Criminological Research 1

“The Reason Behind Institutional Distrust : An Exploratory Study about Citizen’s Preference

on Instant Justice”

Group 2

Members:

Gendrano, Beau Abel K.

Javier, Jiro P.

Unera, Alaiza P.

Maranan, Jace Aidan

Adao, Jan Andrei

Submitted to:

Sir Ian Welbert Abelleja

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Background of the Study.........................................................................................................2
1.2 Related Literature....................................................................................................................4
Effectiveness of Legal Institutions................................................................................................4
Manifestations of Instant Justice in the Community..................................................................7
Trust and confidence in Legal institutions.................................................................................10
Legal Institution Distrust............................................................................................................ 11
1.3 Related Studies....................................................................................................................... 13
1.4 Conceptual Framework.........................................................................................................18
1.5 Significance of the Study....................................................................................................... 20
1.6 Definition of Terms................................................................................................................ 21
1.7 Objectives of the Study..........................................................................................................22
Chapter 2...................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1 Research Design..................................................................................................................... 23
2.2 Research Method................................................................................................................... 24
2.3 Population of the Study......................................................................................................... 24
2.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study......................................................................................25
2.6 Data Gathering Tools.............................................................................................................26
2.7 Data Gathering Procedure.................................................................................................... 26
2.8 Treatment of the Data............................................................................................................27
2.9 Ethical Considerations.......................................................................................................... 28
2.10 Dissemination of the Research Outcome........................................................................... 28
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the world, especially the Philippines have experienced the rapid growth

of technology and social media. These platforms have become a place for sharing experiences

relating to crimes, justice, and law enforcement. According to DataReportal, the Philippines was

home to 95.8 million social media user identities in October 2025, equating to 81.9 percent of the

total population, which has greatly affected the way people interact with each other. Resulting

into the creation of a modern social phenomena called Digital Vigilantism or Digilantism,

wherein individuals on social media platforms take matters into their own hands to deliver justice

without the involvement of proper legal procedure. Legal cynicism, which is the lack of trust in

proper authorities and the justice system, this can lead to the increase of post incidents of crime,

injustice or misconduct on social media rather than formally reporting to proper authorities like

barangay officials and the [Link] concept may lead to the pursuant of an alternative

solution for seeking justice. Therefore, this study aims to understand the perception of the

participants on why they would prefer online platforms over reporting incidents to the barangay

or police authorities.

In Indonesia, when the official criminal justice system is seen as ineffective and

unresponsive to public complaints,the rise of social media platforms and internet forums

provides a space where the public engage in online activities that they believe are more effective

in delivering justice ( Ayu, 2025). Similarly, in Chengdu people conducted human flesh source,

a category of digital vigilantism, was carried out with the intention to expose and shame deviant
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behavior of a 20 year old woman that goes maskless bar- hopping amidst the COVID 19

lockdown. Resulting in the disclosure of her private information, which includes her id number,

home address, and phone number ( Su, 2021). This reflected legal cynicism toward official

pandemic enforcement, amplifying moral outrage into harassment and misinformation before

police intervention. Research conducted in various countries reveals that digital vigilantism has

become common in cases involving crime, corruption, and social misconduct. These digital

platforms are often used to pressure authorities, seek public sympathy, or demand immediate

action. However, scholars also warn that this practice may violate privacy, encourage mob

behavior, and weaken the rule of law.

In the Philippine context, issues of institutional trust, crime reporting, and informal

justice are deeply embedded in local governance structures. The barangay system, established as

the smallest administrative unit in the country, plays a central role in dispute resolution through

mechanisms such as the Katarungang Pambarangay. While this system promotes

community-based mediation, it may also reinforce reliance on informal processes over formal

judicial intervention. National surveys and media reports have periodically highlighted concerns

regarding public trust in law enforcement agencies such as the Philippine National Police,

particularly in relation to responsiveness, accountability, and due process.. This behavior is

further reflected in the popularity of media personalities such as Raffy Tulfo and his so called

program "Raffy Tulfo in Action", whose program has become a platform where ordinary citizens

bring their complaints instead of going directly to barangay officials or police authorities.

Through his show and online presence, many cases are publicly aired and addressed quickly,

often giving the impression of immediate action and resolution. This phenomenon has influenced
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public perception, as many Filipinos begin to see media exposure and online reporting as more

effective than formal legal procedures. Given these global and national developments, there is a

need to examine how these phenomena manifest at the local level. This study, titled “The Reason

Behind Legal Institutional Distrust in Barangay Darasa, Tanauan CIty, Batangas: An

Assessment” seeks to explore the extent to which perceptions of institutional legitimacy

influence online community behavior. By situating the local experience within broader foreign

and national contexts, the research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how digital

environments reshape community responses to law, order, and justice.

