Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Chapter #1 (Plant System)

Exercise
Choose the correct answer. (Only answer)
1. Sap rises in a plant because of:
a: root pressure.
2. Mineral salts are absorbed into cells by:
a: osmosis.
3. Food is transported in the phloem as:
a: glucose.
4. The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration is called:
b: Diffusion.
Fill in the blanks. (Only answers)
1. Osmosis.
2. Stomata.
3. Stomata.
4. Phloem.
Short answers.
Q1: What are the names of the two sets of tubes which make up the transport system of a plant?
A: Xylem and phloem.
Q2: Where would you find the two sets of transport tubes in a leaf?
A: The transport tubes are found in the leaf blade. Xylem and phloem runs parallel to each other.
Q3: What is photosynthesis?
A: Photo means light and synthesis means to form. It is the process in which plant use sunlight to
make their food. It requires sunlight, chlorophyll, water and carbon dioxide.
Q4: What is the name of the process by which water enters the root hairs? A: Osmosis.
Long answers.
Q1: Why do larger, multicellular plants need a transport system?
A: Larger multicellular plants need to provide every cell with oxygen, water and dissolved
minerals and to do this they need a transport system. Transport system includes xylem and
phloem. Xylem carries water and phloem carries dissolved food.
Q2: Which set of tubes carries water and dissolve mineral salt in plants? Describe how it does it?
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

A: Xylem consists of long, empty, dead cells which form long tubes called vessels. Xylem
carries water and dissolve minerals from the soil to all parts of the plant.
Q3: Which set of vessels carries food? Described how it does it?
A: Phloem consists of living cells.
1: These cells are separated by tiny holes like a sieve.
2: These cross walls are called sieve plates while the tubes are called sieve tubes.
3: The movement of materials from leaves to other tissues is carried out by these sieve tubes.
Q4: What is transpiration stream?
A: Water evaporates from the leaves and diffuses out of the tiny pores, the stomata, on the
undersides of the leaves as the water is evaporated more SAP is drawn out of the xylem to
replace it. Xylem cells form a continuous series of tubes, there is a flow of water and dissolved
mineral salts from the roots to the leaves. This flow is called the transpiration stream.
Q5: List down the differences between respiration and photosynthesis.
A: Respiration:
1. It occurs in all living organisms.
2. It does not require sunlight and it continuously occurs.
3. It takes place in mitochondria.
Photosynthesis:
4. It occurs in green plants for example autotrophs.
5. It requires sunlight and only occurs at day time.
6. It takes place in chloroplast.
Q6: What kinds of climate and weather conditions do you think will produce a high rate of
transpiration? Explain your answer.
A: The transpiration rate grows up as the temperature goes up especially during the growing
season as relative humidity of air surrounding the plant rises the transpiration rate decreases. It is
easier for water to evaporate into dryer air then into more saturated air.
Q7: Why do you think the transpiration rate is greatly reduced at night?
A: This is because the stomata remains open to allow the inward diffusion of carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis during dark, the stomata are closed and hence transpiration hardly occurs at night.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Chapter # 2 (Human respiratory and circulatory system)

Exercise
Choose the correct answer (Only answer)
1: The gas which passes in and out of the lungs unchanged is:
b: Nitrogen.
2: When the muscles of the diaphragm relax:
a: Air rushes into the lungs.
3: The body may need to use anaerobic respiration during:
a: Exercise.
4: The function of red blood cells is to:
a: Carry oxygen.
5: Function of platelets is to:
b: Clot the blood.
Fill in the blanks. (Only answer)
1. Energy.
2. Alveoli.
3. Lungs.
4. 60 to 100 Liters.
5. Parts of body.
Short answer.
Q1: Make a list of all the parts of the body that air flows through on its way to the lungs.
1. Nose 5. Trachea
2. Mouth 6. Bronchi
3. Pharynx 7. Bronchioles
4. Larynx 8. Alveoli.
Q2: Why is it better to breathe through your nose than through your mouth?
A: When we breathe through our nose, the air is filtered by tiny hairs called Cilia. It helps to
remove pollutants, dust and allergens before entering into lungs.
Q3: What are alveoli?
A: Alveoli are tiny air sacs located in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They are lined with a
thin layer of epithelial cells.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Q4: What is the role of cilia in our respiratory system?

