Algebra 2 Honors – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants

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Contents Included:

Textbook
Topics
Sections
10.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations

10.2 Operations with Matrices

10.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix

10.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix

10.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants

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  Matrices and Systems of Equations 

10.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations

Definition of a Matrix
If 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive integers, then an 𝑚 × 𝑛 (read “m by n”) matrix is a
rectangular array

in which each entry 𝒂𝒊𝒋 of the matrix is a number. An 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix has

m rows and n columns.

Note that the subscript of an entry is listed in order as row, column.

Definitions:
Dimension, Square Matrix, Main Diagonals, Row Matrix, Column Matrix

A matrix having m rows and n columns is said to be of dimension 𝑚 × 𝑛 .

If 𝑚 = 𝑛, then the matrix is square of dimension 𝑚 × 𝑚 (or 𝑛 × 𝑛). For a

square matrix, the entries 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑎 , … are the main diagonal entries.

A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix.

A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix.

 SKILL: Determine the Dimension of a Matrix.

| x
/

1x4

2x2

3x2

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 1

  Matrices and Systems of Equations 

Definitions:
Augmented Matrix, Coefficient Matrix
A matrix derived from a system of linear equations (each written in
standard form with the constant term on the right) is the augmented
matrix of the system.

Moreover, the matrix derived from the coefficients of the system (but not
including the constant terms) is the coefficient matrix of the system.

Examples:

The vertical dots in the augmented matrix separate the coefficients of the variables from
the constant term that is on the right hand side of the equation after the equal sign.

Notice that the matrix CANNOT HAVE BLANK ENTRIES.

Every entry must be a number.
When a variable is “absent” from an equation, we must use a zero for that coefficient in
the corresponding augmented or coefficient matrix.

You are going to LOVE what this can do for you! 

 SKILL: Writing an Augmented Matrix

Write the augmented matrix for the system of linear equations.
I 30 -
1 : 9
x +
3y - w = 9
,

-I 4 2 : -2
O
42 2w = 2
-

+ +
- y
I 0 5 6 0
0 :
-

6w
-

x
-
52 - =

4 2 4 -

30 : 4
2x 4y 32 =
+ -

What is the dimension of the augmented matrix?

4x5

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 2

  Matrices and Systems of Equations 

Elementary Row Operations

In solving systems of equations with three unknowns, we learned three operations that
would help us put the system into row echelon form. When we work with matrices, these
operations are known as elementary row operations.

Operation Notation
↑

1. Interchange two rows 𝑅 ↔𝑅

2. Multiply a row by a nonzero constant 𝑐𝑅 → 𝑅

3. Add a multiple of a row to another row 𝑐𝑅 + 𝑅 → 𝑅

It is good practice to keep track of your operations when working with matrices, perhaps
even more so than it was when working with equations.

SKILL: Gaussian Elimination

Solve the Linear system by creating an augmented matrix and then using row operations
to put the matrix into row-echelon form.
1 -

2390

O 135
& 0 012 = (0)

1 -
239 D

T
39
⑧ 0 1 ( 3(0))
-

+
O I
-

O 0128
⑨ 039 0 + 28

O
39 O I 0
-

18 -

00128

001a + 30
-

I
239 0
1 0 -18.
-

O I

O 135 O 0128
⑥ 00248

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 3

  Matrices and Systems of Equations 

Row-Echelon Form and Reduced Row Echelon Form

A matrix in row-echelon form has the following properties.

1. Any rows consisting entirely of zeros occur at the bottom of the matrix.
2. For each row that does not consist entirely of zeros, the first nonzero entry
is 1 (called a leading 1).
3. For two successive (nonzero) rows, the leading 1 in the higher row is farther to
the left than the leading 1 in the lower row.

A matrix in row-echelon form is in reduced row-echelon form when every column

that has a leading 1 has zeros in every position above and below its leading 1.

SKILL: Identifying Reduced Row-Echelon Form

Determine which of the matrices are in row-echelon form. If it is, determine whether it is
in reduced row-echelon form. If it is not, state why not.

a. b. c.