1.2 Related Literature

Effectiveness of Legal Institutions

People’s perspective on the effectiveness of legal institutions, including court efficiency,

police response time, and crime reduction rate, is deeply connected to fair treatment during

encounters, wherein fair treatment deeply affects the overall satisfaction of people with legal

institutions, According to ( OECD , 2025) procedural fairness during legal institution encounters,

directly enhances perceived effectiveness, particularly in Nordic countries, where high judicial

independence achieved a (0.94%) on a scale of 0 to 1, which resulted to a 75% confidence in

legal institutions. Similarly, Hamilton & Black (2021) asserts that fair treatment during a police

encounter increases the level of confidence and approval on the effectiveness of law enforcement

since positive procedural treatment creates a narrative for police competence. Overall, these

statements illustrate how procedural fairness is vital in creating a general perception on legal

institution effectiveness.
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Beyond procedural fairness, promptness, and efficiency can also shape the public’s

perspective on legal institutions. Particularly in India, where a petitioner in a civil matter may

have to wait a decade or even more for their case to be resolved, due to the country's growing

number of unresolved cases which now exceed over 50 million (CHOWDHURY, 2025). Moreover,

he also stated that 71% of undertrial prisoners had been awaiting trial for more than a year,

which the majority are bailable offenses and minor offenses, resulting in questions about the

court’s fairness and capability. Complementing this, through a survey conducted across the UK

demonstrates that distrust to the police, diminishes institutional legitimacy, by creating a cycle of

non-compliance and non cooperation is mostly caused by police unresponsiveness. People who

constantly experience delay or failure respond to calls, they are more likely to ignore and disobey

police authority during encounters (Hunter, 2025).

Legal cynicism, often characterized by negative police interactions between community

members and police officers (Foster, Jones, & Pierce, 2022). It often develops when individuals

perceive police authorities as unresponsive, biased, or unable to ensure justice. When people

believe that reporting crimes will not lead to meaningful action, they become less likely to

cooperate with the police and may instead rely on informal or self-directed forms of justice. This

distrust weakens the legitimacy of the criminal justice system and can lead communities to view

the police as incapable of protecting them, which increases the likelihood of alternative

responses to crime such as instant justice (Liu, 2024). As supported by Lee et al., (2022) victims

who have negative perceptions of the legal system and law enforcement are less likely to report

violent crimes to the police.

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Trust and Confidence in Legal Institutions

Court users should understand the court process clearly and feel treated fairly by court

staff. From small, individual adjustments and physical changes to the environment to systematic

changes at an agency level (Carter, 2023) . According to Smith (2026) Trust and confidence is

based on four universal principles: voice, neutrality, respect, and trustworthy authorities. It is

based on the idea that these principles are more likely to build trust and legitimacy perceptions in

the public. It has shown that when people are treated equitably in the courtroom, they are much

more likely to comply with the law, be satisfied with the outcome, and engage in the justice

system, even when the outcome was not as they wanted it to be. It has shown that all the people

in the courtroom, from the security guards to the judges, can change the perceptions of the

people by doing things such as listening actively and communicating in a respectful manner. This

can help break down cynicism and show people that they are all welcome and have the same

values. Procedural fairness addresses the problems that the courts are dealing with, such as the

wait times being too long and the rules and language being too complex, which makes people

feel powerless, especially those from underprivileged backgrounds who are having trouble

accessing the courtroom.

‎​ Experiences that make people feel alone into ones that build trust by using simple

strategies like making the next steps clear, not using jargon, and encouraging questions. This

lowers recidivism and challenges to decisions. Fair processes lead to measurable improvements,

such as higher compliance rates, lower rates of reoffending, and stronger institutional confidence.