A: Cilia plays an important role in protecting respiratory system by clearing mucus and to
prevent infections. It also prevents microbes to enter in airways.
Q5: What does hemoglobin do in the body?
A: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to
tissues and organs in the body.
Q6: What is the main job of the circulatory system?
A: The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body through blood vessels. It delivers
Oxygen and nutrients to the body.
Q7: Name for of the materials carried by the blood.
A: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones.
Q8: What work does a valve in the heart or a vein do?
A: Valves in the heart ensures the unidirectional flow of blood to the heart Chambers while
valves in veins help to maintain the direction of blood flow towards the heart.
Long answer questions
Q2: What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
Ans: Respiration:
1. Process that produces energy from glucose when oxygen is present.
2. Chemical process.
3. Respiration takes place in cellular level.
4. Respiration produces energy and waste products.
Breathing:
1. Process that involves inhaling and exhaling air through the respiratory system.
2. Mechanical process.
3. Breathing occurs between body and external environment.
4. Breathing does not produce energy.
Q3: Burning and respiration both use oxygen and both produced energy. Make a table to
show the similarities and differences between burning and respiration.
Ans: Difference between burning and respiration.
Burning:
1. It is a chemical reaction between fuel and oxidant.
2. It occurs in single step.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

3. Heat energy is required.

Respiration:
1. It is breakdown of glucose to release energy.
2. It occurs in series of steps.
3. Heat energy is not required.
Similarities between burning and respiration:
1. Both uses up oxygen for the process.
2. Same chemical reaction occurs in both.
3. Both produce water as end product.
Q4: Why do you breathe faster, and your heart rate increases when you run?
Ans: While running our muscles need more energy from respiration in order to contract. So
the heart beats faster and arteries supplying muscles dilate.
Q5: How do veins differ from arteries and capillaries in their structure and function?
A: Arteries:
1. Carry blood from the heart.
2. Have thick walls of muscle and elastic fibers.
3. Blood flows in pulses.
Capillaries:
1. Link arteries to veins.
2. Walls are one cell thick.
3. No valves.
Veins:
1. Carry blood to the heart.
2. Walls are thinner than arteries.
3. Valves are present to prevent backward flow of blood.
Q7: What is the importance of white blood cells?
Ans: White blood cells help to defend the body against diseases. They are constantly on the
lookout for harmful bacteria which they destroyed by engulfing them. Some white blood cells
also produced chemicals called antibodies. These kill germs and change the poisonous chemicals
produced by germs into harmless substances.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Chapter # 3 (Immunity and diseases)

Exercise
Choose the correct answer (only answers)
1. Pathogens
2. Typhoid
3. White blood cells
4. Antibodies
5. Parasitism
Fill in the blanks.
1. Antibodies
2. Pathogens
3. Acid
4. Fungi
Short answer questions
Q#1: What are pathogens?
A: Microorganisms that causes diseases are called pathogens. They may be bacteria viruses or
fungi and they infect animals and plants.
Q#2: What are infectious diseases?
A: When pathogens get into our body the more likely it is that we develop an infection which
causes diseases that diseases are called infectious diseases.
Q3: Define immunity.
A: Immunity is the ability of body to defend itself against pathogens.
Q#4: Describe innate immunity.
A: Innate immunity system is there from the time of your birth. It protects you throughout your
life. It is not specific because it does not target particular pathogens.
Long answer questions
Q#1: Explain immune system in details.
A: Immunity: Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against pathogens.
Types of immunity: There are two main types of immunity.
1: Innate immunity 2: Acquired immunity
1: Innate immunity: Innate immunity is the time of your birth. It protects you throughout your
life. It is not specific because it does not target particular pathogens. It consists of:
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

a. External defense
b. Internal defense
2: Acquired immunity: It is a third and final line of defence against pathogens. Acquired
system is very specific. It develops as different pathogens enter the body. It identifies and
destroys particular pathogens and remembers them to protect you in the future.
There are two main types of acquired immunity.
a. Active immunity
b. Passive immunity
Q#2: Discuss the causes symptoms and prevention of diseases.
A: 1: Measles
Causes: Measles is caused by virus.
Symptoms: High fever rash cough and runny nose.
Preventions: Get vaccinated.
2: Malaria
Causes: Causes of Malaria is plasmodium that enter in the blood through mosquito.
Symptoms: High fever along with shivering and headache.
Preventions: Apply mosquito repellent and wear full sleeve cloths.
3: Typhoid
Causes: Salmonella Typh.
Symptoms: Fever and abdominal pain.
Preventions: Wash hands before eating, and eat fully cooked food.
4: Covid 19
Causes: Corona virus.
Symptoms: Difficulty in breathing and lose of taste.
Preventions: Wear a mask keep distance from others and wash hands.
Q#3: Describe some common strategies for strengthening our immune system.
A: To strengthen our immune system we must follow the following strategies:
1. Eat a diet high fruits and vegetables.
2. Exercise regularly.
3. Get adequate sleep.
4. Maintain a healthy weight.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