REFv
REFX REFv
RREF X
RREF X

N of REF because

800 must be bottom

d. e. f.

REFv REFv
REF x

RREF V RREFV

N of REF because

of 2 .

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 4

  Matrices and Systems of Equations 

SKILL: Gauss-Jordan Elimination

Solve the Linear system by creating an augmented matrix and then using row operations
to put the matrix into reduced row-echelon form.

10 1

010 -
1

00 12

X =
1
1
y
-

2 = 2

(1 ,
-
1
,
2)

A system with infinitely many solutions:

Solve the system:

-

1052

01 -

3 -

1
(2-5a 3a
,
-
1, a)
Infinite solutions

x + 52 = + X= 2 52
2
-

32 -1 +
y 32 1
-

y
= -

2 A

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 5

  Matrices and Systems of Equations 

A system with no solution:

Solve the system:

000

!
o0
↑
Not

Zero

No solutions

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 6

  Operations with Matrices 

10.2 Operations with Matrices

Matrix Notation

A matrix can be written explicitly, with square brackets around an array of m rows and n
columns.

A matrix can be named, usually with a capital letter, such as A or B.

A matrix can be denoted by a representative element enclosed in brackets, such as 𝑎 .

Equalities of Matrices

Two matrices are equal when they have the same dimension 𝑚 × 𝑛 and all of the
corresponding entries are equal.

Operations with Matrices

 Addition and Subtraction:

To add or subtract matrices, the orders must be the same.

Then, add and subtract each corresponding entry.
Example:

3 −1 4 −2 7 -

3
+ =
2 5 −3 0 -
15

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 7

  Operations with Matrices 

 Scalar Multiplication:

In operations with matrices, numbers are usually referred to as scalars. In this

course, scalars will be real numbers.

To multiply a matrix by a scalar, multiply each entry in the matrix by the scalar.
Scalar multiplication is written as a multiplier in front of the matrix, or in front of
the variable that represents the matrix.

−1 3 0
Let 𝐴 =
2 −5 4
4120
Then: 4𝐴 =
-

8. -
2016

Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Let 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 be 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices and let 𝑐 and 𝑑 be scalars.

1. 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑩 + 𝑨 Commutative Property of Matrix Addition

2. 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪 Associative Property of Matrix Addition
3. (𝒄𝒅)𝑨 = 𝒄(𝒅𝑨) Associative Property of Scalar Multiplication
4. 𝟏𝑨 = 𝑨 Scalar Identity
5. 𝒄(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝑨 + 𝒄𝑩 Distributive Property
6. (𝒄 + 𝒅)𝑨 = 𝒄𝑨 + 𝒅𝑨 Distributive Property

BE CAREFUL!!!! In general, properties of matrices are not all the same as

algebraic properties, so make sure to know the properties of matrices.

 SKILL: Operations with Matrices

4 2ca -
5a- 15b
-

1. I
-

4 ca a
2cb -

40

5b
42 5a 2ac -

+ 1
-

3 ac 2 bc -
42 -

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 8

  Operations with Matrices 

2.

16x 8x 16xy2 8xy24x

-

y
-

3.

2 -
14

o
I 8

4.

66

106
-

5. Given the matrices and

find:

a) 𝐴 − 𝐵 8
24
4 4
4
-

3 -

20

b) − 𝐴

z
I
-

c) 3𝐴 − 2𝐵

=
Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 9
  Operations with Matrices 

Additive Identity
One important property of addition of real numbers is that the number 0 is the
additive identity. That is, 𝑐 + 0 = 𝑐 for any real number 𝑐.
For matrices, a similar property holds. That is, if 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝑂 is
the 𝑚 × 𝑛 zero matrix consisting entirely of zeros, then 𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝐴.

In other words, 𝑂 is the additive identity for the set of all 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices.
For example, the matrices below are the additive identities for the sets of
all 2 × 3 and 2 × 2 matrices.

Solving Matrix Equations

When solving a matrix equation for 𝑋, you are solving for a matrix 𝑋.

