HISTORIOGRAPHY merely the selfish ends of the colonizers

and politicians.
History defined…
-Absolute objectivity is impossible because of the
 Is both facts and interpretations
subjectivity of the colonial historians who wanted to
 Refers to the historian’s reconstruction of
mask their real motives.
the past
 Is about our knowledge of past events Teodoro Agoncillo
especially those beyond living memories
In historical imagination data are the bones
based on:
of history. The flesh and blood is supplied by the
a) Written records, not enough records
historian’s imagination (imaginative understanding)
should be supported with primaries
such as; As for the methodology, write with lucidity,
b) Oral traditions and; creatively, and with literary freshness, with
c) Physical evidences or artifacts that logical reasoning.
must be interpreted
“History is an accurate record and interpretation of
Renato Constantino is the recorded struggle of the past using a lot of historical imagination.”
the people for increasing freedom and for newer
and higher realization of human person. Review the facts with feelings and passions,
and use data carefully and judiciously.
Important Elements of the Article
 Be descriptive but analytical. Bring
1. Critique of Colonial Scholarship discussion to the realm of value judgment.
2. Importance of Historical Consciousness  Be original, contribute something new.
3. Nationalist Framework
4. Role of the Masses Digna Apilado
5. Need for a People’s History  Local histories have not gained academic
Intents and Motives importance or official recognition.
 National history is Manila-centric, which
1. Re-evaluation of Philippine History tends to define national political history.
2. Commitment to Filipino Nationalism  It has omissions or data-gaps relative to
3. Colonial Critique local history.
4. Education and Awareness
5. Historical Revisionism Louis Reichenthal Gottschalk