5. Take proper steps to avoid infection such as washing hands.

6. Get vaccinated.
Q#4: Discuss the ways in which communities of people can safeguard against infectious
diseases.
A: There are many ways:
1: Wash hands: Washing hands after eating or using washroom or whenever hands are dirty.
2: Using mask: Using mask specially if you are sick or someone around you is sick.
3: Use sanitizer: Use sanitizer whenever water is not available.
Q#5: Explain the various lines of defense found in the human body.
A: There are various lines of defense:
1: Skin: It is the first line of defense. Skin protects all the internal organs of human body. It acts
as a barrier that restricted the entrance of pathogens inside the body.
2: Mucous membrane: Mucous membrane traps the pathogens and dirt with in it.
3: Cilia: Cilia are tiny hairs that traps the pathogens and dirt particles.
4: Stomach acid and pancreatic enzymes: Stomach acid and pancreatic enzymes digest the
pathogens that are present in food.
5: Bile: It is secreted by liver. It is acidic in nature. It destroys pathogens that are present in our
food.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Chapter # 4 (Structure of an atom)

Exercise
Choose the correct answer. (Only answers)
1. classifying the matter.
2. electrons.
3. 2.
4. 8.
5. group.
Fill in the blanks. (Only answers)
1. calcium.
2. protons and neutrons.
3. atomic number.
4. 18.
5. shells.
Short answers questions.
Q#1: What is an element?
A: A substance that cannot break down into simpler substances by any chemical mean.
Q#2: What is mass number?
A: Mass number is the sum of number of protons and neutrons of an atom.
Mass no = no of protons + number of neutrons.
Q#3: Give the electronic distribution for the atom with atomic number 12?
A: It is magnesium (Mg) which has 12 electrons in its orbits.
Element (Mg12)
K shell (2 electrons)
L shell (8 electrons)
M shell (2 electrons)
Q#4: List the name of group 2A elements.
A: Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium.
Q#5: How many groups and periods are in the periodic table?
A: The groups in the periodic table are from 1 to 8 and the number of periods are from 1 to 7.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Long answer questions.

Q#1: Explain the difference between atomic number and mass number.
A: Atomic number:
1. It is number of proton in an atom.
2. Always has smaller value than mass number.
3. It is not affected by number of neutrons.
Mass number:
1. It is the sum of number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
2. Always have larger value than atomic number.
3. Is affected by number of neutrons.
Q#2: Atom is a neutral particle. Explain?
A: All atoms have equal number of protons and neutrons so it means atoms have equal positive
and negative charges. That is why atom is a neutral particle.
Example: Sodium (Na)
Total positive charge = 11 (11 protons)
Total negative charge = 11 (11 electrons)
So Atom has no charge.
Q#3: How are elements arranged in the periodic table?
A: The elements in periodic table are arranged such as that the mass of the atom increases such
as you read across each period. Mass of hydrogen is less than helium atom.
Elements can be identified in groups and periods. For example: lithium belongs to group 1 and
period 2.
Q#4: Why do elements have different group and period number?
A: Elements have different groups and periods because different elements have different atomic
numbers and arrangement of electrons in shells. Elements have a different group if the number of
electrons in their outermost shell are different and have different periods if the number of shells
are different.
Q#5: Why potassium and sodium have different period but same group?
A: Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) have different periods because they both have different
number of electronic shells but sodium and potassium have same group because they both have
same number of electrons in their outer most shell.
Element (Sodium)
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Period (3)
Group (1)
No of shells (3)
Valence shell electrons (1)
Element (Potassium)
Period (4)
Group (1)
No of shells (4)
Valence shell electrons (1).
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Chapter # 5 (Physical and chemical changes)

