CE1014E
Surveying
Sememster-2
Dr. Punith Raj G
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Calicut -673601, India
Tacheometric Survey
Tacheometry or tachometer or telemetry is a branch of angular surveying in
which the horizontal and Vertical distances of points are obtained by optical
means as opposed to the ordinary slower process of measurements by tape or
chain.
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Tacheometric Survey
• The method is very rapid and convenient.
• It is best adapted to obstacles such as steep and broken ground, deep
ravines, stretches of water or swamp and so on, which make chaining
difficult or impossible,
• The primary object of the tachometer is the preparation of contoured maps or
plans requiring both horizontal as well as Vertical control. Also, on surveys of
higher accuracy, it provides a check on distances measured with the tape.
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Tacheometric Survey
Uses of Tacheometry
The tacheometric methods of surveying are used with advantage over the direct methods of
measurement of horizontal distances and differences in elevations. Some of the uses are:
• Preparation of topographic maps which require both elevations and horizontal distances.
• Survey work in difficult terrain where direct methods are inconvenient
• Detail filling
• Reconnaissance surveys for highways, railways, etc.
• Checking of already measured distances
• Hydrographic surveys and
• Establishing secondary control.
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Tacheometric Survey
INSTRUMENTS
• An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with a
stadia diaphragm is generally used for
tacheometric surveys.
• The stadia diaphragm essentially
consists of one stadia hair above and the
other an equal distance below the
horizontal cross-hair, the stadia hairs
being mounted in the ring and on the
same vertical plane as the horizontal and
vertical cross-hairs.
• Stadia is a tacheometric form of distance
measurement that relies on fixed angle Different forms of stadia diaphragms commonly used
intercept.
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Tacheometric Survey
Different Systems of Tacheometric Measurement:
The various systems of tacheometric survey may be classified as follows:
1. The stadia System
(a) Fixed Hair method or Stadia method
(b) Movable hair method, or Subtense method
2. The tangential system
3. Measurement by means of special instruments
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Survey Lab Exam
• Aim/Objective
• Apparatus/Instruments
• Procedure
• Figure
• Tabular Column
• Formula
• Result
• Inference
Surveying
CE1014E
Surveying
Sememster-2
Dr. Punith Raj G
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Calicut -673601, India
Tacheometric Survey
Different Systems of Tacheometric Measurement:
The various systems of tacheometric survey may be classified as follows:
1. The stadia System
(a) Fixed Hair method or Stadia method
(b) Movable hair method, or Subtense method
2. The tangential system
3. Measurement by means of special instruments
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Tacheometric Survey
Principle of Tachemeter
The principle common to all the systems is to calculate the horizontal distance between
two points A and B and their difference in elevation, by observing
(i) The angle at the instrument at A subtended by a known short distance along a staff kept
at B, and
(ii) the vertical angle to B from A.
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Tacheometric Survey
(a) Fixed hair method
In this method, the angle at the instrument at subtended by a known short distance along a staff kept
at B is made with the help of a stadia diaphragm having stadia wires at a fixed or constant distance
apart.
The readings are on the staff corresponding to all three wires taken.
• The staff intercept, i.e., the difference of the readings corresponding to top and bottom stadia
wires will therefore depend on the distance of the staff from the instrument.
• When the staff intercept is more than the length of the staff, only half the intercept is read.
• For inclined sight, readings may be taken by keeping the staff either vertical or normal to the line
of sight.
• This is the most common method is tachometer and the same ‘stadia method’ generally bears
reference to this method.
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Tacheometric Survey
(b) Subtense method
• This method is similar to the fixed hair method except that the stadia interval is variable.
• A suitable arrangement is made to vary the distance between the stadia hair so as to set them
against the two targets on the staff kept at the point under observation.
• Thus, in this case, the staff intercept, i.e., the distance between the two targets is kept fixed
while the stadia interval, i.e., the distance between the stadia hair is variable.
• As in the case of the fixed hair method, inclined sights may also be taken.