Focus  History was derived from the Greek noun

iotopia or history, meaning learning.
1. Anonymous masses of individuals  History is a systematic account of a set
2. Project “people’s history” natural phenomena, whether or not
3. Basis of source criticism chronological ordering was a factor in the
account.
Value and Contributions in Understanding
 “History was not simply a chronicle of
Issues
events, but could and should encompass
1. Empowering the Marginalized the methodology and insights of other
2. Inspiring Nationalism disciplines.”
3. Increasing Historical Consciousness  Suggested on using critical standards of
judgment and trained insights into different
-As a historian, one has to make a stand.
problems of bias about which students of
-There is a need for a nationalist framework history must be on guard.
analysis to redress the imbalances in colonial  Once a document has been determined to
historiography. be genuine (external criticism)
researchers need to determine if the content
 To judge historical events on the basis on is accurate (internal criticism).
whether they benefited the majority or
  Establish the relation of historical research How Should We Write, Teach, or Study History?
methods to life and learning.
First School of Thought (no interpretation
 Delineated historical method from
needed) – history must be written, taught, or
Historiography.
studied for its own sake. This is the premise on the
 External criticism from internal criticism
principle that History is an intellectual pursuit of
suggested by Conal Furey.
truth.
Relevance and Importance of History
Second School of Thought (subjective) –
1. It is our scientific guide in understanding the Study the past in the light of the present.
present and the future.
 Practical relevance of history – use the past
2. It raises our historical consciousness so as
as the key to understand the present and
to develop a commitment for the deprived
look into the future.
and oppressed.
3. Enables us to exercise the faculty of Spanish Chronicles
criticism through intelligent reading.
4. To learn what man did in the past to gain  Rationalized the primacy of colonization
insights into the nature of our present  Described Filipinos as uncivilized and with
difficulties by projecting people’s history. no history --- challenged Filipino
5. To learn lessons from the past by giving us intellectuals like Rizal to rectify cultural
the proper perspectives so that we may act prejudices.
correctly in the future. American Colonial Historiography
6. “To liberate us from outmoded western
concepts and values.” -Constantino  Benevolent Assimilation – effectively
7. History has the power to change and mold. erased from Filipinos’ memories the
8. It contributes to our national memory and atrocities they committed against Filipinos
national identity. during the “Filipino-American” War (e.g.,
9. History can be influential and shaping Balangiga Massacare)
human affairs.  Ingenuously used education to miseducate
10. History is a guide on making judgments. Filipinos
11. History provides informed perspective about  Used as a tool to control their subjects and
the world. increase political and economic power of
12. History provides a better understanding the elite few
about the present situation.  Filipino historians were captives colonial
historiography who viewed or interpreted
Basic Rule: our history from the eyes of the colonizers.
 Use history to understand ourselves better  Early writers of Philippine history were
 “Show the Filipino not merely a victim of ethnocentric and tend to disregard native
colonial oppressions about as a member of customs and values that do not conform to
society and culture capable of acting and their colonialists tastes.
asserting one’s identity under adverse  There were indiscriminate recording of
conditions.” -Apilado events basically because colonial chronicles
were not trained as socio-anthropologists.
Remember:
Post-war Philippine Historiograhphy
 All interpretations are valid, unique, distinct,
and good for particular historical situation  Spurred the emergence of Filipino scholars
 Interpretations serves as tools for who challenged the narrow view of colonial
discernment narratives.
 History is not final. Everything is rewritten by  Developed historical writing from the
every generation using the same document viewpoint of nationalist framework.
but interpretation varies according to time. Historical Icons
 1. Teodoro Agoncillo – pioneered nationalist Historical documents include books,
historiography in the 1950s. Highlighted role newspapers, journals, maps, paintings,
of Filipino reformists and revolutionists. architectural perspectives, advertisements,
(e.g., Revolt of the Masses: the story of photographs, etc.
Bonifacio and the Katipunan)
Second Type of Historical Primary Documents
2. Renato Constantino – did not accept
(Unwritten)
Agoncillo’s observation about “lost history”
referring to historical events before 1872. 1. Archeological Records
(e.g., People’s History) 2. Oral and Video accounts
3. Zeus Salazar – as an approach to
understand the past from our own cultural Complementary of Sources
frame and language. He emphasized the 1. Oral Sources can complement written
value of our Austronesian roots. (e.g., sources and can give us clues on the socio-
Pantayo Pananaw) political, economic and cultural contexts at
4. Reynaldo Ileto – used alternative historical play in a specific period being studied. Can
sources such as folk songs and prayers. be trusted so long as they can be verified
(e.g., History from Below, PASYON AT through external evidence of another kind
REBOLUSYON: Popular Movements in the (e.g., language, material, non-material
Philippine 1840) culture)
2. Interviewing as a method in oral history
must be handled skillfully. Interviews must
CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE be analyzed with extreme care against
HISTOORIOGRAPHY AND CONTENTIOUS threats of biases.
ISSUES
CHALLENGES AND DAUNTING TASKS
Historiography – is the practice of historical writing
based on research One basic challenge relative to primary
sources:
o Traditional Method – gather and examples
documents from libraries or archives to form o Ability to read and understand texts in
a pool of evidences for analytical narrative. foreign languages
o Modern Method of historical research,
utilizes other research method used by
related disciplines like Archeology and FILIPINO HISTORIANS’ PREFERENCE FOR THE
Geography. ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF SPANISH TEXTS

