 Hj:j,:goMoi?l?on

99,99,999 9,999,999
Ninety-nine lakh Nine million nine hundred
Greatest7 - digit number
ninety-nine thousand ninety-nine thousand nine
nine hundred ninety-nine hundred ninety-nine

9,99,99,999 99,999,999
Greatest 8 - digit number Nine crore ninety-nine lakh Ninety-nine million nine hundred
ninety-nine thousand nine ninety-nine thousand nine hundred
hundred ninety-nine ninety-nine

99,99,99,999 999,999,999
Ninety-nine crore ninety-nine Nine hundred ninety-nine million
Greatest 9 - digit number
lakh ninety-nine thousand nine nine hundred ninety-nine thousand
hundred ninety-nine nine hundred ninety-nine

m Insert commas and write the number names for 27615983 according to
both Indian and international systems of numeration.
Solution: Indian system of numeration: 2,76,15,983
Number name: Two crore seventy-six lakh fifteen thousand nine
hundred eighty-three.
International System of Numeration: 27,615, 983
Number name: Twenty-seven million six hundred fifteen thousand
nine hundred eighty-three.

22
 fl* Successor and Predecessor @
The number that comes just after a number is called its successor.
e To find the successor of a number, add 1 to it. Successor

(a) Successor of 51,95,54,319

=51,95,54,319 + 1 = 51,95,54,320
(b) Successor of 99,99,999
=99,99,999 + 1 = 1,00,00,000
e The number that comes just before a number is
called its predecessor.

(a) Predecessor of 3,00,00,000

=3,00,00,000 - 1 = 2,99,99,999
(b) Predecessor of 29,87,65,890

=29,87,65,890 - 1 = 29,87,65,889

a Get Set Practise... 1.2 " Ay

&

G. Write the number names of the following using the International system of
numeration.
(a) 9,682,340 (b) 70,707,007
(c) 327,500,231 (d) 19,888,888

(2. Write the numerals using the International system of numeration. @

(a) Ninety-nine million.
(b) Six hundred five million six thousand six hundred two.

() The smallest eight-digit number.

(d) The largest seven-digit number.

23
G. Insert commas and write the number names of the following using International
system of numeration.
(a) 123468549 (b) 69938469
(c) 4466797 (d) 410203001

G. Write the place value and face value of underlined digits.

(a) 3,004,605 (b) 1,134,565
(c) 5,678,910 (d) 12,124,568

G. Write the successor and predecessor of the following numbers. @

(a) 42,63,587 (b) 1,51,74,368
(c) 24,73,45,754 (d) 36,01,70,513

am&
Iam a 5-digit number. My tens digit is 3 more than my ones digit. My ones g’)
digit is 2. The sum of my hundreds and thousands digit is 9. My hundreds ’,
digit is 4. My ten-thousands digit is 1 more than my tens digit. What is the HOTS
number?

Q Comparing and Ordering Numbers @

COMPARING NUMBERS
Comparison helps us to identify whether a number is greater, lesser or equal to another
number.
The following are the methods to compare large numbers:
1. The number with the greater number of digits is greater.

65,43,27,931 > 8,56,47,321

= < NN~
BN - 55

24
 2. If the given numbers have the same number of digits, compare the digit in the left
most place.

BEZITD 56734258 < 7,5134,265

il

® 6 7 3 4 2 5 8

@ 5 1 3 4 2 6 5

3. If the digits in the leftmost place are equal, then compare the digits in the next
right place and continue till you reach different digits.

BT 6253475 > 6242576

6 2 ®
w

IS

w
6 2 @ 2 5 7 6

4 6 3 5 7 2 9 3

25
ORDERING NUMBERS

Ascending Order

Ascending order means arranging numbers from the smallest to the greatest.

Write 67,76,76,676; 67,66,76,676; 8,54,32,108 and 88,88,870 in ascending

order.

6| 7 (nine digits) (4)>largest

6 7 ®|6|7|6|6|7 6/ ((ninedigits)
3

8[5|4| 3 |2|1]|0]8 | (eightdigits) 2->2nd smallest

88| 8 |8|8|7|0 |(sevendigits)d)y>smallest

* Here we observe that first two numbers consist of 9 digits, and the third
number consists of 8 digits, and the fourth number consists of 7 digits.
¢ We know that the number with fewer digits is smaller.
* So, 88,88,870 is the smallest and 8,54,32,108 is the next smallest number.