This makes procedural justice a cost-effective way to improve the system as a whole. This

resource for practitioners emphasizes the importance of leadership in promoting fairness

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throughout the organization. It also includes tools for tracking user feedback and constantly

improving practices. It directly helps reduce cynicism by fixing gaps in legitimacy that are close

to home through relational reforms that encourage voluntary deference instead of coerced

compliance. The toolkit enables staff to transform experiences that make individuals feel alone

into experiences that foster trust by employing simple mechanisms such as being clear about the

next steps, avoiding jargon, and promoting questioning. This minimizes recidivism and

challenges to decisions. From the studies, it is evident that fair processes lead to positive results,

such as enhanced compliance rates, reduced recidivism, and enhanced institutional trust. This

demonstrates that procedural justice is a cost-efficient way to enhance the system in general. This

toolkit for professionals highlights the role that leaders play in fostering fairness in the system. It

also includes tools for monitoring user feedback and constantly improving practices. It directly

addresses cynicism by addressing gaps in legitimacy that are close to home by employing

relational reforms that promote voluntary deference, unlike coerced compliance.

Manifestations of Instant Justice in the Community

​ Throughout social media’s existence it has created various forms of instant justice. It is

categorized into 3 types, doxxing (sharing someone’s private info), hounding (relentless online

harassment), viral accusations (spreading blame videos), transforming social media into a

platform that makes people take matters into their own hands to deliver justice without the

involvement of proper legal procedure (Galleguillos, 2020). Studies indicate that social media

sites such as Facebook operate as a platform for naming and shaming, where users practice the

act of holding others accountable in a public setting, thus demonstrating how online platforms

are used as a means of self-proclaimed justice that does not involve legal systems (Cox, 2024).
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However, further studies indicate the conflict between instant justice and justice principles.

According to Ayu, (2025) digital vigilantism is primarily practiced in Indonesia due to public

perceptions of judicial inefficiency and is considered to be in conflict with the right to due

process and the rule of law, thus indicating how online justice is practiced as a means of

undermining fundamental legal rights despite the frustration with judicial inefficiency.

Additionally, psychological approaches to digital vigilantism indicate that individuals are driven

by the need for social justice and community protection when engaging in online punitive

behaviors, although these practices also raise ethical issues of fairness, privacy, and mob

mentality or online harassment (Angela et al., 2024).

The study of Rosenberg and Peleg (2024) suggests that online shaming is a core vehicle

of digital vigilantism that can function as a private informal justice enforcement mechanism,

shaped by perceptions of formal system weakness. It explores how such practices arise to fill

perceived justice gaps, but often operate outside protections like presumption of innocence, thus

raising ethical and legal concerns. Moreover, according to Oliveira (2025) the lack of policing

and excessive policing contribute to the development of a lack of trust in the law. Thus, the

perceived intrusion and ineffectiveness of the law contribute to the development of cynicism that

affects the legitimacy of the police. Furthermore, a study by Andoh (2024) entails the

psychological reasons behind vigilantism that involves individual traits, societal influences,

emotion, and reasoning, these psychological drivers link directly to why communities might

engage in digital vigilantism when legal systems are distrusted.

In recent years the public’s trust in the Philippine’s legal institution has reached its lowest

and is being threatened by the emerging crises of democratic overreach and structural efficiency.
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Philipp (2023) stated that according to the Burgens Project out of the 139 nations listed in the

World Justice Projects Law Index, the Philippines is listed as the 102nd country, showing that

order, security, and criminal justice have shown continuous deterioration. The average case

backlogs still hover at around 2-3 years despite the Supreme Court’s digitalization initiatives

only yielding a meager improvement in efficiency. The lack of transparency in these reforms still

receives political opposition, making access restrictions for underprivileged litigants still in

place. However, based on Orbeta Jr et al.,( 2021) The Revised Guidelines for the Continuous

Trial of Criminal Cases of the Supreme Court has been recognized as a factor in the increasing

rate of criminal case clearance and the shorter duration of criminal cases in the Philippines,

indicating the effectiveness of procedures in improving judicial efficiency Although the efforts at

reform indicate some level of efficiency, it does not appear to be enough to cover the scope of the

challenges, such as those in transparency and in the experiences of marginalized litigants. This is

indicative of a disconnect between the policies put in place and the actual results, pointing to the

fact that, perhaps, procedural reforms may not be enough to bring back trust in, or enhance, the

efficacy of, Philippine legal institutions. This lack of effectiveness in their functions has been

highlighted in the recent incident in LRT, where a student jumped and sparked controversy

among the public with regard to accountability and trust in legal institutions. The reaction of the

public, therefore, shows how legal reforms can fail to instill trust among the people when they

feel that the legal system is too slow and ineffective in responding to crises(Sigales, 2026). The

statements and the events in the present day together emphasize the fact that restoring public

trust does not only demand procedural changes but also involves the need for overall structural

and institutional changes so that justice is provided in a timely manner and is transparent and

accessible to all.
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Trust and confidence in Legal institutions