Source Typologies, Their Evolutions, and 1. Emma Blair and James Robertson’s
Complementary 55-volume The Philippine Island, 1493-1898
2. Antonio Pigafetta’s
1. Written – narrative, diplomatic sources Prime Viaggio intorno al mundo (1524)
2. Archeological – artifacts, artistic creation
3. Oral – tales & sagas, folk songs & popular ANOTHER DAUNTING TASKS:
rituals
 Ability to discern the cultural context and the
4. New sources – photos, films/movies, video,
historical value of primary sources, it
ICT generated sources
reflected western frames and colonial
Primary Sources – documents, physical objects, biases (e.g., savages, pagans, wild, &
oral/video accounts made by individuals or a group uncivilized)
present at the time and place being described.  Ability to uncover “myths” and
“misconceptions” about Filipino cultural
Key Function: to give facts identity propagated by Spanish and
Initially, historical documents are handwritten, American Colonizers.
printed, drawn, designed, composed materials
Secondary Sources – are the materials made by o Agoncillo’s leader-centric description of the
people long after the events being described had Revolution, who implied that the revolution
taken place. stopped after Aguinaldo left the Philippine
for Hong Kong
Key Function: to provide valuable interpretations
o Constantino disputed Agoncillo’s two-phase
of historical events
scheme of the revolution
Works of Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato o The question of who deserves to be named
Constantino are good examples of authorative as national hero.
secondary sources.
CONCLUSIONS
1. External Criticism (Contextual Analysis)
– answers concerns and questions pertinent o History is not the lifeless study of the dead
to the authenticity of historical source. past
2. Internal Criticism (Content Analysis) – o Learning how historians think and
deals with credibility and reliability of the sharpening the analytical and
content of the material. communication skills are essentials for
3. Historical Criticism – requires a success in college and professional life
meticulous reading of the document to know o The methods of history are not especially
its origin. complicated and confusing…still doing
history is not altogether easy.
LOCATING PRIMARY SOURCE
_________________________________________
1. National Library
2. National Archive
3. Private museums and archives
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE
HISTORIOGRAPHY
SOURCE CRITICISM – CONTEXTUAL AND
o Dominated by political narratives
CONTENT ANALYSIS
o Influenced by colonial histories
o Elite-centric perspective
o Patriarchal orientation Primary Sources – are eye-witness’ accounts
o Continuous to emphasize lowland
Christianized Filipinos  Written – reports, correspondence,
o Manila-centric speeches, proceedings, memorials or any
o Not familiar with stories of pre-colonial past printable narratives, blotter
o Misrepresent ancient Filipinos as savages  Oral – derived from interviews
 Cultural – preserved evidences of human
or uncivilized
cultures (artifacts)
o Portrayed Spanish and Americans as
liberators of Filipino from cultural Secondary Sources – accounts by individuals
backwardness based on valid information from eyewitnesses
 Historians are fallible, capable of
errors, with personal biases, political A sources may be called ‘original’ if
beliefs, economic status, and  It contains fresh and creative ideas
idiosyncrasies  It is not translated from the language in
 Historians could excessively focus which it was first written
on his/her own viewpoint  It is in its earliest, unpublished stage
 History is gender blind
*Primary and secondary particulars are both
CONTENTIOUS ISSUES important.
o Venue of the first Christian mass
*The historian is less concerned with a source as a *Garbled documents – a reproduction; occur most
whole rather than with a particular data within that frequently in copies of documents whose originals
source have disappeared.
The Document The Restoration of Text
 Document is synonymous with source 1. The first task is to collect as any copies of
 It is written source of historical information the text
 Documentation can be written, oral pictorial 2. Then they are compared
or archeological 3. Available copies are grouped
4. The comparative age of each copy is then
Human and Personal Document
established
 Human document is an account of
*A comparison of all of the most closely-related
individuals experience
copies will usually reveal words and passages that
 All documents are human and personal
are in some but not in others.
document
 For the historians the human and personal Sciences Auxiliary to History
document were synonymous
Auxiliary (or ancillary) sciences of
 Personal document is any self-revealing
history are scholarly disciplines which help
record that intentionally or unintentionally
evaluate and use historical sources and are seen
yields information regarding the structure,
as auxiliary for historical research.
dynamics, and functioning of the author’s
mental life.  Assyriologists
 Biblical criticism
*All documents are both human and personal if
 Philology - deals among other things with
they shed a light upon the authors and subject
the derivation from the variant texts of the
and they betray author’s personality, private
most authentic ones
thoughts and social life.
 Classical epigrapher – restores and edits
texts of Greek and Latin transcriptions found
on the gravestones, monuments and
Forged or Misleading Documents
buildings of ancient Greece and Rome.
Some “historical documents” were fabricated  Paleographer – first formalized the
principles of paleography and diplomatic
 Political Propaganda  Archeologist – excavates ancient sites and
 Mislead certain contemporaries provides the historian with information
 Misinterpretation derived from the artifacts such as statues,
Historical documents are fabricated for several mausoleums, pottery.
reasons: Willingness to tell the truth - the historian has to
1. Sometimes they are used to bolster false deal with authors competent to tell the truth but
claim or title. consciously or unconsciously tell falsehoods.

