A.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Choose the correct answer.
(a)

In this state of matter particles stay close together, yet are able to move past one another.

✅ Answer: ii. Liquids

(b)

In this state of matter particles are far apart and move rapidly.

✅ Answer: iii. Gases

(c)

In this state of matter particles stay close together and move by vibrating in their place.

✅ Answer: i. Solids
(d)

This is the change of state of a solid into a liquid on heating.

✅ Answer: ii. Melting

(e)

This description best describes a solid.

✅ Answer: iv. It has a definite shape and volume.

2. Write T for True and F for False.
(a)

We are able to pour water from a water bottle to a glass because liquids have a definite
shape.

❌ Answer: F
Correction: Liquids do not have a definite shape. They take the shape of their container
because their particles can move past one another.

(b)

The process that turns ice into water is called boiling.

❌ Answer: F
Correction: The process that turns ice into water is called melting.

(c)

The interparticle attraction is the weakest in gases.

✅ Answer: T
(d)

Sugar dissolving in water shows that water has interparticle spaces.

✅ Answer: T
(e)

Gases are incompressible.

❌ Answer: F
Correction: Gases are highly compressible because they have large spaces between their
particles.

Final Answers:

(a) F (b) F (c) T (d) T (e) F

3. Fill in the blanks.

(a)

The basic unit that makes up a larger piece of a substance or material is called matter
particle.

(b)

Melting point is the specific temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at
atmospheric pressure.

(c)

The energy within a material due to the motion of its particles is called kinetic energy.

(d)

Interparticle attraction is the force of attraction between particles of a material.

(e)
The particles of a gas move faster than particles of a liquid.

Final Answers:

(a) matter
(b) melting
(c) kinetic
(d) interparticle
(e) gas

4. Match the following.

Column A Answer

(a) Solids iv. Cannot flow

(b) Liquids v. Takes the shape of its container

(c) Gases iii. Highly compressible

(d) Melting i. Change of solid to liquid

(e) Boiling ii. Change of liquid to gas

Final Answers:

(a) → iv
(b) → v
(c) → iii
(d) → i
(e) → ii

5. Observe and Answer

The three students are Maya, Rahul and Anna.

(a) With whom do you agree? Why?

I do not agree with any of the three students because all their statements are incorrect.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is made up of tiny particles,
and there are spaces between these particles. The three common states of matter are solids,
liquids and gases.
 Liquids are matter even though they can flow. Their particles can move and slide past
one another.
All matter is made up of particles, whether it is a solid, liquid or gas.
Gases are also matter even though we generally cannot see their particles. Gases have
mass and occupy space.

Therefore, none of the three students' statements is correct.

(b) Correct the statements that are incorrect.

Maya

❌ Incorrect:
“Liquids are not matter because they just flow away.”

✅ Correction:
Liquids are matter because they have mass and occupy space. They can flow because their
particles can move and slide past one another.

A liquid does not have a definite shape because its particles are able to move around. It
takes the shape of its container. For example, water can be poured from a bottle into a glass,
but it remains matter because it has mass and occupies space.

Rahul

❌ Incorrect:
“I am not made of particles so I am not matter.”

✅ Correction:
All matter is made up of tiny particles. Solids, liquids and gases are all made up of particles.

In solids, particles are closely packed and mainly vibrate about fixed positions. In liquids,
particles can move past one another. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly and
freely.

Therefore, all matter consists of particles.

Anna

❌ Incorrect:
“Gases are not matter because we cannot see them.”

✅ Correction:
Gases are matter because they have mass and occupy space, even though their particles
cannot normally be seen with our naked eyes.

For example, air is a mixture of gases. We cannot normally see air, but it occupies space and
has mass. Air can also be compressed, such as inside a bicycle pump.

Therefore, being invisible does not mean that something is not matter.
B. SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Answer the following in brief.
(a) Define matter. What are the three states of matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is made up of extremely small
particles called matter particles. These particles have spaces between them and are in
continuous motion.

The three common states of matter are:

1. Solids — They have a definite shape and definite volume. Their particles are closely
packed and have strong interparticle attraction.
2. Liquids — They have a definite volume but no definite shape. They take the shape of
their container because their particles can move past one another.
3. Gases — They have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. Their particles are far
apart and move rapidly in all directions.