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Tacheometric Survey
PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD
The stadia method is based on the principle A
A1
that the ratio of the perpendicular to the base A2
is constant in similar isosceles triangles. O )
β C2 C1 C
In figure, let two rays OA and OB be equally B2
B1
inclined to central ray OC. Let A2B2, A1B1 and B
AB be the staff intercepts. Evidently,
𝑶𝑪𝟐 𝑶𝑪𝟏 𝑶𝑪 𝟏 𝜷
= = = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒌 =
𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐭
𝟐
𝑨𝟐 𝑩𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝑩
This constant k entirely depends upon the magnitude of the angle β.
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Tacheometric Survey
HORIZONTAL SIGHTS
Consider the figure, in which ‘O’ is the optical center of the objective on an external
focusing telescope.
Let A, B, and C are the points cut by three lines of sight corresponding to three wires
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Tacheometric Survey
HORIZONTAL SIGHTS
b, c and a = top, axial and bottom hairs of the diaphragm
ab = i = interval b/w the stadia hairs (stadia interval)
AB = s = staff intercept
f = focal length of the objective
f1 = horizontal distance of the staff from the optical center of the objective
f2 = horizontal distance of the cross-wires from O.
d = distance of the vertical axis of the instrument from O.
D = horizontal distance of the staff from the vertical axis of the instruments.
M = center of the instrument, corresponding to the vertical axis.
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Tacheometric Survey
HORIZONTAL SIGHTS
Since the rays BOb and AOa pass through the optical center, they are straight so that AOB and aOb are
similar. Hence,
𝒇𝟏 𝒔
=
𝒇𝟐 𝒊
Again, since f1 and f2 are conjugate focal distances, we have from the lens formula,
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Tacheometric Survey
HORIZONTAL SIGHTS
Multiply by ff1 on both sides,
𝒇𝟏
𝒇𝟏 = 𝒇+𝒇
𝒇𝟐
𝒔 𝒇𝟏 𝒔
𝒇𝟏 = 𝒇 + 𝒇 𝐰𝐡𝒆𝒓𝒆 =
𝒊 𝒇𝟐 𝒊
But D = d + f1 i.e., f1 = D – d
𝒇
𝐃 = 𝒔 + (𝒇 + 𝒅)
𝒊
D=k*s+C
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Tacheometric Survey
HORIZONTAL SIGHTS
D=k*s+C
• Above equation is known as the Distance equation. In order to get the horizontal distance,
therefore, the staff intercept ‘s’ is to be found by subtracting the staff readings corresponding to the
top and bottom stadia hairs.
• The constant k = f/i is known as the Multiplying constant or Stadia interval factor and
• the constant (f + d) = C is known as the Additive constant of the instrument.
Surveying
CE1014E
Surveying
Sememster-2
Dr. Punith Raj G
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Calicut -673601, India
Tacheometric Survey
DETERMINATION OF CONSTANTS K AND C
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Tacheometric Survey
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Tacheometric Survey
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Tacheometric Survey
DISTANCE AND ELEVATION FOR STAFF VERTICAL – INCLINED LINE OF SIGHT
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Tacheometric Survey
Surveying
Tacheometric Survey
Surveying
Tacheometric Survey
Surveying
Tacheometric Survey
Surveying
CE1014E
Surveying
Sememster-2
Dr. Punith Raj G
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Calicut -673601, India
Tacheometric Survey
DISTANCE AND ELEVATION FOR STAFF NORMAL – INCLINED LINE OF SIGHT
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Tacheometric Survey
Surveying
Tacheometric Survey
(b)
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Tacheometric Survey
A Tacheometer was set up a Station A and the readings on a vertically held staff at B were 2.255, 2.605 and
2.955, the line of sight being at an inclination of +80 24’. Another observation on the vertically held staff at
B.M gave the readings 1.640, 1.920 and 2.200, the inclination of the line of sight +10 6’. Calculate the
horizontal distance between A and B and the elevation of B if the RL of BM is 418.685 m. The constants of
the instruments were 100 and 0.3.