Tests of Authenticity 1. Nearness – used in geographical and

chronological sense.
 Historians also examine the ink for signs of 2. Competence
age for anachronistic chemical 3. Interested witness
composition 4. Bias
 Historians uses techniques known as  Studium – if the witness’ bias is
paleography and diplomatic favorable to the subject of his
 Printing, typewriting was unfamiliar before. testimony
 Seals, signatures and Paleography  Odium – if the witness’ bias in
unfavorable to the subject of his
testimony
 5. The intend hearers/reactors of a document Certitude vs. Certainty
– the desire to please or displease may lead
Certitude – the state of feeling or being free
to the coloring of the avoidance of truth.
from doubt
6. Laws and Convection
7. Expectation or Anticipation Certainty – stress the evidence of objective
proof (absolute truth with empirical evidence)
*In general, the ability to tell the truth leads to
errors of omission, rather than commission. *The more recent the period of study, the more
difficult it becomes to say something that will
*Unwillingness to tell the truth leads to
remain long unchallenged.
misstatements of fact more often than omissions
of acts *A greater degree of consensus and certitude may
easily exist among historians where testimony is
Conditions Favorable to Credibility
lacking than where it is full.
 When it is a matter of indifference to the
*Jean Francois Champollion in 1822 learned to
witness
decipher hieroglyphic
 When it is prejudicial to a witness
 When it is a matter of common knowledge *Sir Henry Rawlinson in 1847 deciphered Old
 When it is both incidental and probable Persian Cuneiform
 When it is contrary to the witness
expectations or anticipations
The Personal Equation Contextual Analysis

A number of factors in his personality and  Involved in the identification of the

social situation (frame of reference) historical importance of the text;
 Search for the author’s background (life and
General Rule training) scholastic preparation, motives,
authority on the subject, published
In modern law courts the old maxim falsus
works
in uno, falsus in omnibus tends to be
 Search historical background of the
overemphasized.
document (when and where it was
*Certain kinds of witnesses are ‘privileged’ or published)
‘unqualified’ and therefore not obliged to testify or  Patronage of the work (who paid for it, how
are kept form testifying. and why) ...
 Search the political circumstances when
Historian, however, is prosecutor, attorney,
the work was made
defense, judge and jury all in one.
 Religious circumstances when the work
 As judge he rules out no evidences was made.
whatever if it is relevant
 Any single detail of testimony is credible –
even if it is obtained by forced or fraud, Content Analysis
impeachable, or based on hearsay evidence
 Discuss the basic information/facts about
– provide it can pass four tests
the selected material assigned to your
 Primary witness and detail are now the
group
subjects of examination
 Examine the author’s main argument or
Corroboration thesis
 Compare points of view
A primary that has been extracted from a
 Identify biases
document by the process of external and internal
 Evaluate author’s claims based on
criticism so far described is not yet regarded as
evidences presented at the time
altogether established as historical fact. The
 Form conclusions on the values of the work
supports of a document or the statement.
  Relate the material to present Philippine Pacific Coast Range, the longest range in
society and politics the Philippines.
 Caraballo De Baler (Southern Luzon to
Sorsogon).
GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT OF THE  Zambales Range: Starts at Cape Bolinao to
PHILIPPINES Bataan Peninsula Cavite and Batangas (w/
Mt. Makiling).
I. General Information
Visayas:
Philippines: "Pearl of the Orient"
 Panay Range (Northwest and Southwest
Composed of more than 7,107 islands. of Panay)
 Mt. Kanlaon (Negros)
Total land area: 144,830 m or 299,404 km.
Mindanao: Has 4 long ranges that cut across
Part of the Pacific "Ring of Fire" with a high
the provinces of:
concentration of active and dormant volcanoes.
 Surigao (Northeast)
II. Earthquakes and Volcanoes
 Butuan (North)
The Philippines perches precariously on the so-  Mt. Apo (Central Mindanao)
called "ring of fire" of the Pacific.  Lanao (Northwest)

The country is rocked from time to time by V. Volcanoes

earthquakes, seismic tremors, and volcanic
Philippine Plate: A tectonic plate beneath the
eruptions.
Pacific Ocean to the east of the Philippines,
III. Climate bounded by the Philippine Trench to the southwest.

