Analysis of Measurement & Measuring
Instruments
Extracted from Paper-II (Electrical Engineering) Question Paper
This document provides a detailed breakdown of all questions related to Measurement and
Measuring Instruments found in the provided electrical engineering examination paper. It
covers topics ranging from error analysis and meter sensitivity to bridge circuits and energy
measurement.
I. Instrument Errors and Characteristics
Question 51
A 0-100 V range moving iron type voltmeter having an accuracy class of 1.0 is reading 50
V in a circuit. What is the maximum possible percentage error in the reading?
(A) 1%
(B) 2%
(C) 4%
(D) 5%
Analysis: Accuracy class of 1.0 means the guaranteed absolute error is 1% of the full-scale
deflection (FSD). FSD = 100 V, so the maximum absolute error is 1 V. When the meter reads
50 V, the percentage error is (1 / 50) × 100 = 2%.
Correct Answer: (B)
Question 56
The errors mainly caused by human mistakes are :
(A) gross errors
(B) instrumental errors
(C) observational errors
(D) systematic errors
Analysis: Gross errors strictly encompass human mistakes in reading instruments, recording,
or calculating measurement results. Observational errors (like parallax) are a subset, but
"gross errors" is the definitive term for human-induced faults.
Correct Answer: (A)
Question 58
If two meters X and Y require 100 mA and 150 mA respectively to give full-scale deflection,
then :
(A) Y is more sensitive
(B) X is more sensitive
(C) both X and Y are equally sensitive
(D) it would not be possible to assess sensitivity...
Analysis: Sensitivity of an analog meter is inversely proportional to the full-scale deflection
current (S = 1 / Ifsd). Meter X requires less current to achieve full scale, meaning it has a higher
Ohms/Volt rating and is more sensitive.
Correct Answer: (B)
Question 59
Which one of the following meters has maximum loading effect on the circuit under
measurement?
(A) 1000 ohms / volt
(B) 10 megaohms / volt
(C) 100 ohms / volt
(D) 1 megaohm / volt
Analysis: The loading effect is maximum when the voltmeter draws the most current from the
circuit. This happens when the internal resistance (and thus sensitivity in ohms/volt) is the
lowest. 100 ohms/volt will draw the highest current.
Correct Answer: (C)
Question 62
An ammeter of range 0-25 A has a guaranteed accuracy of 1% of full-scale reading. The
current measured by the ammeter is 5 A. The limiting error in the reading is :
(A) 3%
(B) 4%
(C) 5%
(D) 6%
Analysis: Similar to Q51, absolute error = 1% of 25 A = 0.25 A. For a reading of 5 A, the
limiting percentage error is (0.25 / 5) × 100 = 5%.
Correct Answer: (C)
II. Types of Instruments and Construction
Question 52
An instrument transformer is used to extend the range of :
(A) induction instrument
(B) electrostatic instrument
(C) moving coil instrument
(D) None of the above
Analysis: Instrument transformers (CTs and PTs) operate on AC. Moving coil is strictly DC,
and electrostatic is typically used for high voltage measurements directly. Induction type
instruments operate exclusively on AC, making them the standard pairing for instrument
transformers in legacy switchgears.
Correct Answer: (A)
Question 53
In most of the instruments, damping is provided by :
(A) fluid friction
(B) spring
(C) eddy current
(D) None of the above
Analysis: Eddy current damping is the most efficient and widely used damping method in
instruments where a permanent magnet is present (like PMMC and induction type
instruments).
Correct Answer: (C)
Question 54
A rectifier type instrument has following type of scale :
(A) linear
(B) logarithmic
(C) exponential
(D) None of the above
Analysis: Rectifier instruments convert AC to DC and then measure it using a PMMC
movement. Since PMMC instruments have a uniform/linear scale, the rectifier type instrument
also possesses a linear scale.
Correct Answer: (A)
Question 55
A pf meter has :
(A) One current coil and two pressure coils
(B) One current coil and one pressure coil
(C) Two current coils and one pressure coil
(D) Two current coils and two pressure coils
Analysis: A standard single-phase electrodynamometer power factor (pf) meter consists of
one fixed current coil (split into two parts) and two moving pressure coils mounted at right
angles to each other.
Correct Answer: (A)
Question 57
In an ammeter, the basic function of a shunt is to :
(A) bypass the current
(B) increase sensitivity of the ammeter
(C) increase resistance of the ammeter
(D) improve damping in the ammeter
Analysis: A shunt is a low-value resistance connected in parallel with the ammeter movement.
Its primary function is to bypass the bulk of the circuit current, thereby extending the range of
the instrument.
Correct Answer: (A)
III. Measurement Systems and Bridges
Question 60
In measurement system, the function of the signal manipulating elements is to :
(A) perform linear operation like addition and multiplication
(B) perform nonlinear operation like clipping, filtering...
(C) change the magnitude of the input signal while retaining its identity
(D) change the quantity under measurement to an analog signal
Analysis: A signal manipulating element processes the signal output from the transducer. Its
main role is to change the magnitude (e.g., amplify or attenuate) without altering the
fundamental identity or waveform of the signal.
Correct Answer: (C)
Question 61
Kelvin’s double bridge is used to measure low resistance, because :
(A) there is no thermoelectric emf
(B) it has high sensitivity
(C) effect of contact and load resistance is eliminated
(D) there is resistance variation due to temperature
Analysis: Kelvin's Double Bridge uses a second set of ratio arms to completely eliminate the
effect of connecting lead resistance and contact resistance, making it ideal for sub-ohm
measurements.
Correct Answer: (C)
Question 64
For the given bridge, Z1 = 200 ∠-30° Ω, Z2 = 150 ∠0° Ω, Z3 = 250 ∠-40°, what is the
value of Z4 under balanced bridge condition?
(A) 187.5 ∠-70° Ω
(B) 187.5 ∠-10° Ω
(C) 333.3 ∠-70° Ω
(D) 120 ∠70° Ω
Analysis: Under balanced condition, the cross products of opposite arms are equal: Z1 × Z4 =
Z2 × Z3.
Z4 = (Z2 × Z3) / Z1
Z4 = (150 ∠0° × 250 ∠-40°) / 200 ∠-30°
Magnitude = (150 × 250) / 200 = 187.5
Angle = 0° + (-40°) - (-30°) = -10°.
Correct Answer: (B)
IV. Power and Energy Measurement
Question 63
An energy meter having meter constant of 1000 revolutions per kWh makes 25 revolutions
in 15 seconds for a constant load. The load in kW will be :
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8
Analysis: Meter constant K = 1000 rev/kWh. Energy consumed in 15 seconds = 25 / 1000 =
0.025 kWh.
Time t = 15 / 3600 hours.
Power P = Energy / Time = 0.025 / (15 / 3600) = (0.025 × 3600) / 15 = 90 / 15 = 6 kW.
Correct Answer: (C)