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Tacheometric Survey
a) Observation to BM,
s = 2.200 – 1.640 = 0.560 m
V = 1.081 m
Elevation of line of sight at instrument = 418.685 + 1.920 – 1.081 = 419.524m
b) Observation to station B,
s = 2.955 – 2.255 = 0.7 m
D = 68.80 and V = 10.160
R. L of B = 419.524 + 10.160 – 2.605 = 427.079 m
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Tacheometric Survey
Determine the gradient from a point A to a point B from the following observations made with
tacheometer fitted with an Anallactic Lens. The constant of the instrument was 100 and the staff is held
vertically.
Inst. Station Staff point Bearing Vertical angle Staff readings
A 1340 +100 32’ 1.360, 1.915, 2.470
P
B 2240 +50 6’ 1.065, 1.885, 2.705
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Tacheometric Survey
a) Observation from P to A,
s = 2.470 – 1.360 = 1.11 m
V = 19.95 m and D = 107.3m
Difference in Elevation between A and instrument = 19.95 – 1.915 = 18.035 m
b) Observation from P to B,
s = 2.705 – 1.065 = 1.64 m
V = 14.521 and D = 162.7
Difference in Elevation between B and instrument = 14.521 – 1.885 = 12.636 m
Surveying
CE1014E
Surveying
Sememster-2
Dr. Punith Raj G
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Calicut -673601, India
Tacheometric Survey
a) Observation from P to A,
AP = 107.3 m and BP = 162.7 m
∠APB = 2240 -1340 = 900
AB = 𝐴𝑃2 − 𝐵𝑃2 = 194.9 m
Difference in elevation b/w A and B = 5.399 m
Gradient from A to B = Difference in elevation/ distance between AB = 1 in 36.1 (falling)
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Tacheometric Survey
Following observations were taken from two traverse stations by means of a tacheometer fitted with an
Anallactic lens. The constant of the instrument is 100.
Inst.
Staff point H.I Bearing Vertical angle Staff readings
Station
A C 1.38 2260 30’ +100 12’ 0.765, 1.595, 2.425
B D 1.42 840 45’ -120 30’ 0.820, 1.840, 2.860
Coordinates of station A 212.3 N 186.8W
Coordinates of station B 102.8 N 96.4W
Compute the length and gradient of the line CD, if B is 6.50m higher than A
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Tacheometric Survey
a) Observation from A to C,
s = 2.425 – 0.765 = 1.66 m
V = 28.93m and D = 160.8m
Let Elevation of A is 100
Therefore, RL at C = 100 + 1.38 + 28.93 – 1.595 = 128.716 m
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Tacheometric Survey
b) Observation from B to D,
s = 2.425 – 0.765 = 1.66 m
V = 43.11 m and D = 194.4m
Elevation of B is 100 + 6.50 = 106.5 m
Therefore, RL at D = 106.5 + 1.42 - 43.11 – 1.840 = 62.97 m
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Tacheometric Survey
c) Length and Gradient of CD,
Latitude Departure
‘Lsin θ’ Total Co-ordinates
Line Length
(m)
Bearings
(θ) ‘Lcos θ’ Stations
N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-) N E
A 212.3 -186.8
AC 160.8 2260 30’
B 102.8 -96.4
BD 194.4 840 45’
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Tacheometric Survey
c) Length and Gradient of CD,
Latitude Departure
‘Lsin θ’ Total Co-ordinates
Line Length
(m)
Bearings
(θ) ‘Lcos θ’ Stations
N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-) N E
A 212.3 -186.8
AC 160.8 2260 30’ -110.7 -116.6
C 101.6 -303.4
B 102.8 -96.4
BD 194.4 840 45’ 17.8 193.6
D 120.6 97.2
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Tacheometric Survey
c) Length and Gradient of CD,
Latitude of line CD = Northing of D – Northing of C = 120.6 – 101.6 = 19.0
Departure of CD = Easting of D – Easting of C = 97.2 – (- 303.4) = 400.6
Length of CD = 𝐿2 + 𝐷2 = 401.1 m
Gradient of CD = Difference in elevation / length of CD = 1 in 6.1 m falling
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Tacheometric Survey
Tangential Method
• In this method, the stadia hairs are not used, the readings being taken against the horizontal
cross-hair.