Thus, the three common states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.

(b) Compare and contrast the arrangement of particles in

solids and gases.
The arrangement of particles in solids and gases is very different.

Solids Gases

Particles are very closely packed. Particles are very far apart.

Interparticle spaces are very small. Interparticle spaces are very large.

Particles are held in fixed positions. Particles are arranged randomly.

Particles mainly vibrate about their fixed positions. Particles move rapidly and freely in all directions.

Interparticle attraction is very strong. Interparticle attraction is very weak.

They have a definite shape and volume. They have no definite shape or volume.

Thus, solid particles are tightly packed, whereas gas particles are widely separated and
move freely.
(c) Explain why solids keep their shape, but liquids and gases
flow.
Solids keep their shape because their particles are very closely packed and there is strong
interparticle attraction between them. The particles cannot move freely from one place to
another and mainly vibrate about their fixed positions. Therefore, solids have a definite
shape.

In liquids, the particles are less closely packed and the interparticle attraction is weaker
than in solids. Their particles can move or slide past one another, allowing liquids to flow.

In gases, the particles are very far apart and the interparticle attraction is very weak. They
move rapidly and freely in all directions. Therefore, gases can flow and spread throughout
the available space.

Hence, the freedom of movement of particles allows liquids and gases to flow, while the
closely packed particles of solids keep them rigid.

(d) Think: What is one property that is common to all the

three states of matter?
A property common to all three states of matter is that they are made up of tiny particles.

The particles of solids, liquids and gases are in continuous motion, and there are spaces
between their particles.

All three states of matter also have mass and occupy space.

Therefore, although solids, liquids and gases have different properties, they are all forms of
matter and are made up of particles.

(e) Describe how the movement of particles differs in the

different states of matter.
The movement of particles differs in the three states because the particles have different
amounts of freedom of movement.

Solids: Their particles are closely packed and can only vibrate about their fixed
positions.
Liquids: Their particles are less tightly packed and can move or slide past one another.
Gases: Their particles are far apart and move rapidly and freely in all directions.

Thus, the freedom and speed of movement of particles generally increase from:

Solids → Liquids → Gases

2. Answer the following in detail.

(a) Briefly describe an activity to show that matter is
particulate in nature and has interparticle spaces.
Activity:

Take a glass of water and mark the level of water. Add a spoonful of sugar to it and stir until
the sugar dissolves completely.

Observation:

The sugar seems to disappear and mixes uniformly with the water. However, the water level
does not increase by an amount equal to the volume of sugar added.

Explanation:

Sugar has not actually disappeared. Sugar is made up of tiny particles, and water is also
made up of tiny particles.

There are spaces between the particles of water. When sugar dissolves, the sugar particles
occupy some of these spaces.

Conclusion:

This activity shows that:

1. Matter is made up of very small particles.

2. There are spaces between the particles of matter, called interparticle spaces.

(b) Compare and contrast the following.

i. Boiling and evaporation

Boiling Evaporation

It is the rapid change of a liquid into a gas on It is the slow change of a liquid into a gas from its
heating. surface.

It occurs throughout the liquid. It occurs only at the surface.

It occurs at a specific temperature called the It can occur at temperatures below the boiling
boiling point. point.

It is generally a rapid process. It is generally a slow process.

Bubbles are formed throughout the liquid. Bubbles are not formed throughout the liquid.
 Example: Water boiling in a kettle. Example: Water drying from wet clothes.

Both boiling and evaporation change a liquid into a gas.

ii. Melting point and boiling point

Melting Point Boiling Point

Temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid Temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas at
at atmospheric pressure. atmospheric pressure.

It is associated with melting. It is associated with boiling.

Example: Ice melts at 0°C at atmospheric pressure. Example: Water boils at 100°C at atmospheric
pressure.

Change: Solid → Liquid Change: Liquid → Gas

Thus, the melting point is related to the change from solid to liquid, while the boiling point is
related to the change from liquid to gas.

(c) Explain why gases are more compressible compared to

solids.
Gases are more compressible than solids because there are large spaces between their
particles.