Found in the tropic region of monsoon. The easterly side of the Philippine Sea Plate is a
convergent boundary with the subducting Pacific
Has four types of climate: Plate.
 Tropical Climate: Characterized by mild to
sufficient rains throughout the year;
prevalent in areas of Eastern Luzon, Bicol,
Samar, and Leyte.
 Tropical Climate: Characterized as mild
with sufficient rain, but dry spells may occur Top 22 Active Volcanoes in RP:
from November to May; prevalent in areas
of Luzon and Negros. 1. Batanes/Babuyan Islands: [1]Mt. Iraya, [2]Mt.
 Savanna Tropical: Characterized by a dry Didcas, [3]Mt. Babuyan, [4]Mt. Camiguin de
season for most of the year; dominant in the Babuyan
area of Cagayan. 2. Zambales: [5]Mt. Pinatubo
 Mild to Cool Climate: Found in 3. Batangas: [6]Mt. Banahaw, [7]Taal Volcano
mountainous areas of 4,000 ft (1,500 m) or 4. Bicol Region: [8]Mt. Isarog, [9]Mt. Iriga, [10]Mt.
2,400 km above sea level; prevalent in Mayon & [11]Mt. Bulusan
areas like Baguio. 5. Mindoro: [12]Mt. Halcon
6. Negros: [13]Mt. Kanlaon
IV. Mountain Systems 7. Camiguin: [14]Mt. Bulkan, [15]Mt. Hibok-
hibok, [16]Mt. Tres Marias, [17]Mt. Mambajao
Luzon: Has 4 long ranges:
8. Leyte: [18]Mt. Biliran
 Caraballo Del Sur (Cordillera North and 9. Lanao Del Norte: [19]Mt. Torong-torong
Central): Highest in Abra, Ilocos, and 10. Cotabato: [20]Mt. Ragang/Parker, [21]Mt. Apo
Cagayan. (highest mountain)
 Sierra Madre (Isabela, Baler, Quezon, 11. Misamis Oriental: [22]Mt. Balatucan
Nueva Vizcaya/Ecija): Known as the
 12. Misamis Occidental: [23]Mt. Makaturing The once spectacular primary forests of the
(second highest mountain) Philippines are now a bygone era because of the
fast rate of deforestation (2.1% each year).
Most Erupted Volcanoes
Total Primary forest cover: 829,000 hec out of
1. MT. MAYON - 52 eruptions since 1616, last
18M hec. (2000-2005)
eruption June 2023
2. MT. TAAL - 39 eruptions since 1572 Last Total forest loss since 1990 – 3,412,000 hec
volcanic activity: September 22,2022. (32.3%)
3. MT. KANLAON – 30 eruptions since 1866
IX. Political Boundaries
Last volcanic activity: June 3, 2024
4. MT. BULUSAN - 20 eruptions since 1885 As of June 20, 2024, the Philippines has 18
last volcanic activity June 5, 2022 regions (17 regular administrative regions:
Regions 1-13, CAR, ARMM, CARAGA, NCR, and
VI. River Systems
NIR-Negros Island Region - recently re-established
Top 5 River Systems in RP: region).
1. Rio Grande de Pampanga (6,660km2) PROVINCE- It has 82 provinces
2. Rio Grande de Mindanao (5,132km2)
CITY- 149 cities
3. Rio Grande de Cagayan (3,546 km2)
4. Rio Grande de Agusan (2,494km2) MUNICIPALITY – 1,493 municipalities
5. Rio Grande de Agno (1,883km2)
BARANGAY- 42, 011 barangays (March 31, 2025
VII. Natural Resources PSA data)
The Philippines is rich in biodiversity, with diverse X. Projects
"flora" and "fauna."
1. Bulacan - Angat Maasim Reservoir
There are about 8,000 species of flowering plants; 2. NCR industrial/ reunicipal H2O req’mt
3,000 species of trees; 2,100 species of fishes. 3. Isabela, Quirino/ Nvizcaya - Magat,
Casecnan Dams
Agricultural Wealth: Agriculture is the greatest
4. Bataan - BEPZ – Bataan Export Processing
industry of the Filipino people. The potential
Zones, Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
farming area of the Philippines is 18 million
