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HTML Basic

HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language, is the standard language used to create web pages, developed by Berners-Lee in 1991 with the latest version being HTML5 published in 2012. Learning HTML is essential for web development as it allows users to create and customize websites, understand web structure, and learn other programming languages more easily. The document also covers HTML tags, attributes, and formatting techniques necessary for building structured and visually appealing web content.

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Tusher Abrar
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3 views51 pages

HTML Basic

HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language, is the standard language used to create web pages, developed by Berners-Lee in 1991 with the latest version being HTML5 published in 2012. Learning HTML is essential for web development as it allows users to create and customize websites, understand web structure, and learn other programming languages more easily. The document also covers HTML tags, attributes, and formatting techniques necessary for building structured and visually appealing web content.

Uploaded by

Tusher Abrar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on

Web to develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0"
was the first standard HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a
major version of HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely
used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this
version was published in 2012.

Why to Learn HTML?

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between
researchers. Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different
tags available in HTML language.
HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer
specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I will list down some of the key
advantages of learning HTML:
 Create Web site - You can create a website or customize an existing web template if you
know HTML well.
 Become a web designer - If you want to start a carrer as a professional web designer,
HTML and CSS designing is a must skill.
 Understand web - If you want to optimize your website, to boost its speed and
performance, it is good to know HTML to yield best results.
 Learn other languages - Once you understands the basic of HTML then other related
technologies like javascript, php, or angular are become easier to understand.

Hello World using HTML.

Just to give you a little excitement about HTML, I'm going to give you a small
conventional HTML Hello World program, you can try it using Demo link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>

Applications of HTML
As mentioned before, HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to
list few of them here:
 Web pages development - HTML is used to create pages which are rendered over the
web. Almost every page of web is having html tags in it to render its details in browser.
 Internet Navigation - HTML provides tags which are used to navigate from one page to
another and is heavily used in internet navigation.
 Responsive UI - HTML pages now-a-days works well on all platform, mobile, tabs,
desktop or laptops owing to responsive design strategy.

 Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available offline on the machine
without any need of internet.
 Game development- HTML5 has native support for rich experience and is now useful in
gaming developent arena as well.

HTML Tags

As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content.
These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags
have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing
tag </html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −

[Link] Tag & Description

1 <!DOCTYPE...>

This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

2 <html>

This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header
which is represented by <head>...</head> and document body which is represented by
<body>...</body> tags.

3 <head>

This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link>
etc.

4 <title>
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.

5 <body>

This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

6 <h1>

This tag represents the heading.

7 <p>

This tag represents a paragraph.

To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while
formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of
different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.

HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure −


<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>
We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see what is
document declaration tag.

Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also
has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>.
While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text
should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is
an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is
nothing to go in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this
space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Centering Content

You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>

<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>

</html>
This will produce following result −

Horizontal Lines

Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a
line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line
accordingly.
For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below
−
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and
closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this
space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML

Preserve Formatting

Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML
document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting
of the source document.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags

Nonbreaking Spaces

Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to
split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines −
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."
In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking
space entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men"
in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men."</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result –
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends
with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with
few tags −

Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are
some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br
/> elements. These are known as void elements.
HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents
should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends
with a closing tag.
For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph
but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Attributes

We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph
tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags
can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the
element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value
 The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the
example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the
alignment of paragraph on the page.
 The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within
quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left,
center and right.
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>

</html>
This will display the following result −

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all)
are −

 Id
 Title
 Class
 Style
The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML
page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element −
 If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that
element and its content.
 If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can
use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish
between two paragraph elements as shown below.
Example
<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>
The title Attribute
The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is
similar as explained for id attribute −
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often
displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever
title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.
The class Attribute
The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of
element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading
Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example −
class = "className1 className2 className3"
The style Attribute
The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about
CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while
formatting content.