* For the largest number, we observe the table and find that the third digit
from the leftmost place is greater in 67,76,76,676. So, it is the largest.

.. The ascending order of the numbers is:

88,88,870 < 8,54,32,108 < 67,66,76,676 < 67,76,76,676

26
Descending Order
Descending order means arranging numbers from the largest to the smallest.

BEIITD Arange 67,32,46,176; 8,23,64,592; 8,24,64,321 and 96,332,431 in

descending order.

Solution:

6 | 7|32 4 6 | 1| 7 | 6 -+>9digits

8|2 |0®| 6 4 | 5 | 9 | 2 -+»8digits

8|2 |@| 6 4 | 3| 2| 1 -+>8digits

9 | 6 3 2 | 4| 3| 1->7digits

After observing the place value table, we find that 67,32,46,176 is the
largest and 96,32,431 is the smallest. For second largest and third largest
numbers, we compare the digits from the leftmost place. We find that
the third digit from the leftmost place is greater in 8,24,64,321. So,
8,24,64,321 is the second largest number.
Hence, descending order is:
67,32,46,176 > 8,24,64,321 > 8,23,64,592 > 96,32,431

fli Forming Numbers @

Forming Greatest and Smallest Number Using the Given Digits

Write the greatest 8-digit number using digits 0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9

without repeating them.
Solution: To write the greatest number, write the greatest digit on the extreme
left. Then write the next greatest digit to its right and so on.
So, the greatest 8-digit number is 9,87,65,310.

27
“Example 2 Write the smallest 8-digit number using digits 0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
without repeating them.
Solution: To write the smallest number, write the smallest digit on the extreme
left. Here, the smallest digit is 0, but we cannot start a number with 0,
so we look at the next smallest digit, which is 1. Write 1 on the extreme
left and then write the digit 0. Subsequently look for the next smallest
number, and so on.
So, the smallest 8-digit number is 1,03,56,789.

Write the greatest and smallest 8-digit numbers using all digits: 0, 1, 3,
5, 6, 7 and 8. You may repeat the digits.
Solution: To write the greatest number, write the greatest digit on the extreme
left. Then write the next greatest digit to its right and so on (place the
greatest digit twice at the highest position in the place value chart).
So, the greatest 8-digit number is 8,87,65,310. To write the smallest
number, write the smallest digit on the extreme left. Here the smallest
digit is 0, but we cannot start a number with 0, so we look at the next
smallest digit, which is 1. Write 1 on the extreme left and write the
digit 0 (placing the 0 twice for forming the smallest number).
So, the smallest 8-digit number is 1,00,35,678. @

Colour
the Medal

Get Set Practise... 1.3 " ey

&

G. Compare the following numbers using <, > or = sign.

(a) 33,42,53,673 34,42,53,673 | (b) 10,11,10,100 10,01,10,200

(c) 527,670,173 527,770,173 E (d) 14,55,41,451 24,56,41,551

(e) 217,159,023 39,240,113 ; (f) 10,00,12,351 9,78,14,201

28
@. Arrange the following numbers in ascending order. @

@ 58,14,62,132 ; 584162132 ; 5814,26,132 ; 5841,62,321

(b) 1,55,85732 ; 15558732 ; 1.5558237 ; 1,58,55732

() 5,00,00,000 ; 5,50,00,000 ; 5,0500,500 ; 5,05,55,555

(d) 72443652 ; 73443652 ; 7,04,99999 ; 70441114

G. Arrange the following numbers in descending order. @

(@) 9,17,23,704 ; 91823704 ; 817,23,704 ; 9,17,24,504 ; 917,223,714

(b) 57,40,30,706; 9,99,99,999 ; 4,99,99,999 ; 57,41,30,706 ; 57,40,30,506

(c) 62,12,76,167; 62,22,76,345; 62,12,97,350; 62,02,87,453 ; 62,12,77,943

(d) 14,33,76,840; 14,36,73,840; 13,44,80,645; 14,33,76,480 ; 14,36,37,840

G. Write the greatest and the smallest possible numbers using the given digits.
(Do not repeat any digit)

Digits Greatest possible number Smallest possible number

(a) 0;6;5/9;8; 3;:2; 1

(b) 7:1:3;619:2:8; 5

(©) 1;0;5:3:7: 849

(d) 2;10:4;6;3;57;8
&b )

Write the greatest and the smallest possible numbers of 8 digits using the
given digits. (You may repeat the digit)

Digits Greatest possible number Smallest possible number

(@ 0;:63:5,9;:8; 251
®) 7; 173;:6;19; 8;5
() 1,037,849

(d) 2;0;6;3;5; 7,8

29
 GET SET CREATE Qgg -

3,48051972

PEPPRPRPE
Arrange boards having single digits.