5. Pangasinan, Benquet, Cagayan- Agno
hectares, of which only one-third is cultivated.
Dam, San Roque Dam, Ipo Dam, Sual dam,
Forest Wealth: Forests are one of the rich natural Binga Dam
resources of the Philippines. Forest lands total 6. Zambales -Masinloc Gcothermal Plant,
forested area, 14,452,650 hectares are commercial Marine Sanctuary
forests and 2,180,000 non-commercial forests. 7. Nueva Ecija – Pantabangan Dam
8. Clark, Subic - SEZs
Marine Wealth: Philippine rivers, lakes, and seas
9. Bicol - Mayon Geothermal Plants
teem with fish, shells, pearls, corals, seaweeds,
and other forms of marine wealth. More than 2,000 XI. Tourist Spots
species of fishes are found in Philippine waters.
1. CAR (Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, K-Apayao, Mt.
Mineral Wealth: The country has rich deposits of Province): Crystal Cave (Benguet), Rice
gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, manganese, zinc, Terraces (Ifugao), Elephant Hill Sagada
and other metals, as well as coal, cement, salt, Cave (Kalinga), Kabunyian Mummy Caves
asphalt, asbestos, gypsum, clay, marble, and other (Mt. Provinces)
nonmetallic minerals. 2. REGION 1 (Pangasinan, La Union, Ilocos
Sur/Norte): Hundred Island, Devil’s Kitchen
VIII. Environmental Issues
Cave, Fort Ilokandia
Due to continued misuse and abuse, the Philippine 3. REGION 2 (Nueva Viscaya, Isabela,
environment is in an alarming state of destruction. Quirino, Cagayan): Salinas Salt Spring
 (Nueva Viscaya), Callo Cave, Mapasa Hot 15. Manila: Alfredo Yao, Teresita Sy-Coson,
Spring (Cagayan) Andrew Tan
4. REGION 3 (Bataan, Tarlac, Pampanga, 16. Cagayan: Enrile
Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan): Shrine of 17. Batangas: Leviste, Legarda, Laurel, Recto,
Valor (Bataan), Mariveles Hot Spring Escudero, Zobel, Ayala
(Bataan), Camp Pangatian, Ecotourist spots 18. Palawan: Mitra, Yulo
([Link]), Barasoain Church (Bulacan) 19. Zambales: Enrique Razon Jr, Gordon,
Magsaysay
XII. World Heritage Sites
Visayas:
1. Tubbataha Reef – Marine National Park
(small islets East of Palawan) 1. Cebu: Osmeña, Garcia
2. St. Paul Subterranean National Park 2. Capiz: Roxas, Araneta
(Underground River, Palawan) 3. Iloilo: Jacinto, Lopez Cendana
3. Ifugao Rice Terraces 4. Negros: Benedicto, Montelibano Araneta,
4. Vigan /Paoay (Ilocos Sur) and Baroque Lacson, Tribol, Cojuangco, Jalandoni
Churches (San Agustin, Manila; Miagao, 5. Leyte: Romnaldez, Veloso
Iloilo) 6. Bohol: Herrera
5. Ivatan stone houses, Mahatao Church
Mindanao:
(Batanes)
6. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary 1. Zamboanga: Jalosjos, Lobregat
(Mindanao) 2. Bukidnon: Silverio, Zubiri, Quisumbing
7. Neolithic Shell Midden Sites in Lal-lo and 3. Davao: Jacinto, Floriendo, Pacquiao
Gattaran (Cagayan) 4. Surigao: Barbers
8. San Sebastian Basilica (Manila) 5. Misamis Occidental: Oscar Moreno
9. Mount Apo – (Davao region) 6. Lanao: Dimaporo
10. Chocolate Hills (Bohol) 7. Misamis Oriental: Guingona, Pimentel
8. Maguindanao: Delangalen, Ampatuan,
XIII. Places of Origin of Big Landlords and
Manguindadato
Business People
XIV. Theories on the Geological Beginnings of
Luzon:
the Philippines
1. Tarlac: Ding Tanjuatco, Sumulong, Yap,
Land bridge Theory: Theorized by Henry Otley
Aquino, Cojuangco
Beyer, that over one million years ago during the