Filipino survey results in recent times show a wide trust gap between visible police

activities and less transparent activities in civilian courts, thereby fragmenting trust in the

Philippine justice system. According to EON Group's 2021 Trust Index, justice agencies are

ranked lowest in nationwide trust, with Metro Manila and regional respondents valuing

competence and transparency in institutions, especially in contrast to less transparent and

inefficient activities in courts, lagging significantly behind the private sector and academe

(Dapilos, 2021).On the other hand, Octa 2025 poll, conducted on 1,200 adults, showed AFP and

PNP sustaining 55% trust with constant presence in the community, even in the face of

congestion issues plaguing courts, thereby fragmenting trust in the Philippine justice system

between security responders in uniforms and civilian arbiters in complex court cases, showing

that accessibility trumps hierarchy in trust in the Philippine justice system, with the presence of

the PNP in crises situations being a determining factor in their sustained trust, whereas courts'

congestion issues damage trust in the long run, showing that trust in the Philippine justice system

is dependent on experience, not hierarchy.

In the Philippine context, instant justice has been observed in high-profile social media

case reactions, such as public campaigns following notable events. A local academic study from

the Department of Communication at Ateneo de Manila University examined how Filipino

netizens engaged in digital vigilance on Facebook, including monitoring, condemning, and

presuming guilt in cases like the Christine Dacera incident; such behaviors illustrate how online

public judgment substitutes formal legal adjudication. According to Amnesty International

(2025), in the Philippine context, specific academic studies on digital vigilantism remain limited,
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but related trends in online harassment, public shaming, and cyber abuse are documented in

human rights and policy research. A 2025 report by Amnesty International on online harassment

noted that Filipinos, especially young activists, experience targeted doxing, trolling, and threats

on social media, which deter their civic participation and reflect broader issues of how online

spaces can function as arenas for extralegal punishment and intimidation. In addition the

Philippine National Police Anti-Cybercrime Group (2025) stated annual reports from the PNP

Anti-Cybercrime Group documented increasing cases of online harassment, cyber libel, doxxing,

and public shaming. Many incidents involved viral accusations leading to reputational damage

before legal investigation. Moreover, Foundation for Media Alternatives (2025) added that it

reported rising incidents of online abuse, including non-consensual content and AI-generated

harassment. The report suggests that online communities often respond through mass reporting,

exposure, and public outrage forms of digital vigilantism especially when victims perceive slow

institutional response.

Legal Institution Distrust

According to Jullianne Regalado & Ivan Y. [Link] (2022), cynicism refers to a

cultural orientation characterized by distrust in legal institutions, including the police and courts,

and the belief that they are unfair, unresponsive, or ineffective. This distrust is associated with

higher likelihoods of noncooperation with law enforcement, reliance on informal justice

mechanisms, and support for extralegal actions. Research has shown that such cynicism can

weaken the rule of law and motivate alternative forms of justice-seeking behaviour. While

studies have examined the correlates of institutional trust across Asian countries, few studies

have analyzed public attitudes toward two major social control institutions, the police and courts,

in the Philippines. (Regalado, J. & Sun, I. Y, 2024) This study fills this gap in the literature by
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exploring the connections between social trust, institutional performance, media exposure and

consumption, and trust in the police and courts. Using recent survey data from the Asian

Barometer Survey, regression models were employed to assess and compare whether these

factors are predictive of police and court trustworthiness. Results reveal the importance of social

trust and institutional performance in predicting Filipinos’ trust in the police and courts. National

surveys conducted by Social Weather Stations (SWS) show fluctuating public trust ratings in the

police, judiciary, and anti-corruption agencies. Lower satisfaction ratings were associated with

perceptions of corruption and slow justice processes. These findings reflect patterns consistent

with legal cynicism, particularly among urban and internet-active populations. While at the

Ateneo School of Government (2023), studies on governance have pointed out certain issues in

the Philippines concerning issues on corruption, lack of accountability, and uneven enforcement

of laws in different institutions in the country. The studies on governance emphasized how

certain Filipino citizens perceive a lack of fair enforcement of laws in different institutions in the

country. In this regard, it can be said that certain Filipino citizens perceive how certain

individuals or groups in the country are treated in a more favorable manner compared to others

who seek justice through different institutions in the country. In this case, the legitimacy or

credibility of different government institutions in the country, including the justice system in the

country, can be undermined by certain Filipino citizens. In this regard, it can be said that certain

Filipino citizens who perceive a lack of fair enforcement of laws in different institutions in the

country can be more likely to be doubtful about different government institutions in the country.