• The horizontal and vertical distances from the instrument to the staff station are computed from
observed vertical angles to the vanes fixed at constant distance.
• Hence there may three cases of vertical angles
• Both angles are angles of Elevation
• Both angles are angles of Depression
• One angle of elevation and one angle of depression
Surveying
CE1014E
Surveying
Sememster-2
Dr. Punith Raj G
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Calicut -673601, India
Tacheometric Survey
Tangential Method : Case (i) Both angles are angles of Elevation
Let P = Position of the instrument
Q = staff station
M = position of instrument axis
A, B = position of vanes
s = Distance between the vanes – staff intercept
α1 = Angle of elevation corresponding to A
α2 = Angle of elevation corresponding to B
D = Horizontal distance b/w P and Q = MQ’
V = vertical intercept b/w lower vane and line of sight
h = height of instrument
r = height of lower vane above ground of the staff
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Tacheometric Survey
Tangential Method : Case (i) Both angles are angles of Elevation
From triangle, MBQ’,
V = D tanα2………………(i)
From triangle, MAQ’,
V+s = D tan α1............(ii)
𝑠
Solving (i) and (ii), 𝐷 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛α1 −𝑡𝑎𝑛α2
𝒔∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟐
𝑫=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶𝟏 −𝜶𝟐 )
V = D*tan α2
𝒔∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝟐 Elevation of Q = Elevation of stn. + h + V-r
V=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶𝟏 −𝜶𝟐 )
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Tacheometric Survey
Tangential Method : Case (ii) Both angles are angles of Depression
From triangle, MBQ’,
V = D tanα2………………(i)
From triangle, MAQ’,
V - s = D tan α1............(ii)
𝑠
Solving (i) and (ii), 𝐷 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛α2 −𝑡𝑎𝑛α1
𝒔∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟐
𝑫=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶𝟐 −𝜶𝟏 )
V = D*tan α2
𝒔∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ∗𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝟐 Elevation of Q = Elevation of stn. + h - V-r
V=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶𝟐 −𝜶𝟏 )
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Tacheometric Survey
Tangential Method : Case (iii) One angle of Elevation and other of Depression
From triangle, MBQ’,
V = D tanα2………………(i)
From triangle, MAQ’,
s - V = D tan α1............(ii)
𝑠
Solving (i) and (ii), 𝐷 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛α2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛α1
𝒔∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟐
𝑫=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶𝟐 +𝜶𝟏 )
V = D*tan α2
𝒔∗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ∗𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝟐 Elevation of Q = Elevation of stn. + h - V-r
V=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶𝟐 +𝜶𝟏 )
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Tacheometric Survey
Numerical:
Vertical angels were measured to vanesfixed at the 1m and 4m marks of a staff held at a
station Q from the instrument kept at a station P. The vertical angles were 30 30’ and 60 15’.
The reading at a BM of RL 985.55 from P was 2.345m. Find the horizontal distance PQ and
RL at Q
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Tacheometric Survey
𝒔
𝑫= = 62.04 m
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶𝟏 −𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶𝟐
V = D*tan 𝜶𝟐 = 3.794 m
Elevation of Q = Elevation of stn. + h + V-r
= 990.689 m
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Tacheometric Survey
Numerical:
A theodolite was set up at a station A and vertical angles were measured to vanes kept at a
station B. the angles measured to the 1m and 5m marks were -20 30’ and 30
45’’respectively. A reading of 1.875m was also taken on a staff held at a BM of RL 258.5m.
Find the horizontal distance AB and RL of B
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Tacheometric Survey
𝒔
𝑫= = 36.63 m
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶𝟐
V = D*tan 𝜶𝟐 = 1.6 m
Elevation of Q = Elevation of stn. + h - V-r
= 257.775 m
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