RONIK COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL
TERM: SECOND TERM (2025/2026)
SUBJECT: BASIC TECHNOLOGY
CLASS: JSS3
EDUCATORS: MRS AMADI, MR BASSEY.
SCHEME OF WORK FOR SECOND TERM
Week 1 & 2: Revision / Building Construction (Foundation) Definition and and type
Week 3: Walls and Windows, Definition and types
Week 4: Doors, and Roofs
Week 5: wood work project (joints), Types and uses, simple wood work projects
Week 6: Soldering Brazing, tools and material, joining of metals.
Week 7: Mid Term break
Week 8: Metal work project, Construction of Simple metal work project
Week 9: Machine motions, Types of motion (Linear & rotary) Application of Linear & rotary motions,
conversion of motions, processes and devices
Week 10: Simple electrical project, definition of electical Circuit, Components and drawing (Series and
parallel) wiring tools and materials
Week 11: Revision
Week 12: Examination
WEEK 1 & 2
Topic: Foundation
Content:
Foundation is the lowest part of the building Of The Civil Structure that is in direct contact with the soill
which transfers loads from the Structure to the soil Safely.
Foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with
floating structures), transferring loads from the structure to the ground
Foundation can be classified into
A. Shallow Foundation: A shallow foundation transfers building loads to soil near the ground surface,
typically at a depth less than its width, making it cost-effective for light-to-moderate structures like
houses and low-rise buildings when surface soil has good bearing capacity. Common types include
spread footings, strip footings, and mat/raft foundations, chosen based on soil strength, load, and
groundwater conditions, providing stability by spreading weight over a larger area to avoid failure or
excessive settlement.
B. Deep Foundation: A deep foundation transfers heavy structural loads or supports structures on weak
surface soil by extending deep into the ground to reach stable soil or rock layers, crucial for tall
buildings, bridges, and in areas with poor soil conditions like high water tables or liquefaction risks. Key
types include piles (driven or bored), piers, and caissons, working by end-bearing (resting on hard strata)
or skin friction (resisting with soil contact) to ensure stability, reduce settlement, and resist uplift.
Functions of Foundation
1. It provides a proper surface for the development of the substructure in a proper level and over a firm
bed.
2. It is the main reason behind the stability of any structure.
3. It distributes load on the surface of the bed uniformly
Types of foundation
1. Pad Foundation (shallow foundation) - The footings are either circular, square, or rectangular pad of
concretes and are recommended on the load of the building which has a Single [Link]'re cost-
effective for moderate loads and high bearing soil conditions, preventing excessive settlement by
increasing the contact area, and typically use reinforcement for strength.
2. Strip Foundation (shallow foundation) - it is Suitable for structures with more load bearing and
boundary wall construction. It's a cost-effective choice for low-to-medium rise buildings, like houses,
when the ground has good bearing capacity, ensuring stability by preventing excessive settlement.
3. Piles Foundation (deep foundation) - for bridges over ample water. it is suitable on compressible soil
and mashy places, providing stability for large structures like bridges and high-rises, especially where
shallow foundations aren't feasible due to poor soil, high water tables, or settlement risks. They work
through end-bearing (resting on rock) or skin friction (friction along the pile's sides).
4. stepped Foundation (Shallow Foundation) - suitable in slopy ground
5. Raft of mat foundation (Shallow Foundation) -It Is Suitable for weak soil.
Assignment: To your best knowledge, explain any type of foundation.
WEEK 3
Topic: Walls and windows
Content:
Walls are vertical structure of a building used mainly for the enclosure of division of a space within a
building
Functions of wall
1. It divide the space in a building into functional units
2. It provides Safety and Security against external danger Such as bad weather conditions
3. it helps to Control Sound as in a Theater
Types of wall
1. Partition wall - it Separate internal spaces for functional use.
2. Cavity wall - it is a two leaves external brick or block wall separated by a Cavity for insulation
purposes.
3. Veneered walls - walls Covered with a layer of materials like tiles, facing bricks etc for beauty
4. Parapet wall - wall above the roof plane or around the balcony, terrace or stairway
5. Shear wall - it is used to resist wind and earthquake loading on a building.
6. Panel wall - it is made of wood and is an exterior non-load bearing wall in Framed Construction
7. Brick wall
8. Stone wall
9. Masonry wall
10. Hollow Concrete blook
Wall Finishes
Any material used to protect the surface of wall from weather element is called wall finishes
1. Plastering - Finishing that is given to the Internal wall
2 Rendering - Finishing that is given to the external wall
3. Painting - Finshing for decoration and protection.
LESSON TWO
Topic: Windows
Content:
A window is an Opening in a wall designed for the purpose of admitting light and air into
an enclosed space
Uses of window (purposes)
1. To allow air into the building
2. To allow light
3. To allow inhabitants to see the outside from the building
4. To add beauty to the design of the buildings
Types of window
1. Fixed windows - It is fixed to the wall without any Closing or opening operation
2. Sliding windows - roller bearings belp in movement of the window shutters horizontal or Vertically
3. pivored windows - pivots are provided to window Frames
4. Double hung windows - it Consist of pair of shutters attached to one frame.
5. Lantern windows - it is provided for over the flat roofs. It provide more light and air circulation to the
interior rooms.