However, this situation has implications that go beyond the legal arena as well. This is because

when individuals perceive that corruption and favoritism occur in the decision-making process,

they may not be as inclined to utilize the formal legal process and may instead turn to other
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means to attain justice. In some cases, this may be evidenced by the public outcry and support

for other means of dealing with the situation that is perceived as legally wrong. The lack of

legitimacy in the formal legal arena can contribute to the development of legal cynicism as well.

Considering this point of view, it is obvious that enhancing transparency, responsibility, and

justice in institutions is of vital importance in rebuilding public faith in the justice system. People

are likely to cooperate with law enforcement authorities and abide by legal rules when they are

assured of justice in institutions. Resolving problems of corruption and political discrimination is

not just about good governance; it is also vital in rebuilding public faith in justice systems. By

enhancing law enforcement and institutional responsibility, it is possible to rebuild faith in justice

systems and encourage citizens to seek justice in proper channels rather than resorting to

inappropriate and potentially damaging means of justice.

1.3 Related Studies

A study by Jackson (2020), examined public trust in legal authorities and found that low

confidence in police fairness increases legal cynicism. His research emphasized that perceived

injustice weakens citizens’ willingness to cooperate with law enforcement. Similarly, Nivette

(2021) analyzed institutional legitimacy and vigilantism in different countries. The study

revealed that individuals who doubt the effectiveness of legal institutions are more likely to

support informal and retaliatory justice. Trottier (2021), explored how social media enables

online vigilantism. He found that citizens use digital platforms to expose offenders when they

perceive authorities as slow or unreliable. In a related study, Benjamin Loveluck (2022)

investigated online shaming practices and concluded that moral outrage, frustration, and lack of

institutional trust motivate digital vigilantism.

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Meanwhile, Tyler (2023), studied procedural justice and public compliance. His research

showed that when people perceive authorities as unfair, legal cynicism increases and citizens

become more inclined to bypass formal systems. These foreign studies indicate that weak

institutional trust, emotional responses, and access to digital platforms contribute significantly to

online vigilantism. In the Philippine setting, research by the University of the Philippines (2020)

examined public trust in the justice system. The study revealed that case delays and perceived

corruption contribute to legal cynicism among citizens. A study conducted by the Ateneo de

Manila University (2021), explored the use of social media for public accountability. Findings

showed that Filipinos will often resort to online posting when authorities fail to respond

promptly. Research from De La Salle University (2022), focused on digital activism and online

participation. The study found that social media has become a major platform for reporting

community issues and demanding justice. The Philippine Institute for Development Studies

(2023) analyzed institutional credibility and governance. Their report indicated that low trust in

public institutions reduces citizens’ willingness to engage in formal legal processes.

Furthermore, a survey conducted by the Philippine National Police (2024), examined public

perception of police performance. Results showed that communities with low confidence in

police fairness are more likely to rely on online complaints and informal justice. Local studies

also emphasized the role of Filipino cultural values such as hiya, pakikisama, and bayanihan in

influencing responses to crime and injustice.

Numerous foreign studies have explored the underlying causes of institutional distrust

and how it influences individuals’ behavior toward justice systems. In the field of Criminology,

institutional distrust is often linked to the perceived inefficiency, bias, and lack of transparency
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within formal legal institutions. When citizens believe that justice systems fail to protect their

rights or deliver fair outcomes, they are more likely to disengage from formal mechanisms and

instead seek alternative methods of resolving conflicts. One of the most widely cited frameworks

in understanding this phenomenon is Procedural Justice Theory, which emphasizes that people’s

trust in legal authorities is shaped by how fairly they are treated rather than solely by the

outcomes of legal processes. Studies conducted in Western countries demonstrate that when

individuals perceive law enforcement and judicial systems as unjust or discriminatory, their

willingness to cooperate with authorities decreases. This lack of cooperation often leads to the

emergence of informal justice practices such as vigilantism, community-based retaliation, and

public shaming.

