The
Skeletal
System
Presented by:
Colleen Sidney Honrado
Samantha Magculang
Aizen Lucar
Xeniah Lejoi Taberdo
Lian Aizlyn Valencia
Objectives:
Explain the structure and functions of the skeletal
system.
Identify and classify the different types of bones, joints,
and their parts.
Describe common skeletal disorders and the processes
of bone growth and fracture healing.
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BREAKER!!
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BONE MARROW
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SPINAL CORD
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CARTILAGE
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LIGAMENT
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COMPACT BONE
The Skeletal
System
The skeletal system is the body
system made up of bones, cartilage,
ligaments, and joints.
An adult human has 206 bones.
It provides structure to the body and
protects internal organs.
Functions of Bones:
Support – Gives shape and support to the
body.
Protection – Protects organs (skull protects
brain, ribs protect heart and lungs).
Movement – Works with muscles to produce
movement.
Blood Cell Production – Red bone marrow
produces blood cells.
Mineral Storage – Stores calcium and
phosphorus.
Fat Storage – Yellow marrow stores fat.
Bones of Human Body
Two basic types of bone tissue:
Compact Bone
Dense and homogeneous (uniform structure)
Forms the outer layer of bones
Provides strength and protection
Spongy Bone
Made of small needle-like pieces called
trabeculae
Has many open spaces filled with red marrow
Found mostly in epiphyses of long bones
Provides lightweight support and shock
absorption
Microscopic Anatomy
of Bone
Bone tissue is made of:
Osteon (Haversian system) – Basic structural unit of compact bone
Central canal – Contains blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae – Concentric layers of bone matrix
Lacunae – Small spaces with osteocytes
Canaliculi – Tiny canals for nutrient
Bone matrix contains:
Collagen fibers (flexibility)
Calcium phosphate (hardness)
Classification of Bones
Bones are classified according to their shape and structure. The shape of a bone is related to
its function in the body.
Long Bones
Bones that are longer than they
are wide and have a shaft with
two ends.
Provide support and allow
movement
Found mostly in the limbs
Example: Femur, humerus
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis – The long shaft of the bone.
Made mostly of compact bone.
Epiphysis – The rounded ends of the
bone. Usually made of spongy bone
with a thin layer of compact bone.
Metaphysis – The region between
diaphysis and epiphysis. Contains the
epiphyseal (growth) plate in growing
bones.
Structure of a Long Bone
Periosteum – Tough outer covering. Contains
blood vessels, nerves, and osteogenic cells for
growth and repair.
Endosteum – Thin inner lining of the
medullary cavity. Also contains bone-forming
cells.
Compact Bone – Dense, strong outer layer.
Provides strength.
Yellow Bone Marrow – Stores fat. Found in the
medullary cavity of long bones in adults.
Nutrient Foramina – Small openings in the
bone for blood vessels and nerves.
Classification of Bones
Bones are classified based on shape and function:
Short Bones
Cube-shaped bones that are almost equal in
length and width.
Provide stability and limited movement
Found in the wrist and ankle
Example: Carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones
Thin, flattened, and often slightly curved
bones.
Protect internal organs
Provide large surface area for muscle
attachment
Example: Skull bones, ribs, sternu
Classification of Bones
Bones are classified based on shape and function:
Irregular Bones
Bones with complex
shapes that do not fit
into other categories.
Protect nervous tissue
Provide support and
attachment points
Example: Vertebrae, hip
bones
Types of Bone cells are responsible for the formation, maintenance, and
breakdown of bone tissue. They work together in a process called
Bone Cells
bone remodeling.
Osteoblasts
Cells that build new bone.
They produce bone matrix and help in mineralization.
Active during bone growth and fracture healing.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.
They monitor bone structure and help regulate
minerals.
Types of Bone cells are responsible for the formation, maintenance, and
breakdown of bone tissue. They work together in a process called
Bone Cells
bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts
Large cells that break down old or damaged bone.
They help in bone remodeling and control calcium
levels.
Osteogenic Cells
Bone stem cells that produce osteoblasts.
Found in the periosteum and endosteum.
Important for bone growth and repair.
Changes in the Human Skeleton
The skeleton changes throughout life due to growth, repair, and remodeling.
Bone Growth
Bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plate (growth plate).