 SKILL: Solving Matrix Equations

1. Solve for 𝑋 in the matrix equation 3𝑋 + 𝐴 = 𝐵

1 −2 −3 4
where 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
0 3 2 1
X =
(
B
-((2 4 [0 3])
3
3X A
-

X
= -

X t (B A) -

= 46 =
=

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 10

  Operations with Matrices 

Matrix Multiplication
It is important to remember that in matrix multiplication, ORDER MATTERS!!!!

In order to multiply two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵, the number of columns of matrix 𝐴 must be
equal to the number of rows of matrix 𝐵.

The dimension of the resulting matrix will have the number of rows of matrix A and the
number of columns of matrix B.

Note: Matrix multiplication is NOT commutative!

 SKILL: Matrix Multiplication

13-91
1. 4
-

2 -

46

50 -

1510

3x2 = 2x2
~
33
3x2

2.

(x3 + 3x)

Can not be multiplie

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 11

  Operations with Matrices 

 SKILL: Solving a System of Linear Equations

 x1  2 x2  x3  4

Solve the system  x2  2 x3  4
 2 x  3x  2 x  2
 1 2 3

Write the system in the matrix form, 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, and solve it by Gauss-Jordan elimination
(we’ll let our calculators do that part this time ).

H =

B = x

:
=
Augmented RREF

~
1 -

2 0
-
1
O 102
0 &

0 0 1

(i) x
+ 1xz
=
2x 1 =

x=
(-1 ,
2 , 1)

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 12

  The Inverse of a Square Matrix 

10.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix

Definition: Inverse of a Square Matrix

Note: While matrix multiplication is not commutative in general, when two matrices A and B are
inverse, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼 .

 SKILL: Verify the Inverse of a Matrix

1 −2 −1 2
Show that 𝐵 = is the inverse of 𝐴 = .
1 −1 −1 1

==
BA =

A B =

[= 1 &][di7 Fr
.

[iii]

&

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 13

  The Inverse of a Square Matrix 

Definitions: Invertible, Nonsingular, Singular

If a matrix 𝐴 has an inverse, then 𝐴 is invertible (or nonsingular);

otherwise, 𝐴 is singular.

A nonsquare matrix cannot have an inverse.

 SKILL: Finding the Inverse of a Matrix

&

To find the inverse of A, solve the matrix equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐼 for 𝑋.

-[b]
[b] (0][ : 100 =
+ 0 8
:

A 74
12
u
+
X
3
=
-

(b0 :
-

(i i4]
3

x= A

The Inverse of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 Matrix

𝑎 𝑏
The matrix 𝐴 = is invertible if and only if 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0.
𝑐 𝑑

If 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0 then the inverse of 𝐴 is given by:

if ad-bc = 0
1 𝑑 −𝑏
# is not invertable 𝐴 = ∙
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

Example:

A =5 y(-3 4) [- 4)
3
-
-

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 14

  The Inverse of a Square Matrix 

 SKILL: Finding the Inverse of a a 𝟐 × 𝟐 Matrix

(3) = (2)
&
: [21 [ = [
&
check
.

b .

B >
- ad-bc 0
=

66 0=

-[4]
Bis not invertable

 SKILL: Solving a System with A Unique Solution

(A'(A)x) A B =

FAB

A
100000505T00050T0
=

x=

[ A .
x =
B

A
. A
AB
T10000
x
.
=

13

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 15

  The Determinant of a Square Matrix 

10.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix

The Determinant of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 Square Matrix

Every square matrix can be associated with a real number called its determinant.
Determinants have many uses, and several will be discussed in this section and the
next section. Historically, the use of determinants arose from special number
patterns that occur when systems of linear equations are solved.

 SKILL: Find the Determinant of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 Matrix

(A) =
4+ 3 7 =

(Bl 4 = -
4=0

0 3 3
(c)
- -
=
=

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 16

  The Determinant of a Square Matrix 

The Determinant of a 𝟑 × 𝟑 Square Matrix

There is a general way to find the determinant of any square matrix, however in this
course we will learn how to find the determinant of a 2 × 2 and a 3 × 3. (When you take
linear algebra in college, then you will learn the other methods!)