2. Ilocos: Marcos Fariñas, Singson, Vicente S.
Pleistocene or Ice Age, the Philippines was
Encarnación & Sy-Quia family
connected to mainland China through a vast land
3. Isabela: Dy, Alvarez
area called land bridges.
4. Pangasinan: Ramos, De Venecia, Guico,
Lito Arenas Volcanic Theory: Offered by Dr. Fritjoff Voss, a
5. Zambales: Magsaysay, Gordon, Camara German geologist, who disputed Beyer’s theory. He
6. Nueva Ecija: Concepcion, Violago, Tinio stated that the Philippines was never part of the
7. Aurora: Angara, Lara, Benito Tarayo Asia mainland and that the 35-kilometer thick crust
8. Cavite: Luis Yangco, Revilla–Tolentino clan, underneath China does not extend to the
Remulla, Abaya Barzaga Philippines. His theory was eventually supported by
9. Bataan: David Consunji studies made by Dr. Raymundo Punongbayan.
10. Bulacan: Tengco Violago
11. Las Pinas: Villar, Cuneta _________________________________________
12. Laguna: Ejercito- Estrada, Lina
13. Bicol: Roco Tatad, Madrigal
14. Pampanga: Mendoza, Henson, Sison, ANG KRONOLOHIYA SA PAGKABUO NG
Angeles, Pineda Macapagal, Nepomuceno, PILIPINAS
Lazatin
Summary of Dr. Raymundo Punong-Bayan’s
Genesis of the Philippines, Environmental Center of
the Philippines Foundation Atlas of the Philippines, ngayon ekspansyon ng
Quezon City, 1998 seafloor sa
pagitan ng
Taong Panahong Kaganapan Eurasian Plate at
Sakop Heolohika Micro-
65 milyong Huling Ang islang-arko ng continental
taon (B.C.) Cretaceous Bicol, Leyte, at Block.
Silangang 23-6 Maagang Paglawak ng
Mindanao ay milyong Miocene seafloor na
nabuo matapos na taon bago matatagpuan sa
lumubog ang ngayon Dagat Sulu.
Philippine Sea Gitnang Bumangga ang
Plate sa ilalim ng Miocene Micro-
Indian-Australian continental
Plate. Sila ang Block ng
mga unang Palawan sa
element ng orihinal na islang
archipelago ng arko (Luzon) ng
Pilipinas. Pilipinas. Nagdulot
57-37 Eocene Mula sa ekwator, ito ng bulkanismo
milyong kasabay ng sa Arkong Sulu.
taon bago pagkilos ng 6 milyong Huling Tumigil ang
ngayon Pacific Plate, ang taon bago Miocene bulkanismo sa
islang-arkong ngayon Arkong Sulu,
nabanggit ay ngunit patuloy pa
“naanod” patungo rin ang pagkilos ng
sa pahilagang- Pacific at
kanlurang Philippine plates.
direksyon. Sa Bumangga ang
panahong ito, hilagang bahagi
nahati ang ng Manila Trench
Pilipinas sa tatlong sa Taiwan, na
magkakahiwalay nagdulot ng
na islang-arko: paglitaw ng mga
Arkong Luzon mababang bahagi
(Sierra Madre at (kapatagan) ng
Samar), ang Luzon mula sa
Arkong karagatan.
Halmahera 6-2 milyong Huling Umabot ang
(bahagi na taon bago Miocenne Manila Trench
ngayon ng ngayon hanggang hanggang
Indonesia), kung simula ng Kanlurang
saan nakadugtong Pleistocene Mindanao.
ang Silangan at Nagputol at naging
Sentral Kordilyera Negros at
ng Mindanao¸ at Cotabato ng
ang Arkong dumikit na ang
Sangihe, kung bloke ng
saan matatagpuan Mindoro-Palawan
ang Tangway ng at ang Tangway
Zamboanga at ng Zamboanga
ang Talampas ng sa orihinal na
Kudarat. islang arko
37-23 Gitnang Paglawak ng (Luzon) ng
milyong Oligocene Dagat Timog Pilipinas. Sa
taon bago Tsina dulot ng panahong ito,
 nagsimula na ring
lumubog ang
Silangang bahagi
ng bansa sa erya
ng Philippine
Trench. Ito na ang
simula ng
pagkakabuo ng
lupang Pilipinas
sa kaniyang
kasalukuyang
lokasyon, porma,
hugis, at anyo.