6. Gable windows - It is provided for sloped roof buildings
7. Dormed windows - they are provided For sloped roof
8. Couvered windows - These windows have glass blade divided into a number of glassing bars
9. Corner window - provided at the Corners of room
10. Sash windows - It Consist of top, bottom and Intermediate rails.
WEEK 4
TOPIC: DOORS
CONTENT:
A door is a solid Flat barrier that Close and open the entrance to a building or a room
Functions of Doors
1. It serves as a barrier to danger, attack by pests and human invaders
2 It adds beauty to the design of a building.
3 It also ventilates The room.
Types of doors
1. Interior doors - These are doors used in the inside of a building. They are used for decorative
purposes. Examples: a) panel b) flush C) French D) louver door
2 Exterior doors- These are doors used at the outside building. They are usually made up of hardwood,
metal or glass. Examples
a. sliding door: this is used for closets in bedrooms
b. Revolving: the door normalizes inward and outward movement with its four leaves revolving on a
pivot thereby allowing a person in and out in turns
C. Folding doors- These are used for large ware housing and stores of various sizes
LESSON TWO
Topic: Roofs
Content:
Roof are the top feature in a building structure which provides covering for the entire building and
protects the entire building.
The toot is supported by frame work of
1. Ridges - the top of the edge of the roof
2. Trusses - The wooden bars joined end to end to form specific load Supporting triangular pattern
3. Purlings - Small size bars across the rafters
4 Rafters- slopping bars which extend from ridges to leaves
5. Eaves- it extend beyond the exterior walls of the building
Classification of roofs (types)
Roofs may be classified according to their shape or form of construction
1. Gable door: A triangle with the base resting at the top of the house and the two sides rising to meet
the ridge
2. Hip roof - Four equal length slopes that meet to form a simple ridge
3. Mansard roof - four Sided design with double slopes
4. Shed roof- they have lower slopes, with 4 in 12 and hilow most Common, although Steeper slope with
speed up water runoff.
5. Combination - it is a combination of types of roofs
6. Butterfly roof (inverted pitch roof) - it emulates the wings of a butterfly with two tandem pieces of
roofing angles upwards to form a V-shape
7 Curved roof - They help to reduce resistance to wind
8 Monitor roof - It is used to vent Steam
9 Gable roof - It is a triangle with the base resting a top of the house and two sides rising to meet the
ridge.
.
WEEK 5
TOPIC: WOOD WORK JOINTS
CONTENT:
Wood work is the method used to assemble and fasten two or more pieces of wood to produce Various
kind of furniture.
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the Cutting, shaping and
installation of building materials during the construction of buildings.
Joinery is a part of wood working that involves Joining pieces of wood or lumber, to produce, Complex
items
Tools For wood work projects
1. Measuring Tape: to measure accurate dimensions Tape-To measure accurate On the wood pieces for
Cutting
2. Hammer: To drive in nails.
3 Try Square - To mark lines that form a right angle and to test it an edge is Square
4 Sand- for Cutting
5 Planer - used for Smoothen the Surface of wood
6. Sandpaper - used to smoothen wood before applying Varnish
7 Adhesive - used to join / glue the Various joins together
Classification of wood work
1. widening - for Joining an edge to another edge to produce wider boards
2 Angle of box joint - for joining wood pieces fixed to form a right angle
3 Framing joint- for Frame Construction
LESSON TWO
Types of wood joints
1. Butt joint - It is the simplest and weakest Joint eg. 7-butt, end to-end butt, miter butt etc
2. Lap Joint - it is a very strong joint in which the end of a piece of wood is laid over and Connected to
another piece of wood, due to a large surface area of long grain to long grain wood and glue Surface
Coverage
3. Grove joint- it is interchangeably with the dado Joint
4. Dado joint (french Joint) - A slot is cut across the grain in one piece for another piece to sit in eg.
shalves on a bookshelf having slots Cut into the sides of the shelves.
