LAB EXPERIMENT NO 1: Date:
03/10/2022
BIASING OF BJT
AIM: To implement fixed biased, Collector to Base baised and Voltage divider
bias circuit and analyse the value of Ib, Ic and Vce.
Simulator Used : MULTISIM
Theory :
Fixed biased
A single power source is applied to the collector and base of the transistor using only two resistors.
Applying KVL to the circuit, Thus, by merely changing the value of the resistor the base current can be
adjusted to the desired value.
Fixed Base Biasing a Transistor
The circuit shown is called as a “fixed base bias circuit”, because the transistors base current, IB remains
constant for given values of Vcc, and therefore the transistors operating point must also remain [Link]
collector current does not remain constant with variation in temperature or power supply voltage.
Therefore, the operating point is unstable. Changes in supply will change base current and thus cause
emitter current to change.
Collector to Base baised:
Collector to Base bias circuit is an improvement over fixed bias method. In this, biasing
resistor is connected between collector and base of the transistor to provide feedback
path. This circuit helps in improving the stability considerably. If the value of
IC increases, the voltage across RL increases and hence the VCE also increases. This in turn
reduces the base current IB. This action somewhat compensates the original increase.
Voltage divider bias
Voltage Divider Bias Circuit, also known as emitter current bias, is the most stable of the three basic
transistor bias [Link] this, biasing is provided by three resistors R1, R2 and RE. The resistors
R1& R2 act as a potential divider giving a fixed voltage to base. If collector current increases due to
change in temperature or change in β, emitter current IE also increases and voltage drop across RE
increases thus reducing the voltage difference between base and emitter. Due to reduction in base
emitter voltage, base current and collector current reduces. So we can say that negative feedback
exists in emitter bias circuit. This reduction in collector current compensates for the original change
in [Link] voltage drop across R2 forward biases the base-emitter junction. This causes the base
current and hence collector current flow in the zero signal conditions.
Circuit Diagram:
Fixed biased
Collector to Base baised:
Voltage divider bias
Derivation:
Fixed biased
Base circuit
Apply KVL, we get,
VCC = IBRB + VBE
Therefore,
IB= (VCC - VBE)/RB
Collector Circuit:
Apply KVL, we get
VCC = ICRC + VCE
Therefore,
VCE = VCC – ICRC
Thereotical Calculation:
In the given circuit we have,
Rb = 5kohm Rc = 10kohm beta(β) = 100 A/A and Vcc= 20v.
In the base region we have,
After applying KCL,
Ib= (Vcc – Vbe)/Rb
Ib=(10-0.7)/220*10^3
Ib=0.04mA.
Now for Ic,
Ic=β*Ib
Ic=50*(0.04mA)
Ic=2.11mA
In the Collector region we have,
After applying KCL,
VCC=ICRC+VCE
Therefore,
VCE=VCC-IC*RC
VCE=10-(2.11*1.2)
VCE=10-2.5363
VCC=7.47
Collector to Base baised:
Base circuit:
Applying KCL in Base loop we got,
Vcc – (Ib + Ic)Rc – IbRb – Vbe = 0
Vcc = (Rb + Rc)Ib + βIbRc + Vbe where “β” represents for “beta”.
Ib = Vcc – Vbe/Rb + (1 + βRc)
Collector Circuit:
Applying KCl in collector loop we have,
VCC – (IC+IB)RC – VCE = 0
VCC – (IC+IB)RC – VCE = 0
VCE = VCC – (IC+IB)RC
Thereotical Calculation:
In the given circuit we have,
Rb = 5kohm Rc = 10kohm beta( β) = 100 A/A and Vcc = 20v.
In the base region we have,
After applying KCL,
Ib = ( Vcc – Vbe)/Rb + (1 + βRc)
Ib = (20 – 0.7)/ (5 + 101*10)*1000
Ib = 19.3/1015 * 1000
Ib = 18.925 μA.
Now, Ic = β*Ib
Ic = 100*0.018925
Ic = 1.8925 mA .
In the Collector region we have,
After applying KCL,
VCE = VCC – (IC+IB)Rc
Vce = 20 – (1.8925 + 0.018925)*10
Vce = 885.33 mV.
Voltage divider bias
Procedure:
1. Open Multisim and make circuit as shown in figure.
2. Connect the Voltage Probe and Current Probe to measure the required voltage and
current.
3. Click on the simulation button to obtained result.
4. Measure the value.
5. Close the simulation.
SIMULATOR CIRCUIT:
For Beta = 200
Fixed biased
For beta=200
Collector to Base baised
For beta = 200
Voltage divider bias
RESULT:
Fixed biased
Current through base region ( Ib) is 0.04 milli ampere.