Let’s look at the method for finding the determinant of a 3 × 3 Square Matrix:

0 2 1
Find the determinant of 𝐴 = 3 −1 2
4 0 1

D 0 + 16 + 0 = 16

Bottom -

Top
16 -
2 =
14

Determinant is 14

Try this one:

4 -

3 + 2 = 3
−1 1 2 -

Find the determinant of 𝐴 = 2 −1 1 2 -

−2 3 1 -

23

1
-

2 + 12 =
11

11-3 =
8

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 17

  Applications of Matrices and Determinants 

10.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants

Cramer’s Rule
Back before calculators, solving systems of equations was a tedious business often
fraught with errors. Then a Swiss mathematician named Gabriel Cramer came along (in
the early 1700’s) and discovered a nifty way to use determinants to solve equations.

Let’s see what he found.

D =

/42-20
To solve a system of equations using Cramer’s Rule, you need the determinant of the
Dx -50
coefficient matrix – call it D, and the column matrix formed by - =

10:2
the constants, call it B.
:

410)
44
Dy =/ in the 30
Now you have to find a determinant for each variable - by first replacing that
system =

column in the coefficient matrix with the B.

The determinant for the matrix formed by replacing the x column we’ll call Dx.
The determinant for the matrix formed by replacing the2y column we’ll call Dy.
Xi =
=

And so on, for every variable in the system. (It has to be a square system, of course.)
1
y
= y =

The solution to the system, then, is

𝐷 𝐷
𝑥= 𝑦=
𝐷 𝐷

and so on, for every variable in the system.

Let’s do an example:
Solve the systems, if consistent, using Cramer’s Rule.

1. 2.

D
1 4 =2) 20 + 6 14
=
=
=

D =
10

Dx =
8

Dx /10- 2 Dy =
-
15
=
-
50 + 22 =
-

28
- 16
Dz =

Dyl5ii) = x
G==

y - =

3
x = =

2
=
/
y=
=

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 18

  Applications of Matrices and Determinants 

APPLICATION: Area of a Triangle Using Determinants

Example:

W se

Calculator

Area = 1 5 square
.
units

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 19

  Summary 

Topics Big Ideas; What I Want To Remember; Vocabulary; Notation

10.1: dimension n columns
Matrices and
mxn :
A matrix having m rows and

Systems of square matrix

: m =
n
matrix with only
Equations row matrix :
main diagonal entries : o ne row

a D
matrix with only
cd column matrix :

one column

10.2: Properties
Operations with 1 .
A + B =
B + A
4 .
1A =
A

Matrices .
5 C(A +
B) = cA + cB
.
2 A +
(B +
C) =
(A + B) + C
6 (c +
d)A = CA + dA
.
3 (cd)A c(dA)
.

with matrixes scalars addition subtrac

Use algebra using , ,

tion ,
wait for how to do division .

10.3 Use inverse

·
of matrix in place of division
The Inverse of a
if ad-bc 0
Square Matrix
[a]
=

Example A =

# is not invertable

A x B
ad b
. =

+
A =

#A .

x
= A B

10.4

abn-9WE
det (A) =
(A)
The
Determinant of a , b
,

a Square Matrix = =

92bz
Determinants can be
Bottom-Top
terminant
·

used in many ways n -

n =
S
10.5 Cramer's Rule Triangle
Area
Applications of
E
a
ax +
by = C
vertices (x ) (x2 Y2) ,
ab
:
y
aeb
, , , ,

Matrices and D =

dx + ey f =

d
, and (x3 y3)
Determinants ,

Dx = b ce- ↓
x
==
* ,
y ,
I
choose either

Itx
+ or-so that
Area

ad y
a
=
y
Dy = < I
the area is

positive
* Y

Note: If this organizer does not give you enough space, please add pages as needed.

Algebra 2 H – Notes 12 - Matrices and Determinants – Ch. 10.1-10.5 20