The xml:lang Attribute

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of
the xml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.
Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.
bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB values Places a background color behind an element

background URL Places a background image behind an element

id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.

class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.

HTML - Formatting
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or
underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in
HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text

Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Italic Text

Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Underlined Text

Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Strike Text

Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough,


which is a thin line through the text as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Monospaced Font

The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known
as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter 'm'
is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Superscript Text

The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same
size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other
characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Subscript Text

The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as
the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other
characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Inserted Text

Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.


Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −

Deleted Text

Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.


Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Larger Text

The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the
text surrounding it as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of
the text surrounding it as shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Grouping Content

The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections
or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to
indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then
attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
<a href = "/[Link]">HOME</a> |
<a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href = "/about/[Link]">ABOUT</a>
</div>

<div id = "content" align = "left" >


<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you
have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the
<span> element as follows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style = "color:blue">span tag</span>
and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Tables

The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc.
into rows and columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table
rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td> are regular and left
aligned by default

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If
you do not need a border, then you can use border = "0".

Table Heading

Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is
used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown
below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag
are centered and bold by default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the
white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table cells, while
cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column.
Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Tables Backgrounds

You can set table background using one of the following two ways −
 bgcolor attribute − You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
 background attribute − You can set background image for whole table or just for one
cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Note − The bgcolor, background, and bordercolor attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use
these attributes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in
/images directory.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" background = "/images/[Link]">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result. Here background image did not apply to table's header.

Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table
width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Table Caption

The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the
table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>

<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are
rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for
every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −
 <thead> − to create a separate table header.
 <tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.
 <tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But
it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>

<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>

</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Nested Tables

You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside
table data tag <td>.
Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">

<tr>
<td>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>

</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Lists

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain
one or more list elements. Lists may contain −
 <ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
 <ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
 <dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in
a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list
is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a
disc. Following are the possible options −
<ul type = "square">
<ul type = "disc">
<ul type = "circle">
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered
list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is
incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it
is a number. Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need.
Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed
like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list
of terms, or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.

 <dl> − Defines the start of the list


 <dt> − A term
 <dd> − Term definition
 </dl> − Defines the end of the list
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>

<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Forms
HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For
example, during user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email
address, credit card, etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as
CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing
on the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.
There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus,
radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.
The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax −
<form action = "Script URL" method = "GET|POST">
form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>

Form Attributes

Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form attributes −

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
action
Backend script ready to process your passed data.

2
method
Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and POST methods.

3
target
Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be displayed. It takes values
like _blank, _self, _parent etc.

4
enctype
You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the data before it sends it to the
server. Possible values are −
application/x-www-form-urlencoded − This is the standard method most forms use in simple
scenarios.
mutlipart/form-data − This is used when you want to upload binary data in the form of files like
image, word file etc.
Note − You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.

HTML Form Controls

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form −

 Text Input Controls


 Checkboxes Controls
 Radio Box Controls
 Select Box Controls
 File Select boxes
 Hidden Controls
 Clickable Buttons
 Submit and Reset Button

Text Input Controls

There are three types of text input used on forms −


 Single-line text input controls − This control is used for items that require only one line
of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
 Password input controls − This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character
as soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input> tag.
 Multi-line text input controls − This is used when the user is required to give details that
may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using
HTML <textarea> tag.

Single-line text input controls

This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or
names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
First name: <input type = "text" name = "first_name" />
<br>
Last name: <input type = "text" name = "last_name" />
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Attributes

Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set to text.

2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

3
value
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

4
size
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

5
maxlength
Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the text box.

Password input controls

This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They are
also created using HTML <input>tag but type attribute is set to password.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type = "text" name = "user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type = "password" name = "password" />
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Attributes

Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be set to password.

2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

3
value
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

4
size
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

5
maxlength
Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the text box.