5. Dovetail - A box joint where the Fingers are locked together by diagonal cuts.
6. Box joint - a Corner joint with inter locking square Finger usually receives pressure from two
directions
7. Bridle joint - Commonly used in scarf joints and sometimes sill Corner joints in timber framing
8. Metre joint - Similar to a butt joint used in mirror frame.
9. Dowel joint - used in making furniture
Adhesive
It is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them
together and resisits their Separation eg glue, Cement, macilage or paste. Natural adhesive include
Animal glue, casern glue, Starch and dextrin, blood albumen glue. Synthetic adhesives e.g epoxif,
polyurethane, acrylic polymers.
Abrasive
They are materials used to shape or finish a work piece through rubbing which leads to part of the work,
piece being worn away by friction e.g Sandpaper Fastener
Fastener
It is a device that mechanically joins two or more objects together permanently or non-permanently. It
can be seen in stools, tables, windows etc.
WEEK 6
TOPIC: SOLDERING
CONTENT
Soldering is a process of using temprature below 840°f to join metals by melting a filler metal into the
joint to create strong permanent bonds. 300°C to 350°C is the temperature required for soldering. it is
often used in electronic devices as it allows the parts to Connect electronically Equipment required for
soldering are
1. Soldering iron
2. Open Hearth Furnace
[Link] Soldering Iron
4. Zinc chloride solution or acid emery paper etc.
S/N Types of Solder Materials to join
1. Tin - lead Copper and copper alloys, mild
steel, galvanized metal
2. Tin - antimony Copper and copper alloys, mild steel
3. Cadmium - Silver High strength for copper and copper
alloys, mild steel, stainless steel.
4. Cadmium - zinc Aluminum and aluminum alloys
BRACING
Bracing is a hand Soldering which is done by joining metals by the use of a Fusible alloy consisting largely
of Brass, and melting at a temperature above 600C. Bracing produces a much stronger joint than soft
soldering but requires greater heat from oxyacetylene flame.
Bracing uses fluse to Strengthen and improve its mechanical properties by removing any oxides that is
formed as result of heating the parts promoting wetting which is the phenomenon whereby a Liquid
Filler metal or flux spreads and adheres in a thin, Continuous Layer on a solid base metal and they aid in
Capillary action by pulling the molten alloy into the joint.
Fluxes are available in many forms, such as Solids, powders, pastes, liquids, sheets, rings and Washers.
Bracing can be used to join dissimilar metals, such as gold, silver, Copper and nickel.
Safety precautions When Bracing
1. It should be done in a well Ventilated room
2. Avoid inhaling fumes by not leaning over to the brazing spot
3. It should not touch the skin or eye
Advantages of Bracing and Soldering.
1. Low temperature!
2. May be permanently or temporarily joined
3. Dissimilar materials can be joined
4. Less chance of damaging parts.
5. Easy realignment.
WEEK 8.
TOPIC: METAL WORK PROJECT
CONTENT:
Metal work project basically involve Construction and application of shaped Figures from thin sheet
metal
Metal Fabrication
It is the creation of metal Structures by cutting, bending and assembling processes
Processes in metal fabrication
1. Cutting - This is done by sawing, shearing, or Chiselling (all with manual and powered Variants)
2. Bending - It is done by hammering (manual powered), press brakes, tube benders and Similar tools
3. Assembling - Joining with welding binding with Adhesives, riveting, threaded fasteners, welding wire,
flux and/or fasteners are used to join the cut piece.
Stages of metal Fabrication
1. Design - This is where shop drawings are created to the intended measurement
2. Fabrication
3. Installation - This is where the end produce is put together
Materials needed for metal fabrication.
1. Plate metal (structural steel and sheet metal)
2. Formed and expanded metal
3. Tube stock
4. Welding wire/welding rod
5. Casting
Method of joining metals
1. Temporary joining - It is the mechanical fastening of joining metals eg bolting shrink filting, Folding,
bracing and soldering
2. Permanent joining - it is refer to metallic joinng eg welding and riveting
A. Welding - It is the process of applying heat to the workpiece in such that the work melts. Melting
processes include gas welding, arc welding, Resistance welding, solid state welding
B. Riveting - rivets are used when it is required to Connect permanently two or more pieces of heavy
section metal such as Bridge, wagon, tanker, Boiler etc. in Enginering rivets are usually made of wrought
iron or mild sheet.
Forging
Forging is a manufacturing process process involving the shaping of metal using localized comprehensive
forces.
Classification of forging
1. Cold forging - no heat is required to shape the metal
2. Warm forging - low heat is needed
3. Hot forging - high heat is required to shape the metal.
Product from forging includes kitchen ware, hardware, hand tools, edge weapons cymbals and jewelry.
WEEK 9
TOPIC: MACHINE MOTION
CONTENT:
Machine motion is the movement of mechanical components in engineering system. These machine
components performed simple linear or rotary motion.