Give one board to each student.

(i) Ask them to arrange themselves in a sequence so as to make the greatest
possible number.
(i) Ask them to arrange themselves in a sequence so as to make the smallest
possible number.
(iii) Ask students to stand in the order where digit 5 would lie at the lakhs place,
digit 7 lies at ten lakhs place, digit 0 lies at tens place, digit 3 at crores place and
any random sequence for the rest of the numbers.
(iv) Arrange the digits in such a way that the new number lies between 50,80,00,000
and 50,90,00,000.

30
Everyday Math
A new film released on the web received 157869729 hits on the first day and 126897427
hits on the second day. Which day did the film receive greater hits? Write the numeral
in both Indian and international systems of numeration.

_fi' Rounding off Numbers (Estimation) @

Any number can be -

rounded off to the
nearest 10; 100; 1,000;
10,000; etc.

A rough calculation of number, price, quantity, etc., of something is called estimation.

Estimation means finding an approximate value. When numbers are estimated/
approximated to the nearest multiples of 10, 100, 1,000, etc,, it is called rounding off.

31
Rounding off to the Nearest 10
Observe the given number line.

AN
0123
456 78 910
Rules to be followed:
1. While rounding off a number to the nearest 10, if the digit at the ones place is
between 0 to 4, that is < 5, then the ones digit is replaced by ‘0" and the digit at
tens place remains the same.
2. If the digit at the ones place is > 5 or = 5, then the digit in the ones place is
replaced by ‘0 and the digit in tens place is increased by 1.

Round off 24 to the nearest 10.

3
Solution:
20 25 30
The digit at the ones place is less than 5, so the ones place will be
replaced by zero, and tens place digit will remain the same.
24 520 (4<5)

Round off (a) 85 (b) 68 to the nearest 10.

85

Solution: (@) . t
80 85 90

We observe that the digit at the ones place is 5, so the ones

place will be replaced by 0 and the tens place increases by 1.

85590 (ones digitis 5)

68 |
(b) - - +
60 65 70
The digit at the ones place is 8; therefore
68 —> 70 (ones digit is 8)

32
Rounding off to the Nearest 100
Rules to be followed:

1. While rounding off to the nearest hundreds, if the digit at the tens place is between
0 to 4, that is < 5, then the tens and ones places are replaced by '0".
2. If the digit in the tens place is > 5 or = 5, then the tens and ones places are
replaced by ‘0" and the hundreds place is increased by 1.

m Round off 534 to the nearest 100.

534

500 550 600

534 -»500 (3<5)

EETTE) Round off (a) 789 (b) 555 to the nearest 100.
789

7(')0 7%0 860

(a) 789 —» 800 (tens digitis 8 and 8 > 5)

555

500 550 600

(b) 555 — 600 (tens digit is 5)

Rounding off to the Nearest 1,000

Rules to be followed:
1. While rounding off to the nearest thousand, if the digit in the hundreds place is
between 0 to 4, thatis < 5, then the hundreds, tens and ones places are replaced
by ‘0".

2. If the digit in the hundreds place is > 5 or = 5, then the hundreds, tens and ones
places are replaced by ‘0’ and the digit in the thousands place is increased by 1.

33
 Round off 24,173 to the nearest 1,000.
24173

24,000 24,500 25,000

Solution: We observe that the digit at the hundreds place is 1, which is less than
5, so value of 24,173 when rounded off to the nearest 1,000 is 24,000.
24,173 — 24,000 (1<5)

Round off 49,841 to the nearest 1,000.