In a gas, the particles are very far apart and the interparticle spaces are large. When
pressure is applied, the particles can be pushed closer together, reducing these spaces.
Therefore, the volume of a gas can be reduced considerably.

In solids, the particles are already very closely packed and there is very little space between
them. Hence, they cannot be pushed much closer together.

Therefore, gases are highly compressible, whereas solids are almost incompressible.

Example: Air can be compressed inside a bicycle pump, but a stone cannot be compressed
easily.

(d) Infer: What must be added to matter to convert a solid to

a liquid or a liquid to a gas?
Heat energy must be supplied to matter to change its state from solid to liquid or liquid to
gas.

When heat is supplied to a solid, its particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate more rapidly.
On receiving sufficient heat energy, the particles overcome some of the interparticle
attraction and the solid changes into a liquid. This process is called melting.

When further heat is supplied to the liquid, its particles gain more kinetic energy and move
faster. At the boiling point, the particles gain enough energy to overcome the attraction
between them and escape as a gas. This process is called boiling.

Therefore:

Solid + Heat → Liquid + Heat → Gas

The heat energy supplied increases the kinetic energy and movement of particles, causing a
change of state.

(e) Represent using a diagram the changes in the

arrangement of particles as water transforms into water
vapour.
Water — Liquid

Particles are relatively close together.

They can move and slide past one another.
There are interparticle spaces.

⬇️ HEAT ENERGY ADDED

Water Vapour — Gas
 Particles are far apart.
There are large interparticle spaces.
Particles move rapidly and freely in all directions.
Interparticle attraction is very weak.

Change of state:

WATER (LIQUID) + HEAT → WATER VAPOUR (GAS)

C. PUZZLE OVER
1. Who is correct? Give a reason.
Both Angad and Ameena are correct.

Angad is correct because 0°C is the melting point of ice at atmospheric pressure. At this
temperature, ice changes from a solid into liquid water.

Ameena is also correct because 0°C is the freezing point of water at atmospheric pressure.
At this temperature, water changes from a liquid into solid ice.

Therefore:

Melting point of ice = Freezing point of water = 0°C

The same temperature can be described as the melting point of ice or the freezing point of
water depending on the direction of the change.

2. The teacher placed a purple-coloured

substance in a jar and closed it tight. The
substance quickly fills up the entire jar. Which
state of matter is it?
The purple-coloured substance is a gas.

Reason:

A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. Its particles are far apart, have large
interparticle spaces and move rapidly and freely in all directions.

When the jar is closed, the gas particles move throughout the available space and spread
out until they fill the entire jar.

Therefore, the purple-coloured substance is a gas.

3. To make roti, we pour atta into a bowl and

add water to knead it. Is atta a solid or a
liquid?
Atta is a solid.

Dry atta consists of tiny solid particles. When water is added and the atta is kneaded, the
water mixes with the solid particles and forms dough.

Although the dough can be pressed, stretched and moulded into different shapes, this does
not mean that atta has become a liquid. The dough is a mixture of solid flour particles and
water and has properties different from dry atta and liquid water.

🏆 LAST-MINUTE FULL-MARKS REVISION

Therefore, atta is a solid substance that, when mixed with water, forms dough.

Solids

Definite shape
Definite volume
Particles closely packed
Strong interparticle attraction
Particles vibrate at fixed positions
Cannot flow easily

Liquids

No definite shape
Definite volume
Particles relatively close
Weaker attraction than solids
Particles slide past one another
Can flow
Gases

No definite shape
No definite volume
Particles very far apart
Very weak interparticle attraction
Particles move rapidly and freely
Highly compressible

Important changes

Solid → Liquid = Melting

Liquid → Gas = Boiling/Vaporisation
Liquid → Gas at surface = Evaporation
Liquid → Solid = Freezing

Important temperatures

Melting point of ice = 0°C

Freezing point of water = 0°C
Boiling point of water = 100°C (at atmospheric pressure)

⭐ Best exam keywords

matter • particles • interparticle spaces • interparticle attraction • kinetic energy •
continuous motion • closely packed • far apart • vibrate • slide past one another • rapidly •
definite shape • definite volume • compressible • melting • boiling • evaporation