DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
○ Overview
○ History
○ Introduction
○ Working of Distributed system
○ Types
○ Motivation
○ goals
○ characteristics
○ architecture
○ example
○ Advantages
○ Disadvantages
○A distributed system is one in which
hardware or software components located
at networked computers communicate and
coordinate their actions only by message
passing.
○ In the term distributed computing, the
word distributed means spread out across
space. Thus, distributed computing is an
activity performed on a distributed system.
○ These networked computers may be in
the same room, same campus, same
country, or in different country.
○ The use of concurrent processes that
message-passing has its roots
system architectures studied in the 1960s.
○ The study of distributed computing became its
own branch of
computer science in the late 1970s and early
1980s.
○ The first conference in the field, Symposium
on Principles of
Distributed Computing (PODC), dates back to
1982, and its
European counterpart International Symposium
on Distributed
Computing (DISC) was first held in 1985.
communicate by
in operating
In distributed system each
own memory. The
processor have its
computational entities are called
computers or nodes.
In distributed computing a program is split up into
parts that run
simultaneously on multiple computers communicating
over a network.
Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing.
Fig. A Distributed System
○ Grid computing Multiple independent computing
clusters which act like a “grid” because they are
composed of resource nodes not located within a
single administrative domain. (formal) The creation of
a “virtual supercomputer” by using spare computing
resources within an organization.
○ Cloud computing Cloud computing is a computing
paradigm shift where computing is moved away from
personal computers or an individual application server
to a “cloud” of computers. Users of the cloud only
need to be concerned with the computing service
being asked for, as the underlying details of how it is
achieved are hidden. This method of distributed
computing is done through pooling all computer
resources together and being managed by software
rather than a human.
The main motivations in moving to a
distributed system
are the following:
➢ Inherently distributed applications.
➢ Performance/cost.
➢ Resource sharing.
➢ Flexibility and extensibility.
➢ Availability and fault tolerance.
➢ Scalability.
➢ Making Resources Accessible
The main goal of a distributed system is to make it easy for the
users (and
applications) to access remote resources, and to share them in a
controlled and
efficient way.
➢ Distribution Transparency
An important goal of a distributed system is to hide the fact that its
processes and
resources are physically distributed across multiple computers.
➢ Openness
An open distributed system is a system that offers services
according to standard
rules that describe the syntax and semantics of those services.
➢ scalability
Scalability of a system can be measured along at least three
different dimensions.
○ Resource Sharing:- Resource sharing is the ability to use any
hardware, software or data
anywhere in the system.
○ Openness:- Openness is concerned with extensions and improvements
of distributed systems.
○ Concurrency:- Concurrency arises naturally in distributed systems from
the separate activities
of users, the independence of resources and the location of server processes
in separate
computers.
○ Scalability:- Scalability concerns the ease of the increasing the scale of
the system (e.g. the
number of processor) so as to accommodate more users and/or to improve
the corresponding
responsiveness of the system.
○ Fault tolerance:- Fault tolerance cares the reliability of the system so
that in case of failure of
hardware, software or network, the system continues to operate properly,
without significantly
degrading the performance of the system.
○ Transparency:- Transparency hides the complexity of the distributed
systems to the users and
application programmers.
ARCHITECTURE
Client Server Architecture
3-Tier Architecture
N- Tier Architecture
Ar mit Tieture
Tightly Coupled
Tightly
Peer To Peer
Examples of distributed systems and applications of distributed computing
include the following:
○ Telecommunication networks:
Telephone networks and cellular networks
Computer networks such as the Internet
○ Network applications:
World wide web and peer-to-peer networks
Massively multiplayer online games and virtual reality communities
○ Real-time process control:
Aircraft control systems
Industrial control systems
○ Parallel computation:
Scientific computing, including cluster computing and grid computing and
various volunteer
computing projects
Distributed rendering in computer graphics
○Economics
○Speed
○Inherent distribution of applications
○Reliability
○Extensibilityand Incremental Growth
○Distributed custodianship
○Data integration
○Missed opportunities
○ Complexity
○ Network problem
○ Security