49,841

49,000 49,500 50,000

Solution: Here, the digit at the hundreds place is 8, which is greater than 5, so
the value of 49,841 when rounded off to the nearest 1,000 is 50,000.
49,841 — 50,000 (8>5)

Rounding off to the nearest 10,000

Rules to be followed:
1. If the digit at the thousands place is less than 5, then thousands, hundreds, tens
and ones places are replaced by 0, and the digit at the ten-thousands place
remains the same.
2. If the digit at the thousands place is equal to or greater than 5, digits at thousands,
hundreds, tens and ones places are replaced by 0 and digit at ten thousands place
increases by 1.

BEZITD Round off 2,94,174 to the nearest 10,000,

2,94,174

2,90,000 2,95,000 73,00,000

Solution: We observe that the digit at the thousands place is 4, which is less than
5, so the value of the number 2,94,174 when rounded off to the ten
thousands place will be 2,90,000.
294174 — 290,000 (-4<5)
34
 Get Set Practise... 1.4 ||| —
Colour
the Medal

&
G. Round off the given numbers to the nearest 10.
(a) 423 (b) 722 (c) 6,294 (d) 1,986

G. Round off the following numbers to the nearest 100. '

(a) 5932 (b) 1,353 (c) 15,796 (d) 98,197

G. Round off the following numbers to the nearest 1,000.

(a) 52,238 (b) 46,098 (c) 2,554,505 (d) 849,522

Round off the following numbers to the nearest 10,000.

(a) 22,737 (b) 6,29,290 (c) 52,89,923 (d) 4374325

We know that the numerals formed by using |

the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are called
Hindu-Arabic Numerals orInternational Numerals.
But the symbols used by the Romans to represent
Hindu-Arabic numbers are called Roman
numerals, which are in use even today.

Roman numerals are formed by using only 7 symbols, which are I, V, X, L, C, D and M,
respectively. The value of each of these symbols is given below:

Roman Numerals I \Y X L C D M

Hindu-Arabic Numerals 1 5 10 50 100 | 500 | 1,000

Instead of using the place value system, Romans used different combinations of
symbols to add or subtract their values to form numbers.

35
Rules to Write Roman Numerals
The following rules are used to write a number
in Roman numerals.
¢ oact Zone
°
1. Repeated Addition Rule: Numerals - SymbolsI,
X,C, Mcanbe — gug. 2
repeated, whereas V,LandD 4 3
x
I X, C and M can be repeated to form a,.ze:zve,. repeated. ¥4
a number. Repetition of these symbols ~ * No symbol is repeated more
means addition. These symbols cannot e
be repeated more than 3 times.

“Example1 Wil = 1+1+1=3 XX = 10+10=20,

CCC = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300 XXX= 10+ 10 + 10 = 30,
MMM = 1000 + 1000 + 1000 = 3000
2. Addition Rule: When the smaller number is written to the right of the greater
number, the smaller number is added to the greater number.

“Example 2 VI = 5+1=6

XI =10+1=11
XV =10+5=15
LX = 50 + 10 =60
cvI =100+5+1+1=107
DII =500+1+1+1=503
DVII =500+5+1+1+1=508
DCCCLX = 500
+ 100
+ 100 + 100
+ 50 + 10 = 860
MDCCLXXI = 1,000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 1 +1 = 1,772
3. Subtraction Rule: When the smaller number is written to the left of the greater
number, the smaller number is subtracted from the greater number.

§ECIBIEER [V =5-1=4, XL =50-10=40

XC =100-10=90, CM =1,000-100 = 900

4. The symbol I can be subtracted from V and X only once.
5. The symbol X can be subtracted from L and C only once.
6. The symbol C can be subtracted from D and M only once. @

36
Roman Numerals with Corresponding Hindu-Arabic Numerals

Roman Numeral HIDCUS R hie Roman Numeral Hindu-Arabic

Numeral Numeral

I 1 XL 40
¥ L 50
X 10 LX 60

XV 15 XC 90

i 20 c 100
25 CIX 109
XXV
29 cL 150
XXIX

XXX 30 CXC 190

XXXV 35 c 200
CCXLIX 249 DCCLXVII 768
CcccL 350 ™M 900

cD 400 M 1,000
DCL 650 MCCL 1,250

“Example 4 Write the Roman numerals for the following numbers:

(a) 123 (b) 469 (c) 638 (d) 909

Solution: (a) 123 =100

+ 20 + 3 (b) 469 =400+ 60 +9
100=C 20=XX,3 =1 400 = CD, 60 = LX,9=1IX
123 = CXXII 469 = CDLXIX
(9] 638 = 600 + 30 + 8 (d) 909 =900 +0+9
600 = DC, 30 = XXX, 8 = VII 900 = CM, 9 = IX
638 = DCXXXVII 909 = CMIX