Furthermore, recent foreign studies have focused on the role of digital platforms in

shaping modern forms of justice. Social media has become a powerful tool for public

accountability, enabling users to report crimes, expose alleged offenders, and mobilize public

opinion in real time. However, researchers argue that this “instant justice” often bypasses due

process and may lead to misinformation, reputational damage, and mob behavior. Studies from

countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia highlight that the speed and accessibility

of online platforms make them appealing alternatives to traditional legal processes, especially

when these processes are perceived as slow or inaccessible. Additionally, foreign literature points

out that systemic issues such as corruption, unequal access to legal resources, and lengthy court

procedures contribute significantly to institutional distrust. These factors create a gap between

citizens and the justice system, reinforcing the belief that formal institutions are ineffective in
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addressing their concerns. As a result, individuals may rationalize the use of alternative justice

mechanisms as more practical and efficient.

In the Philippine setting, institutional distrust has been a persistent issue influenced by

various socio-political and economic factors. Local studies reveal that many Filipinos perceive

the justice system as slow, complex, and, at times, biased in favor of those with power and

influence. These perceptions weaken public confidence and discourage individuals from seeking

formal legal remedies. Research and reports in the Philippines highlight that corruption, delayed

case resolution, and lack of accountability among public officials contribute to skepticism toward

institutions. As a result, citizens often turn to informal channels to address their grievances. One

notable example is the widespread reliance on media platforms and public figures such as Raffy

Tulfo, whose programs provide immediate responses to complaints. These programs create a

perception that justice can be achieved more quickly and effectively outside formal institutions.

Moreover, local studies emphasize the growing influence of social media as a platform for

seeking justice. Filipinos are among the most active social media users globally, making online

spaces a common avenue for expressing grievances, exposing wrongdoing, and demanding

accountability. Many individuals prefer posting incidents online because it generates immediate

attention and public support, which they believe pressures authorities to act faster. In relation to

your study area, the pre-survey conducted in Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City, revealed that a

significant majority of respondents prefer using social media over reporting to barangay officials

or police authorities. This finding aligns with existing local studies that indicate a shift in public

behavior—from reliance on formal institutions to dependence on digital platforms for conflict

resolution. This shift reflects not only distrust but also a desire for faster and more visible forms
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of justice. Additionally, cultural factors such as “hiya” (shame) and “pakikisama” (social

harmony) may also influence individuals’ decisions to avoid formal reporting and instead resort

to online exposure. These cultural dynamics, combined with institutional weaknesses, further

explain the preference for instant justice among Filipino citizens.

1.3.3 Synthesis of the Related Studies

The reviewed foreign and local studies collectively provide a comprehensive

understanding of the factors contributing to institutional distrust and the increasing preference for

instant justice. Foreign studies primarily offer theoretical and empirical insights, emphasizing the

importance of fairness, legitimacy, and efficiency in maintaining public trust in legal institutions.

The application of Procedural Justice Theory highlights that when individuals perceive injustice

in the process, they are more likely to disengage from formal systems and seek alternative forms

of justice. On the other hand, local studies contextualize these findings within the Philippine

setting, where systemic challenges such as corruption, slow judicial processes, and media

influence intensify public distrust. The prominence of figures like Raffy Tulfo and the

widespread use of social media illustrate how Filipinos increasingly rely on non-traditional

avenues for resolving disputes. Both foreign and local literature agree that institutional distrust is

a key driver of alternative justice practices. However, while foreign studies focus more on

theoretical frameworks and digital trends, local studies highlight the cultural, social, and

media-related factors that shape Filipino behavior. This indicates that the preference for instant

justice is not solely a result of institutional failure but also influenced by societal norms and

technological accessibility. Despite the existing body of research, there remains a gap in

understanding how these factors specifically interact within smaller communities such as
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Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City. Thus, this study seeks to further explore the reasons behind

institutional distrust and how it leads citizens to prefer instant justice through online platforms.

By addressing this gap, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of public attitudes

toward justice and provide insights for improving institutional trust and community engagement.

1.4 Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework relates the concept of Legal Cynicism and Instant Justice.

Guided by the Legal Cynicism Theory by Sampson & Bartusch (1998), this refers to the

perception and belief that the legal system including the law enforcement and local authorities is

ineffective, unresponsive, and lacking legitimacy. Within this framework, institutional distrust

serves as the underlying condition that may encourage alternative forms of informal social

control in digital spaces. The relationship between legal institutional distrust and instant justice is

further shaped by contextual factors such as social media accessibility, community norms,

personal or community crime experiences, and level of trust in authorities. Guided by theories of

legal cynicism and informal social control, the study seeks to explore how perceptions of

institutional legitimacy influence the emergence of instant justice among residents

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will primarily benefit the residents of Barangay Darasa by helping them better

understand the effects of legal institutional distrust and instant justice within their community.

