Animal and Plant Cell
A chromosome is
fightly wound DNA
Humans have pairs of chromosomes , males
xy and female
23 xx
Cell- > tissue ->
Organ >
-
Organ system <organism
smallest largest
Nucleus-controlls the activities of the cell and encloses genetic material
Cytoplasm -
where most of the chemical reactions take place
Cell membrane-controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Mitochondria -
where aerobic respiration takes place
Ribosomes -
where protiensynthesis occurs
Vacuole -
Contains Cell sap
Chloroplasts -
Contain Chlorophyll (green Pigment) to absorb light, energy for photosynthesis
Cell wall-made of cellulose to
give the cell structure and support
Chromosome -
Where there are
genes
Eukaryotic -
do have a nucleus
Prokaryotic -
No nucleus
The different parts of plant and animal cells all have their own function.
Eukaryotic Cells do contain a nucleus whilst prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus , but
they do
have a loop of chromosomal DNA instead of a nucleus .
Microscopes
Magnification- increasing the size of an object
Resolution -
How well a microscope Can tell the difference between 2 objects that are close together
Light Microscope Electron microscope
Advantages -
Cheap and accessible Advantages -
massive magnification
Disadvantages -
limited magnification Disadvantages- Very expensive
light microscopes cheap but aren't the best quality , Whilst electron microscopes
are are expensive
but have very good magnification and resolution.
Calculating Magnification
Image size= actual size X magnification Image
Size
Actual size =
image size -
Magnification
Magnification =
image size - actual size Actual
size AI
Magnification
Total Magnification =
eyepiece lens x Objective lens
Eyepiece lens -
It's used to look through and see the
magnification
Course focus -
It is used to
bring the slide in view
fine focus -
is used to ajust the lens to your preference
Objective lens -
used to see the object under magnification
Slide-this is used to hold what is
being observed.
It is used to hold the specimen in place
to shine the light from the lamp
Specialised Cells
Sperm Cell -
The Sperm Cell is an animal cell , it's function is to fertilise the egg It's specialised
.
features is that it has a tail to allow it to swim to the egg cell .
Nerve Cell -
The nerve Cell is an animal cell , it's function is for it's branches run to the nervous
System . It's specialised feature is that it is covered in a
fatty .
sheath
MuscleCell -
The muscle cell is an animal cell it's function
,
is that it contracts to allow movement
In the body . It's specialised feature is to merge to contract in unison
Root hair cell-The hair cell is a plant cell ,
it has thin walls to not restrict the movement of water .
It's large surface area to provide Contact with soil water is it's specialised feature.
Xylem The xylem
-
is a plant cell it's , function is that it transports systems for Water and minerals .
It has a
specialised feature of thick walls to support the plant
Phloem -
The phloem is a plant cell it's function is that it has
,
a transport system for sugar .
It's
Specialised feature tubes that provide
is it's
energy for transportation.
Each specialised has its own function. The sperm cell fertilises the
Cell
egg cell using it's tail ,
the nerve cell uses it's branches in the nervous system. The muscle Cell Contracts to allow movement
in unison, the root hair cell has thin walls to not restrict the movement of water . The xylem has
transport systems for Water and minerals using it's thick Walls the Phloem has transport systems for ,
Sugar , it's tubes provide for transportation.
energy
Cell Differentiation
The cells in the pancreas produce insulin (a protein) so
they have lots of ribosomes
The muscle cells contract to allow movement so
they have lots of Mitochondria
The Palisade cells absorb sunlight so they have lots of chloroplasts
happens later
In Animal Cells differentiation in life to replace and repair Differentiation
.
mostly happens
at the start of the organisms life.
In plant cells differentiation happens continuously throughout the life of the Organism.
In both animal and plant cells differentiation Produces new specialised Cells .
Cell differentiation is used to repair and replace old or damaged cells . In animal cells it
happens at the start or later in life Whilst
,
in plant cells it can differentiate throughout it's life
The Cell Cycle
Cell division by mitosis is important in growth and development of multicellular
Organisms. In adults it is important for repair and replacement of cells.
,
The cell Cycle
stages. has 4
First the DNA replicates it gets bigger , and more organelles are made .
Secondly, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell ,
the Copy of the chromosomes move to opposite
poles of the cell .
Then the cytoplasm and the cell membrane divides .
finally ,
the cell becomes two
genetically identical daughter cells .
Mitosis is a stage in the cell cycle it is the process of When a cell replicates chromosomes
,
and thenSegregates them Producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division
,
2-mitosis
-
(
Stage 1 DNA multiplies
-
-
Stage 2 -
Chromosomes Condenses
1- Before
Stage 3-Mitosis
the cell
3 -
Division
two identical cells divides
Stage 4 -
genetically
S
Mitosis replicates chromosomes and divides them ,
producing two identical nuclei
W
Stem Cells ·
Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into another
type of cells. There are two sources in humans, bone marrow and embreyo.
Embryonic Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to become any specialised
cell .
They can become nerve cells red blood cells and muscle cells
,
.
Stem cells can treat diabetes and paralysis .
Stem cells can become anything Embryonic
.
become
stem cells
any specialised cells . Embryonic
Can Stem Cells have ethical issues.
Adult Stem Cells Can only become a certain specialised Cell .
They have less potential
and are restricted. Embryonic stem Cells are made from genetic information of the patient.
Plants retain the differentiate undifferentiated regions
ability to all of their life. The are
Called Meristems. Meristems are useful for producing identical plants quickly and economically
:
Rare Species Can be cloned to protect from extinction numbers of identical crop plants .
Large
With Special featuresSuch as disease resistance Can be produced An exotic plant such as orchids .
Can be mass produced in a
easy
and accessible by everyone.
Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate ,
there are two sources in humans :
bone marrow and embryo. Embryonic stem cells can become any specialised Cell , whilst adult Stem cells
Can only become certain specialised Cells .
Stem cells can treat diabetes and paralysis. However embryonic stem cells have ethical issues.
Diffusion
Where diffusion happens in the
body :
Digestive System- glucose in the small intestine
Respiratory System -
Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in the alveoli
Circulatory System -
glucose Oxygen
,
and Carbon dioxide in the Capillaries
Diffusion Can happen in liquids and gases it's the,
movement of particles. The
Molecules more until
they are evenly distributed.
A eukaryotic nucleus splits in two·
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a
high concentration to a low
Concentration , against a concentration gradient.
Active Transport ·
hypertonic Solution higher solute concentration outside of the cell
hypotonic solution lower solute concentration outside of the cell
Active transport example in plants: A root hair cell as
they Constantly need more minerals
Example in animals : The villi uses active transport as it
constantly needs glucose
Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration
(against their concentration gradient) using energy released through aerobic respiration
in Mitochondria.
Turgid is
hypotonic Solution flaccid is
. a
hypertonic solution
hypertonic solution has a higher concentration whilst
,
a hypotonic solution has a lower solute
Concentration .
Active transport is the movement of molecules from a low to high concentration against their
Concentration gradient
Osmosis
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more
concentrated solution through a
,
partially permeable membrane.
.
The water molecules are
moving from left to right This Causes Water levels on the right
to increase. This is because the water molecules moved across the
partially permeable
-
membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution by
osmosis. The water
is
moving from where there is a higher concentration of water molecules to where there
is a lower concentration of water.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a dilute to a more concentrated
solution .