37
 “ Colour the Medal
B Get Set Practise... 1.5 ||| gl el
I

G. Write the following in Roman numerals.

(a) 34 (b) 195
(c) 276 (d) 593
CZ. Write the following in Hindu-Arabic numerals.
(@) XXXV (b) LXXVIII
(€) XCIX (d) CCXX1

G. Use the symbols >, = ,< in the correct places.

(a) 27 XX by Xv___ X
(c) 19 XIX dv___ 12

G. Fill in the missing boxes.

CcD ccel XXXV DXCI

400 190 1250 900

Arrange the following numbers in ascending order.

(a) XXV XL XXX LX Lv

(b) CL L LX LXv VI

Surveying the World: Population data of different Countries

Objective:
To practice gathering and analysing real-world data using search i
engines. Curricular

38
Use a search engine to gather the population data for the years 2011 and 2021
for the following countries. Fill in the corresponding population figures in the
table below.
Have students search for the population of the following countries:
Name of the 20M 2021 | Indian System of | International System
Country Numeration of Numeration
Russia
China
Japan

India

Create a bar graph to compare the population data for 2011 and 2021 for the
countries listed above. Use the population figures from the table and clearly
label each bar with the corresponding year.

39
1 maTH LaB acTiviry 5 R &
Objective: To apply the knowledge of place value, number names, ordering of numbers,
and comparing numbers in the content of large numbers.

Materials Required:

Chart paper, marker pens, dice (1 per group), a ruler, counters or tokens

Procedure:
1. Divide the class into groups of 5-6 students.
2. Provide each group with a die, chart paper, and markers.
3. Each group rolls the dice 8 times and writes the digits in sequence to form an
8-digit number.
4. Ask students to write their 8-digit number in words in both Indian and
International Systems of Numeration.
5. Create a place value chart on the chart paper for both systems, and ask students
to represent their number accurately.
6. Using the digits rolled, groups will form the greatest and smallest possible 8-digit
numbers.
7. Exchange numbers with another group. Each group compares their number with
the other group's using symbols (<, >, =).
8. Combine numbers fromall groups and arrange themin ascending and descending
order on a class chart.
9. Ask questions:
What is the face value of the digit in the lakhs place in your number? What is the
place value of the digit in the ten thousands place in your number?
 & Ganitsura (B4 ]

Nikhilam Sutra is a Vedic mathematical technique. This means “All from 9 and the
last from 10".

Number
Subtract each digit from Subtract last digit
9 except the last digit from 10
368

G50 (o)
632
[
Try yourself

‘& @ [ *[a
B (¢

41
 My Journey...

e
¢¢¢eeee

R DD
to read and write 7, 8 and 9-digit numbers.

to practice the place values of Indian and

International system of numeration.
to identify the place value, face value, successor
and predecessor.
to write numbers in expanded form, standard
form, ascending and descending order.
to round off numbers to the nearest tens,

RRRR
hundreds, thousands and ten thousands.
form greatest and smallest number using the
given digits.
to convert Roman numerals into Hindu-Arabic
numbers and vice versa.

KEY POINTS

&
. The Indian system of numeration is also called the Hindu-Arabic system.
The places are grouped under periods that are separated by commas.
The Ones period has 3 places [Ones, Tens and Hundreds].
The Thousands period has 2 places [Thousands and Ten thousands].
The lakhs period has 2 places [Lakhs and Ten Lakhs].
The crores period has 2 places [Crores and Ten Crores).
. In the place value chart, the digit on the left side is always 10 times greater than the digit
on the right side of a numeral.
Expressing a number in the form of the sum of the place values of its digits is called expanded
form.
Many countries of the world use the International System of Numeration.
5. The international system has 3 places in each period.
Smallest 7, 8, 9-digit numbers and greatest 7, 8, 9-digit numbers in Indian and international
system of numeration.