Through the findings, residents may become more aware of the importance of following proper

legal procedures and practicing responsible use of social media. Increased awareness may

encourage lawful and peaceful conflict resolution, contributing to a safer and more cooperative

community. Barangay officials, local leaders, and Local Government Units (LGUs) may also use

the results to improve public service delivery, strengthen transparency and accountability, and

develop community-based programs that rebuild public trust in legal institutions and promote

responsible digital engagement. Law enforcement agencies may gain valuable insights into the

underlying causes of public distrust and the rise of instant justice. Understanding these factors

can help improve police-community relations, enhance responsiveness to public concerns, and

encourage citizens to report incidents through proper legal channels. Furthermore, policymakers

and program developers may utilize the findings as a basis for crafting policies, laws, and

interventions that address legal cynicism and promote fairness, lawful behavior, and constructive

online participation.

Finally, this study will benefit students, educators, academic institutions, and future

researchers by serving as a reference for further studies related to legal institutions, governance,

community behavior, and digital platforms. It may contribute to curriculum development and

academic discussions on justice and social responsibility. The researchers themselves will also

gain deeper knowledge of legal institutional distrust and instant justice while strengthening their

skills in data collection, analysis, and academic writing.

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1.6 Definition of Terms

Instant Justice - refers to the immediate or swift delivery of punishment or resolution to an

offense without following the full due process of law. It is often associated with public demand

for quick action against perceived wrongdoing, where individuals or groups expect rapid

accountability from authorities, sometimes bypassing or pressuring formal legal procedures.

Institutional Distrust - refers to the widespread skepticism or lack of confidence in established

organizations such as governments, media, and corporations, stemming from a belief that they do

not act in the public's best interest. It involves fear, apprehension, or doubt regarding institutional

motives, often rooted in perceived unfairness or poor performance.

Legal Cynicism - A mindset where individuals perceive the law and legal institutions (e.g.,

police, courts) as illegitimate, unfair, ineffective, or biased, leading to distrust and a belief that

formal justice systems fail to deliver equitable outcomes. In this study, it refers to Barangay

Darasa residents' perceptions of legal institutions' effectiveness, fairness, and legitimacy.

Online Vigilantism - The act of individuals or groups using digital platforms (e.g., Facebook,

TikTok) to identify, expose, shame, or punish perceived wrongdoers outside official legal

channels, often through public call-outs, doxxing, or mob justice. In this study, it encompasses

how such behaviors manifest among Barangay Darasa residents as an alternative to formal law

enforcement.

Barangay Darasa - A specific administrative village (barangay) in Tanauan City, Batangas,

Philippines, serving as the primary geographic and community context for this research. It

represents a microcosm of local Filipino urban-rural dynamics where residents interact with both

formal legal systems and informal online networks.

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Legal Institutions - Formal entities responsible for upholding justice, including police stations,

barangay justice halls, courts, and prosecutorial offices at local, municipal, and national levels. In

this study, these are assessed through residents' views on their accessibility, responsiveness, and

equity in Barangay Darasa.

Social Factors - Community-level influences such as interpersonal networks, neighborhood

cohesion, economic conditions, and peer pressures that shape attitudes and behaviors. In this

study, these are examined as drivers linking legal institutional distrust to instant justice among

residents

Emotional Factors - Personal feelings like anger, frustration, fear, or empowerment arising from

experiences with crime or injustice. In this study, these are explored as motivators for residents'

participation in instant justice

Cultural Factors - Shared values, norms, and traditions within the community, such as

bayanihan (communal unity) or pakikisama (social harmony), that may normalize or discourage

vigilante actions online. In this study, they contextualize why instant justice emerges in Barangay

Darasa.

Community-Based Interventions - Localized strategies, such as barangay-led dialogues, digital

literacy workshops, or restorative justice programs, designed to address root causes like legal

cynicism. Insights from this study aim to inform these for Tanauan City.
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1.7 Objectives of the Study

This study aims to explore and understand how legal cynicism influences online

vigilantism among residents of Barangay Darasa, Tanauan, City, Batangas. Using a qualitative

approach, the study seeks to capture the participants' lived experience.

1. To explore residents’ lived experiences regarding the fairness, and perceived validity of legal

institutions.

