Module 2: Control Statements in Java
What are Control Statements?
Control statements are used to control the flow of execution of a Java
program.
They decide:
• Which statement to execute
• How many times to execute
• When to stop execution
Types of Control Statements
1. Decision Making Statements/Conditional Statements
2. Looping Statements
3. Jump Statements/Branch Statements
1. Decision Making Statements
1.1 if Statement
The if statement executes a block of code only if the condition is true.
Syntax:
if(condition) {
// code to execute
}
Example
int age = 20;
if(age >= 18) {
[Link]("Eligible to vote");
}
Important Points
• Condition must be boolean
• No execution if condition is false
1.2 if-else Statement
The if-else statement executes one block if condition is true, otherwise
executes the else block.
Syntax:
if(condition) {
// true block
} else {
// false block
}
Example
int marks = 45;
if(marks >= 35) {
[Link]("Pass");
} else {
[Link]("Fail");
}
Exam Tip: Used when two conditions are possible.
2. switch Statement
The switch statement selects execution paths based on multiple fixed
values.
Syntax:
switch(expression) {
case value1:
// code
break;
case value2:
// code
break;
default:
// code
}
Example
int day = 3;
switch(day) {
case 1:
[Link]("Monday");
break;
case 2:
[Link]("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
[Link]("Wednesday");
break;
default:
[Link]("Invalid Day");
}
Key Rules
• break prevents fall-through
• default is optional
• Supports int, char, String
3. Looping Statements
Why Loops?
Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly.
3.1 for Loop
Used when number of iterations is known.
Syntax
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {
// loop body
}
Example
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link](i);
}
Flow
1. Initialize
2. Check condition
3. Execute block
4. Increment
5. Repeat
3.2 while Loop
Used when iterations are not fixed, condition is checked before
execution.
Syntax:
while(condition) {
// loop body
}
Example
int i = 1;
while(i <= 5) {
[Link](i);
i++;
}
Note
• If condition is false initially → loop never executes
3.3 do-while Loop
Executes loop at least once, condition checked after execution.
Syntax:
do {
// loop body
} while(condition);
Example
int i = 1;
do {
[Link](i);
i++;
} while(i <= 5);
Exam Question: Difference between while and do-while?
4. Jump Statements/Branch Statements
4.1 break Statement
Terminates loop or switch immediately.
Example
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if(i == 5) {
break;
}
[Link](i);
}
Output:
1 2 3 4
4.2 continue Statement
Skips current iteration and continues with next iteration.
Example
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
if(i == 3) {
continue;
}
[Link](i);
}
Output:
1 2 4 5
5. Nested Loops
A loop inside another loop is called nested loop.
Example
for(int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
for(int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
Output
* * *
* * *
* * *
Rule
• Outer loop → rows
• Inner loop → columns
6. Pattern Programs in Java
Pattern 1: Square Pattern
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
for(int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
for(int j = 1; j <= 4; j++) {
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
Pattern 2: Right Triangle
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
for(int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
Pattern 3: Number Pattern
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
for(int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
[Link](j + " ");
}
[Link]();
}
Pattern 4: Inverted Triangle
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
for(int i = 4; i >= 1; i--) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
Summary
• Control Statements control program flow
• if-else → decision making
• switch → multiple fixed options
• for, while, do-while → looping
• break → stop loop
• continue → skip iteration
• Patterns test logic + nested loops
30+ Pattern Programs in Java
STAR PATTERNS
1. Square Star Pattern
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++){
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
2. Right Triangle Star Pattern
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
3. Inverted Right Triangle
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
for(int i=4;i>=1;i--){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
4. Left Triangle
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int s=4;s>i;s--){
[Link](" ");
}
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
5. Pyramid Pattern
*
* * *
* * * * *
* * * * * * *
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int s=4;s>i;s--){
[Link](" ");
}
for(int j=1;j<=2*i-1;j++){
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
6. Inverted Pyramid
* * * * * * *
* * * * *
* * *
*
for(int i=4;i>=1;i--){
for(int s=4;s>i;s--){
[Link](" ");
}
for(int j=1;j<=2*i-1;j++){
[Link]("* ");
}
[Link]();
}
7. Diamond Pattern
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int s=4;s>i;s--) [Link](" ");
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++) [Link]("* ");
[Link]();
}
for(int i=3;i>=1;i--){
for(int s=4;s>i;s--) [Link](" ");
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++) [Link]("* ");
[Link]();
}
NUMBER PATTERNS
8. Number Triangle
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link](j+" ");
}
[Link]();
}
9. Same Number Triangle
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link](i+" ");
}
[Link]();
}
10. Continuous Numbers
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
int num=1;
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link](num++ +" ");
}
[Link]();
}
11. Reverse Number Triangle
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1
for(int i=4;i>=1;i--){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link](j+" ");
}
[Link]();
}
12. Floyd’s Triangle
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
int n=1;
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link](n++ +" ");
}
[Link]();
}
CHARACTER PATTERNS
13. Alphabet Triangle
A
A B
A B C
A B C D
for(char i='A';i<='D';i++){
for(char j='A';j<=i;j++){
[Link](j+" ");
}
[Link]();
}
14. Same Alphabet Pattern
A
B B
C C C
D D D D
char ch='A';
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link](ch+" ");
}
ch++;
[Link]();
}
15. Reverse Alphabet Triangle
D
D C
D C B
D C B A
for(char i='D';i>='A';i--){
for(char j='D';j>=i;j--){
[Link](j+" ");
}
[Link]();
}
SPECIAL PATTERNS
16. Hollow Square
* * * *
* *
* *
* * * *
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++){
if(i==1||i==4||j==1||j==4)
[Link]("* ");
else
[Link](" ");
}
[Link]();
}
17. Hollow Triangle
*
* *
* *
* * * *
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
if(j==1||j==i||i==4)
[Link]("* ");
else
[Link](" ");
}
[Link]();
}
18. X Pattern
* *
* *
*
* *
* *
int n=5;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++){
if(i==j||i+j==n+1)
[Link]("* ");
else
[Link](" ");
}
[Link]();
}
19. Plus Pattern
*
*
* * *
*
*
int n=3;
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(j==2||i==3)
[Link]("* ");
else
[Link](" ");
}
[Link]();
}
20. Binary Triangle
1
0 1
1 0 1
0 1 0 1
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
[Link]((i+j)%2+" ");
}
[Link]();
}
MORE PRACTICE PATTERNS
21. Half Pyramid with Numbers
22. Half Pyramid with Alphabets
23. Inverted Half Pyramid
24. Mirror Right Triangle
25. Zig-Zag Pattern
26. Pascal Triangle
27. Hollow Pyramid
28. Butterfly Pattern
29. Hourglass Pattern
30. Sandglass Pattern
Exam Tip for Students
• Outer loop → Rows
• Inner loop → Columns
• Space logic decides alignment
• Conditions decide hollow / special shapes