Bones grow in width through appositional growth at the periosteum.
Growth stops after puberty when epiphyseal plates ossify (close).
Changes in the Human Skeleton
Bone Fractures
A fracture is a break in the bone
caused by:
Trauma (falls, accidents)
Repetitive stress
Weak bones (e.g., osteoporosis)
1. Closed (Simple) – Bone breaks but
skin remains intact.
2. Open (Compound) – Broken bone
pierces through the skin.
Common Types of Fractures
Greenstick – Bone bends and
cracks; common in children.
Comminuted – Bone breaks into
three or more pieces.
Spiral – Caused by twisting force;
fracture spirals around the bone.
Common Types of Fractures
Compression Fracture – Bone is
crushed or pressed together;
common in vertebrae (often due to
osteoporosis).
Depressed (Compressed) Fracture –
Bone is pressed inward; common in
skull injuries.
Impacted Fracture – One broken
end of bone is driven into the other.
Stages in Healing of Bone healing is a natural repair process
a Bone Fracture that occurs in four main stages:
1. Hematoma Formation
Blood vessels break at the fracture
site, forming a blood clot
(hematoma).
Causes swelling and inflammation.
2. Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Soft tissue and cartilage bridge the
broken bone.
Cells like fibroblasts and chondroblasts
help form the callus.
Stages in Healing of Bone healing is a natural repair process
a Bone Fracture that occurs in four main stages:
3. Bony Callus Formation
The soft callus is replaced by hard
bone (woven bone).
Osteoblasts deposit new bone
matrix.
4. Bone Remodeling
The bone reshapes and strengthens over
time.
Excess bone is removed by osteoclasts,
restoring normal shape and structure.
Stages in Healing of a
Bone Fracture
The Axial
Skeleton
— It supports and protects organs of head, neck,
and trunk
— This forms the longitudinal part of the body.
It has three main parts:
SKULL
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
BONY THORAX
Superior View of Human Skull
Inferior View of Human Skull
Paranasal Sinuses
These are hollow, air-filled cavities located within specific bones of the
cranium and face.
Its main functions are to lighten the weight of the skull, produce mucus to
cleanse the nasal cavity, and resonate the voice
The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not
articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for
the tongue
It also serves as an
attachment point for neck
muscles that raise and lower
the larynx during swallowing
and speech.
The Vertebral Column
— They are cushioned and kept apart by intervertebral discs.
— It is characterized by having a natural, normal curvature.
— Each vertebrae is named according to their specific location in the column.
The Vertebral Column consists of:
7 Cervical vertebrae
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
1 Sacrum (5 fused)
1 Coccyx (4 fused)
Structure of a
Typical Vertebral
The thoracic cage is composed of:
Ribs • True Ribs - The first seven pairs
Thoracic vertebrae that are directly attached to the
Sternum (breastbone) sternum.
Costal cartilages
• False Ribs - Three pairs that are
joined indirectly to the sternum
via the 7th rib.
• Floating Ribs - Two pairs of ribs
that have no anterior
attachment to the sternum.
Joints Classifications
A joint also known as an articulation is simply the
point where two bones meet.
of Joints
They are generally classified by the amount of Joints are also categorized by the type of
movement they allow: tissue that connects the bones:
Immovable: No movement possible. Fibrous Joints: These bones are joined by
tough, fibrous tissue that prevents any
Slightly Movable: Limited range of motion. movement.
Freely Movable: Wide range of motion. Cartilaginous Joints: Bones are linked by
cartilage, allowing for very restricted
movement.
Synovial Joints: These are highly mobile
joints. They feature a fluid-filled cavity that
reduces friction and protects the bone
surfaces.
Types of They are primarily classified by their structure and their function. They
Joints
are further categorized by the specific type of motion they allow:
1. Hinge 3. Gliding
Operates like a door hinge, Bones slide across one another's flat
allowing for extension and surfaces.
retraction.
Examples: Small bones in the hands
Examples: Elbow, knee, and (carpals) and feet (tarsals).
ankles.
2. Ball and Socket 4. Saddle
Features a rounded bone head fitting Occurs where concave and convex
bone surfaces meet, fitting
into a cup-like depression, allowing
together like a rider on a saddle to
movement in almost every direction. allow a wide range of motion.