Exercise
Choose the correct answers. (Only answers)
1. rusting.
2. changing size.
3. baking bread dough.
4. exploding a firework.
5. wax.
Short answers questions.
Q#1: Name the only state of matter that can be easily compressed.
A: Gas is the only state of matter that can be easily compressed.
Q#2: What happens to speed of particles when they are heated?
A: When particles of matter are heated they get more energy and move faster.
Q#3: Which two state of matter can flow easily?
A: Liquid and gas are the state of matter that can flow easily.
Q#4: Give two example of chemical change.
A: 1: Boiling of eggs.
2: Burning of paper.
Long answer questions.
Q#1: Explain in detail the difference between physical and chemical change with two examples
each.
A: Physical change:
A physical change alters the form or appearance of matter but does not turn any substance into a
different substance. Example of physical change includes freezing, boiling and melting.
Chemical change:
When two or more elements combined chemically to form a new substance compound the
changes is called chemical change. The product is entirely different from its reactant. For
example, the making of bricks is a process which has been used for thousands of years. It is also
a chemical reaction in which sand, wet clay and coal dust are mixed together and made into brick
shape.
Q#2: Explain the process of combustion and rusting with the help of equation.
A: Combustion:
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Materials which can ignite and burn easily are called combustible materials. Wood, paper, coal
and cotton can burn and release energy.
Example: - Methane + oxygen ----------> carbon dioxide + water + heat.
Rusting:
When the iron is exposed to air (oxygen) and moisture (water), rust formation takes place. Rust
is hydrated iron oxide, a new substance formed out of reaction. The color of the iron also
changes. Hence a resting of iron is a chemical change. Once resting starts , it continues to
corrode the metal. Rust is brittle and make the iron weak.
Reaction:
Oxygen (O2) + Water (H20) + Iron (Fe) ---------> Rust (Iron oxide) Fe2O3H2O.
Q#3: What changes are observed during the chemical reaction?
A: In a chemical reaction for things happen:
1. A new substance is produced which usually looks quite different from the substances you
started with.
2. Energy usually heat energy is given out or taken in during the reaction.
3. The change might be impossible to reverse.
4. A chemical change is usually called chemical reaction.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Chapter # 6 (Chemical bonds)

Exercise
Choose the correct answers. (Only answers)
1. compound.
2. it changes into negative ion.
3. a covenant bond.
4. CO.
5. 6.
Fill in the blanks. (Only answers).
1. electrostatic.
2. 7.
3. outermost.
4. 1.
5. NH3.
Short answered questions.
Q#1: Define valency.
A: Valency is the combining capacity of an element to form a compound. It is the number of
electrons in the Valence shell of an atoms that are lost, gained or shared to become stable.
Q#2: What is the Valence shell?
A: The outermost shell of an atom is known as valence shell.
Q#3: What is an ion?
A: An atom carries charge due to the loss or gain of electron is called an ion.
Q#4: What is cation?
A: When a neutral atom loses Valence electron, it loses negative charge. It becomes a positive
ion called cation.
For example: Na+.
Q#5: What is anion?
A: When a neutral atom gains an electron, it gains a negative charge. It becomes a negative ion
called anion.
For example: Cl-.
Long answer questions.
Q#1: How are bonds formed?
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

A: A chemical reaction takes place when electrons are transferred or shared between two atoms.
Electrons are involved in a chemical reaction and due to this a bond is made and molecule is
formed.
There are two different types of chemical bonds. Covenant bond and ionic bond.
Covalent bond: When atoms come close to each other and share electrons, a covalent bond is
formed.
Ionic bond: Ionic bond is formed due to transfer of electrons.
Q#2: Explain the formation of ionic bond.
A: Ionic bond: Ionic bond are formed due to the transfer of electrons. The opposite ions are
attracted to each other form a bond that is called ionic bond. These types of compounds are
called ionic compounds. The ionic bond is a strong bond that has the electrostatic attraction
between cation and anion. Sodium chloride is formed when a sodium ion has attraction due to
the opposite charges.

Q#3: Explain the formation of covenant bond.

A: Covalent bond: When atoms come close to each other and share electrons, a covalent bond is
formed. The electrons in this bond experience the force of attraction from the nucleus of both
atoms. The positive and negative attraction holds the two atoms together. This attraction is called
the chemical bond. This bond is weaker than ionic bond.
Science Chapter Wise Notes Class: Seven

Q#4: Explain how to write chemical formula on the bases of valency for: 1: H20, 2: NaCl.
A: Formula of sodium chloride:
Step 1: Na is a symbol of sodium and Cl is a symbol of chlorine.
Step 2: Na+1 belongs to group 1 and Cl-1 belongs to group 7.
Step 3: Both charges are same with the opposite sign therefore, cancel the charges.
Formula of water:
Step 1: H is the symbol of hydrogen at O is the symbol of oxygen.
Step 2: H+1 belongs to group 1 and O-2 belongs to group 6.
Step 3: Interchange the valencies of hydrogen and oxygen ion and write as a subscript.
This formula shows that two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom make a water molecule.
Q#5: Explain about neutral atoms.
A: Atom are neutral as they have same number of protons and electrons. For example, in sodium
atom there are 11 protons and 12 neutrons as it possesses 11 electrons orbiting around the
nucleus. Sodium atom is electrically neutral as it has 11 protons (positive charge) and 11
electrons (negative charges).
+11 protons (+ive charges)
-11 electrons (-ive charges).
So atoms are neutral.