Theoritical value of current through base (Ib) is 0.037 milli ampere.
Current through collector region (Ic) is 2.11 milli ampere.
Theoritical value of current through collector (Ic) is 2.09 milli ampere.
Voltage across collector and emitter (Vce) is 7.47 milli volt.
Theoritical value is 7.36 milli volt.
Collector to Base baised:
Current through base region ( Ib) is 18.925 micro ampere.
Theoritical value of current through base (Ib) is 18.919 milli ampere.
Current through collector region (Ic) is 1.8925 milli ampere.
Theoritical value of current through collector (Ic) is 1.8919 milli ampere.
Voltage across collector and emitter (Vce) is 885.33 milli volt.
Theoritical value is 884.75 milli volt.
Voltage divider bias
Current across Base region is 40.15 micro ampere.
Theoritical value of current through base (Ib) is 40.11 micro ampere.
Current across collector region is 4.0158 milliampere.
Theoritical value of current through collector (Ic) is 3.998 milli ampere.
Voltage across collector emitter region(Vce) is 6.93 volt.
Theoritical value is 6.84 volt.
For beta = 200 there is slight change in Vc and Ve.
Experiment 2
Date
Common Source Amplifier 11/08/2022
AIM : To implement common source amplifier with and without bypass
Capacitor.
Software used: Qucs Studio
Theory :
When the input signal is applied at the gate terminal and source terminal, then
the output voltage is amplified and obtained across the resistor at the load in
the drain terminal. This is called a common source amplifier. Here source acts
as a common terminal between the input and output. It is also known as a
voltage amplifier or a transconductance amplifier. It produces current gain and
voltage gain according to the input impedance and output Impedance. In
bypass capacitor the capacitor is connected across the [Link] produce voltage
gain along with high input impedances FET’s are used in these circuits.
Circuit Diagram:
Circuit with unbypass capacitor
Ac analysis of circuit
Common Source amplifier with Bypass capacitor.
Ac analysis of common source amplifier with Bypass
Capacitor.
Theoretical Calculation:
Design:
Assume VDD = 12V, VRD = 5V, VDS = 6V, ID = 2 mA
Procedure:
6. Open qucs studio and make circuit as shown in figure.
7. Connect the Voltage Probe and Current Probe to measure the required voltage and
current.
8. Use Transient simulation to obtain the graph.
9. Click on the simulation button to obtain the Graph.
10. Measure the value and obtained the graph.
11. Close the simulation.
SIMULATION:
Simulation of Common Source Amplifier without Bypass
Capacitor.
Simulated Graph
Common Source Amplifer with Bypass Capacitor
Simulated Graph
Result:
The common source amplifier with and without by Pass capacitor is
designed and it amplified the voltage and graph is obtained in qucs studio.
Experiment No. 3 Date
18/10/2022
COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design a small signal voltage amplifier with and without Bypass
capacitor.
Simulator Used : Qucs Studio
THEORY :
Amplifiers are classified as small signal amplifiers and large signal amplifiers
depending on the shift in operating point, from the quiescent condition caused
by the input signal. If the shift is small, amplifiers are referred to as small signal
amplifiers and if the shift is large, they are known as large signal amplifiers. In
small signal amplifiers, voltage swing and current swing are small. Large signal
amplifiers have large voltage swing and current swing and the signal power
handled by such amplifiers remain large. Voltage amplifiers come under small
signal amplifiers. Power amplifiers are one in which the output power of the
signal is increased. They are called large signal amplifiers.
Circuit Diagram:
Without Bypass capacitor
Theoretical calculation:
DESIGN:
From the transistor data sheet, for BC107,
hfe = β = 110, Ic max=100 mA, VCE max = 45V
Let VCC =12V, Ic = 2mA. Since the quiescent point is in the middle of the load
line for the amplifier, VCE = 50% of VCC = 6V.
VRE = 10% of VCC = 1.2V.
Assuming Ic Ie, Vre=IcRe=IeRe
Procedure:
1. Open qucs studio and make circuit as shown in figure.
2. Connect the Voltage Probe and Current Probe to measure the required voltage and
current.
3. Use Transient simulation to obtain the graph.
4. Click on the simulation button to obtain the Graph.
5. Measure the value and obtained the graph.
6. Close the simulation.
Simulation:
Ce Amplifier with Bypass Capacitor
Simulated Graph
Without Bypass Capacitor
Result:
The common emitter amplifier with and without by Pass capacitor is
designed and it amplified the voltage and graph is obtained in qucs studio.