Examples: Shoulder and hip. Example: The base of the thumb.
The Synovial Joint
It is the most common and movable type of joint in the body, characterized by a fluid-filled capsule that
cushions the space where two bones meet. Its primary function is to facilitate smooth, wide-ranging movement
STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SYNOVIAL JOINT
To ensure smooth movement and protection,
synovial joints often include these accessory
structures:
Bursae: These are flattened, fluid-filled
sacs lined with synovial membranes. While
they aren't part of the joint itself, they act
as cushions to reduce friction.
Tendon Sheath: Essentially an elongated
bursa that wraps entirely around a tendon
to protect it during movement.
Types of Synovial
Joint Based on Shape
• Hinge: A cylinder in a trough; allows simple
bending/straightening.
• Ball and Socket: A sphere in a cup; allows the widest
range of motion.
• Gliding: Two flat surfaces; allows for sliding or shifting.
• Saddle: Two U-shapes (concave/convex) nested
together; allows wide movement.
• Pivot: A rounded bone in a ring; allows for rotation
only.
• Condyloid: An oval "egg" in a "nest"; allows side-to-
side and up-and-down movement.
Diseases
and
Conditions
of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
This is a broad term for
inflammation of one or more joints
in the body. It typically causes
pain, stiffness, and swelling that
can worsen with age or activity. The
two most common forms are
osteoarthritis, caused by wear and
tear, and rheumatoid arthritis,
which is an autoimmune disorder.
Bursitis
is the painful inflammation
of fluid-filled sacs (bursae)
that cushion joints,
commonly caused by
repetitive motion, overuse,
or direct pressure on
shoulders, hips, elbows, or
knees.
Tendonitis
Tendonitis is the inflammation or irritation of a
tendon, causing pain, tenderness, and stiffness,
usually near joints like the shoulder, elbow, or knee.
Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a
common condition caused by
pressure on the median nerve in the
wrist, leading to numbness, tingling,
weakness, and pain in the thumb,
index, and middle fingers.
Osteoporosis
is a "silent" disease
characterized by
decreased bone mass
and density, making
bones weak, brittle, and
highly prone to fractures,
particularly in the hip,
spine, and wrist.
Scoliosis
is a sideways, C- or S-
shaped curvature of the
spine, often appearing in
children aged 10-15
(adolescent idiopathic
scoliosis), though it can
occur in infants or adults.
Kyphosis
is an excessive,
abnormal convex
curvature of the
thoracic spine, often
creating a hunched
back or slouching
posture.
Lordosis
Lordosis (swayback) is
an excessive inward
curvature of the lumbar
(lower) spine, often
causing the stomach
and buttocks to
protrude.
Rickets
Rickets is the softening
and weakening of
bones in children,
primarily caused by
extreme, prolonged
vitamin D, calcium, or
phosphate deficiency.
Gout
Gout is a painful form
of inflammatory
arthritis caused by
high levels of uric acid
forming crystals in
joints, often in big toe
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a rare, slow-progressing disorder caused by excessive growth
hormone (GH) production, usually from a benign pituitary tumor, resulting in
enlarged hands, feet, and coarse facial features in adults
Spina Bifida
Spina bifida is a
congenital neural tube
defect occurring when
the spine and
membranes around the
spinal cord do not close
completely during the
first month of pregnancy.
Talipes
Equinovarus
Talipes equinovarus
(clubfoot) is a common
congenital birth defect
where one or both feet are
twisted inward and
downward, often causing the
foot to look, in severe cases,
upside down.
Sarcoma
Sarcoma is a rare,
diverse group of cancers
arising from connective
tissues like bone, fat,
muscle, and cartilage,
accounting for about 1%
of adult cancers.
Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is an uncommon, generally incurable blood
cancer where abnormal plasma cells accumulate in bone marrow,
crowding out healthy cells and producing faulty "M proteins".
Leukemia
is a group of blood
cancers originating in
the bone marrow,
causing rapid
production of
abnormal, immature
white blood cells.
Bone Marrow
Biopsy
A bone marrow biopsy
removes a small, solid core of
bone marrow, usually from the
hip bone, to diagnose blood
disorders, cancers (like
leukemia, lymphoma, or
myeloma), infections, or to
evaluate anemia.