THEORIES ON THE BEGINNING OF THE

PHILIPPINES
 The Land Bridge Theory theorized by
Henry Otley Beyer, that over one million
years ago during the Pleistocene or Ice
Age, the Philippines was connected to
mainland China through a vast land area
called land-bridges.
 Volcanic Theory offered by Dr. Fritjoff
Voss, a German geologist disputed Beyer’s
Land Bridge theory. He said that the
Philippines was never part of the Asia
mainland. He pointed out through scientific
studies made between 1964-67 on the
thickness of the earth’s crust. It was found
that the 35-kilometer thick crust underneath
China do not extend to Philippines. Dr.
Voss’s theory eventually generated further
studied which includes that of Dr.
Raymundo Punong Bayan. Part of his
findings is presented in a schema on next
page shedding some light on the geological
beginning of the Philippine archipelago.
SUGGESTED SCHEMA FOR PHILIPPINE PRE-HISTORY
(Source: Jaime B. Veneracion, AGOS NG DUGONGG KAYUMANGGI: Isang Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas)

Technical Political Material

Era Period Characteristics Economy Essence
Description Forms Culture
Formation of
Beginning “Foraging for
Pleistocene Archipelago
250,000 BC Groups Food”
Glaciation Stone tools Development of
Pre-Austronesian (Nuclear
(crude) Man & his Culture
250,00 BC to Family) “Hunting &
Paleolithic Homonization Gathering”
9000 BC

“Domesticatio Chinese & Indian

n of plants & Influence
Spread of
9000 BC to animals” Flake
Neolithic Austronesian
1500 BC Tradition Continuing
Tradition
“Slash & Burn Struggle of Man &
Agriculture” Nature
Clan of Emergence of
Austronesian Extended Permanent
Family Pottery Settlements
Particularization & Fishing,
Basketry
1500 BC to Separation from Commerce
Metal Age Bead Man vs Man
200 AD Austronesian Dry/Wet Rice
Glass &
Tradition Agriculture
Metals Interaction
between Clan &
Tradition
Emergence of
Ethnic Regional
200 AD to Regional Forms in Expanded Same as
Proto-Filipino Proto-History Groups & particularization
1565 AD South East Asia commerce above
Ethnic State (SEA)
(SEA)
Man vs. Man
Agricultural (struggle vs.
Technology
industry colonialism)
Emergence of National (plow with
(export-crop
1565 to Philippine Forms from Community wedge &
Filipino History oriented) Struggle for
present Ethnic beginning into & Nation- harrow)
Democracy
National Community states
(market
Machinery
economy) Struggle for
Nationalism