42
 Indian System of International System of
Numeration Numeration

Smallest 10,00,000 1,000,000

7-digit number Ten Lakh One Million

Smallest 1,00,00,000 10,000,000

8-digit number One Crore Ten Million

Smallest 10,00,00,000 100,000,000

9-digit number Ten Crore Hundred Million

99,99,999 9,999,999
Greatest Ninety-nine lakh Nine million nine hundred
7-digit number ninety-nine thousand ninety-nine thousand nine
nine hundred ninety-nine hundred ninety-nine

9,99,99,999 99,999,999
Greatest Nine crore ninety-nine lakh Ninety-nine million nine hundred
8-digit number ninety-nine thousand nine ninety-nine thousand nine
hundred ninety-nine hundred ninety-nine

99,99,99,999 999,999,999
Greatest Ninety-nine crore ninety-nine Nine hundred ninety-nine million
9-digit number lakh ninety-nine thousand nine nine hundred ninety-nine thousand
hundred ninety-nine nine hundred ninety-nine

The number that comes just after a number is called its successor.
The number that comes just before a number is called its predecessor.
9. The following are the methods to compare large numbers:
« The number with more digits is greater.
+ If the given numbers have the same number of digits, compare the
digits in the leftmost place.
+ If the digits in the leftmost place are equal, then compare the digits in
the next right place and continue till you reach different digits.
10. Ascending order means arranging numbers from the smallest to the greatest.
11. Descending order means arranging numbers from the greatest to the smallest.
12. Estimation means finding an approximate value. When numbers are estimated/
approximated to the nearest multiples of 10; 100; 1000; etc. It is called rounding off.

43
 Numbers having 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9 in their ones place are called odd numbers.

Numbers having 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 in their ones place are called even numbers.

. Aseries of repeated objects/things is called a pattern.
Roman numerals are formed by using only 7 symbols, which are |, V, X, L, C, D and M,

Roman Numerals I Vv X L c D M

Hindu-Arabic Numerals 3 5 10 50 100 | 500 | 1000

17. The symbols |, X, C, M can be repeated, whereas V, L and D are never repeated.

18. No symbol is repeated more than 3 times.

19. Rules to Write Roman Numerals:
« Repeated Addition Rule: Numerals I, X, C and M can be repeated to form a number.
Repetition of these symbols means addition. These symbols cannot be repeated more
than 3 times.
+ Addition Rule: When the smaller number is written to the right of the greater number,
the smaller number is added to the greater number.
« Subtraction Rule: When the smaller number is written to the left of the greater number,
the smaller number is subtracted from the greater number.
+ The symbol | can be subtracted from V and X only once.
» The symbol X can be subtracted from L and C only once.
» The symbol C can be subtracted from D and M only once.

|
 |1 APPLY

“State whether the following statements are True or False.

(a) One hundred thousand is the same as one lakh. [

e
(b) Ten hundred lakh is equal to one crore. [

e
(c) Ten hundred thousand is the same as ten lakh. [

e
(d) There are six zeros in one crore. [

—_—
aRound off the following numbers to the nearest 100; 1,000 and 10,0000.

Rounding off to the nearest

Number
100 1,000 10,000

(@) |63,593

(b) (49,135

(c) |28,15,796

(d) |41,98197

(e) (1,52,238

(f) |46,098

(9) |72,54,505

(h) 84,952

45
i S WRAP-UP WORKSHEET o3
L]oY) B
Write number names of the following according to the Indian and
)
International system of numeration.
(a) 623140140 (b) 99999990
“ Write the following in expanded form.
(a) 67,23,45,004 (b) 16,72,35,167
m Put the correct sign <, > or = in the box.

(a) 1,96,43,289 01,96,43,289

(b) 33,00,00,000 O 30,00,00,000

(c) 15,62,73,143 O Fifteen crore sixty-two lakh seventy-three thousand

one hundred eighty-nine
(@@ Fill in the blanks.
(a) The predecessor of the smallest 8-digit number is
(b) 1,000,000 is the successor of
(c) 10 less than 1 lakh is
(d) 2 crore more than 2,65,123 is
m Match the following.
Column A Column B
1. Ten Lakhs [ 1] (a) 100 million
2. One Crore [ ] (b) 150
3. Ten Crores [ 1] (¢) 10 million
4. XXV [ 1] (d) CIX
5. 109 [ 1] (e) 1 million
6. CL [ 1 f) 25
m My house number is 1,230. Write it in Roman numerals.
m My vehicle number is 1,161. Write it in Roman numerals.

Teacher’s Signature | Parent’s Signature | Date:

46