Types of motion in mechanism
Rotary, oscillating, linear and reciprocating. We will consider only rotary and linear motion
1. Linear motion - it is a motion of machine in a straight line (horizontal and vertical).
Illustrations of linear motion
A. Levers - it is only two that make use of a system giving advantage to the operator by way of
mechanical advantage. it comprises of three fundamental features which are load fulcrum and effort.
Classes of levers
1. First class levers - The fulcrum is between the load and the efforts example see-saw, scissors, pliers,
crow bar, claw hammer etc.
2. Second class levers - The load is between the fulcrum and effort example wheelbarrow and nut
crackers.
3. Third class lever - The effort is between load and fulcrum eg shovel, sugar tongs
B. Linkages - it is an assembly of bodies arranged in such a way that each bar is connected to at least
two others by joint. they are used to convert rotary motion to linear motion or vice versa example
locking pliers, scissors leakage.
Forms of linkages
Differential linkage, three-bar linkages, four-bar linkages, five bar linkages etc.
C. Slides and slots example dovetail slides, hardened way slides and linear guide
2. Rotary Motion - it is a type of motion that occurs in circular form either clockwise or anticlockwise
direction. it can rotate in 360 degree or 90 degree. Eg lock of door.
Forms of rotary motion
1. One way rotary motion - it moves in clockwise direction only example ceiling fan, pulley of grinding
machines, clock etc.
2. Reversible rotary motion - it moves in clockwise and anti-clockwise example cassette and tape
recorder.
Conversion of rotary motion to linear motion
This is done by some mechanism like linkages thread and cans
A. The screw Jack for lifting cars - the rotary motion from the handle is converted to linear motion of the
screw lever.
B. Engines of motor vehicles and AC generator - a rotary motion from the crank shaft is converted to
linear motion
C. Bench vice - the rotary motion from the handle is converted to linear movement
Conversion of Linear motion rotary motion
A. Pedal of a sewing machine.
B. Wheel barrow
Motion in automobiles
It is referred to as transmission
Stages of transmission (transmission system)
1. The gearbox system - to transmits power either to achieve motion reduction or motion enlargement
2. The clutch system - it helps to convert rotary motion to linear motion. The clutch make it possible for
the engine to start running without moving other heavy parts like gears, wheels
WEEK 10
TOPIC: SIMPLE ELECTRIC PROJECTS
CONTENT:
An electric circuit is a complete part through which electrons or current flows. There must be a source of
electromotive force (emf) to overcome the resistance of the circuit and so drive the current round it and
there must be a complete path of conducting materials through which the current can flow.
Components of the electric
1. Battery or generator - The power source measured in amperes (A)
2. Resistor - it limits or oppose electron flows or provide voltage drop in a circuit. it is measured in ohms
3. Load - example radio, television set, fans etc.
4. Control - component that is used to switch on and off current example switch, fuses.
Types of circuit diagram
1. Series circuit - accessories are connected back to back. Current flows from the positive terminal to the
battery through accessories (bulb) and back to the battery through the negative terminal.
2. Parallel circuit - The accessories are connected terminal to terminal. Each Accessory (hold) draws its
own current from the battery.
House wiring
The Cable that brings the main electricity supply into the house contains two wires, life and neutral
(neutral wire is earthed at the local transformer)
Wiring system (types)
A. Surface - it is laid on surface of the walls
B. Conduct wiring - the cables are inserted into the metal or PVC table (water pipes)
Wiring diagram
It shows how the cable is laid out and how the accessories are positioned.
Classes of resources for electrical wiring
1. Tools (wiring tools) for wiring and installation
A. Testers - used to detect the pressure of current
B. Pliers - to hold or twist Cables, to cut Cables
C. Fishing tape - to draw wire through Condult pipes
D. Hacksaw - to cut pipes make web in Wooden blocks and to cut wooden blocks to size
E. Screwdrivers - to drive in screws
F. Knife - to cut cables
G. Hammer - to drive in wiring nails
H. Cutter - to cut cables
I. Spirit level - used to check this straighteness of aid cables in surface wiring.
J. Gimlets - to bore holes
K. Bending machines - to bend conduct pipes
L. Ohmmeter - to test for continuity of wiring
2. Wiring materials
A. Screws - to mount accessories
B. Clips - to hold cables in position
C. Nails - to hold the clips
D. Cables - used to carry current in a circuit
E. Conduit - pipes that passes cables in conduit wiring
3. Electricial Accessories - they are fixtures to which the cables are connected.
A. Joint boxes - a terminal to which wire conductors from different accessories in an installation are
joined.
B. Lampholder - they are fitted into lamp
C. Socket outlet - for connection of power equipment and appliances in a building.
D. Switches - to make and break electric circuit
E. Ceiling roses.