Multiple-Line Text Input Controls

This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single sentence.
Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
Description : <br />
<textarea rows = "5" cols = "50" name = "description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Attributes

Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

2
rows
Indicates the number of rows of text area box.
3
cols
Indicates the number of columns of text area box

Checkbox Control

Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also created
using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox..
Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "checkbox" name = "maths" value = "on"> Maths
<input type = "checkbox" name = "physics" value = "on"> Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Attributes

Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to checkbox..

2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.
3
value
The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.

4
checked
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

Radio Button Control

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected.
They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "maths"> Maths
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Attributes

Following is the list of attributes for radio button.

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to radio.
2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

3
value
The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.

4
checked
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

Select Box Control

A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options in
the form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<select name = "dropdown">
<option value = "Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value = "Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag −


[Link] Attribute & Description

1
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

2
size
This can be used to present a scrolling list box.

3
multiple
If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the menu.

Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag −

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
value
The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected.

2
selected
Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the page loads.

3
label
An alternative way of labeling options

File Upload Box

If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file upload
box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element but type
attribute is set to file.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "file" name = "fileupload" accept = "image/*" />
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box −

[Link] Attribute & Description

1
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

2
accept
Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.

Button Controls

There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable
button using <input>tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type attribute can take the
following values −

[Link] Type & Description

1
submit
This creates a button that automatically submits a form.

2
reset
This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial values.

3
button
This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user clicks that button.

4
image
This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the button.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "submit" name = "submit" value = "Submit" />
<input type = "reset" name = "reset" value = "Reset" />
<input type = "button" name = "ok" value = "OK" />
<input type = "image" name = "imagebutton" src = "/html/images/[Link]" />
</form>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Hidden Form Controls

Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed to the
server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page. For example,
following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a user will click next
page then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server and there it will decide which
page will be displayed next based on the passed current page.
Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<p>This is page 10</p>
<input type = "hidden" name = "pagename" value = "10" />
<input type = "submit" name = "submit" value = "Submit" />
<input type = "reset" name = "reset" value = "Reset" />
</form>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Text Links

A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts
of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and
images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.
Note − I recommend you to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL

Linking Documents

A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between the
opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can click that part
to reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag.
<a href = "Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>
Example
Let's try following example which links [Link] at your page −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "[Link] target = "_self">Tutorials Point</a>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated to reach to the
home page of Tutorials Point (in this example).

The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the
location where linked document is opened. Following are the possible options −

[Link] Option & Description

1
_blank
Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.

2
_self
Opens the linked document in the same frame.

3
_parent
Opens the linked document in the parent frame.

4
_top
Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.

5
targetframe
Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.

Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "[Link]
</head>

<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href = "/html/[Link]" target = "_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href = "/html/[Link]" target = "_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href = "/html/[Link]" target = "_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
<a href = "/html/[Link]" target = "_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on different links to understand the
difference between various options given for target attribute.

Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a
complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML
document header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser will
concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.
Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use relative
path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "[Link]
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/html/[Link]" target = "_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML
Tutorial to reach to the HTML tutorial.
Now given URL <a href = "/html/[Link]" is being considered as <ahref =
"[Link]

Linking to a Page Section

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute. This is
a two-step process.
Note − The name attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.
Use id and title attribute instead.
First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it using
<a...> tag as follows −
<h1>HTML Text Links <a name = "top"></a></h1>
Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to reach −
<a href = "/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>
This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top to
reach to the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.
Go to the Top

Setting Link Colors

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links
using link, alink and vlink attributes of <body> tag.
Example
Save the following in [Link] and open it in any web browser to see
how link, alink and vlink attributes work.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "[Link]
</head>

<body alink = "#54A250" link = "#040404" vlink = "#F40633">


<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/html/[Link]" target = "_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next
check its color when you activate it and when the link has been visited.

Download Links

You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very
simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "[Link] PDF File</a>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Image Links

We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images in our
webpages. Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.
Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at the
place of text as shown below −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "[Link] target = "_self">
<img src = "/images/[Link]" alt = "Tutorials Point" border = "0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>

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