2. To understand how instant justice manifests within the community.

3. To identify the social, emotional, and cultural factors that influence instant justice.

4. To generate insights that may inform community-based interventions and policy

recommendations.
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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures employed in conducting the study. It

outlines how the data will be collected, processed, and analyzed to address the research

objectives. It includes the research design, research approach, population and sampling of the

study, and the research locale. It also discusses the instruments to be used in data gathering, the

procedures followed in collecting the data, and the statistical tools utilized for data analysis.

Furthermore, ethical considerations observed throughout the research process are explained, along

with the scope and limitations of the study and the manner in which the results will be

disseminated.

2.1 Research Design

This study will employ a phenomenological research design, it is a qualitative approach

that focuses on understanding the lived experiences of individuals regarding a particular

phenomenon which in this study refers to the preference of instant justice. The phenomenological

research design is appropriate because it focuses on understanding participants’ real-life

experiences, views, and interpretations regarding instant justice and institutional distrust. It allows

the researcher to gather in-depth information through personal narratives of the lived experiences

of every participant and discussions without manipulating variables. Unlike quantitative

approaches, phenomenology does not manipulate variables or rely on numerical measurement,

instead, it focuses on describing and interpreting lived experiences in their natural context.
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Through careful analysis of participant responses, common themes and patterns can be identified

that reflect the essence of their shared experiences.

2.2 Research Method

This study adopts a qualitative study design centered on Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City,

Batangas, to deeply explore residents' lived experiences of instant justice and institutional distrust

within an interpretive paradigm that prioritizes subjective perceptions over broad generalizations.

Data collection involves in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15-20 purposively sampled

residents selected based on social media activity and exposure to local issues. Sampling employs

purposive and snowball techniques where initial participants will recommend other potential

respondents who meet the study’s criteria, allowing the researchers to reach individuals with

relevant experiences within the community and to ensure diversity across age, gender, and

occupation, targeting 20-30 participants until thematic saturation is reached. According to Oregon

State University, research methods are essential because they ensure that the data collected is

appropriate, reliable, and valid, thereby strengthening the overall quality and credibility of the

research findings (Oregon State University, n.d.).

2.3 Population of the Study

The population of the study comprises all residents of Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City,

Batangas, which totaled 23,987 individuals as per the 2020 Philippine Census of Population and

Housing. This figure represented about 12.37% of Tanauan City's overall population of 193,936 at

that time, with a notable growth trend from 17,561 in 2015 (annualized rate of 6.78%). Recent

city-wide estimates for Tanauan reached 209,697 as of July 2024, suggesting Darasa's population
 25

may now exceed 25,000 given its proportional share, though barangay-specific 2025-2026 data

remains unavailable. The accessible population targets adult residents (18+) actively using social

media, estimated at 40-60% of the total based on Philippine urban digital penetration rates. The

actual sample draws from 15-20 interviewees and 12-16 focus group participants via purposive

and snowball sampling until saturation, focusing on those with lived experiences of local crime or

justice issues to illuminate the study's objectives.

2.4 Locale of the Study

Barangay Darasa serves as the locale of this study, a vibrant urban barangay in Tanauan

City, Batangas province, within the CALABARZON Region IV-A of Luzon, Philippines. Situated

at coordinates 14.0687° N, 121.1526° E and approximately 180 meters above sea level, it lies

along President Jose P. Laurel Highway, near landmarks like the Darasa Barangay Hall, Nuestra

Señora de la Soledad Parish, and proximity to Tanauan Church. With a 2020 census population of

23,987 comprising 12.37% of Tanauan City's 193,936 residents, this densely populated area

blends residential subdivisions, local governance centers, and community hubs, making it an ideal

setting to examine residents' lived experiences of legal cynicism and online vigilantism amid

urban-rural dynamics.

2.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study encompasses residents' lived experiences of legal institutional

distrust and instant justice exclusively within Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City, Batangas, focusing

on their perceptions of legal institutions' effectiveness, manifestations of instant justice, and

influencing social, emotional, and cultural factors through qualitative data from interviews. It

aims to generate interpretive insights for community interventions, limited temporally to data
 26

collected in 2026 and thematically to adult social media users with at least two years' residency.

Limitations include the small, purposive sample size (20-30 participants), which restricts

generalizability beyond this barangay's context and may miss underrepresented voices like

non-digital natives or recent migrants. Reliance on self-reported accounts introduces potential

recall or social desirability biases, while ethical anonymity constraints limit follow-up on

sensitive vigilantism cases.

2.6 Data Gathering Tools

The primary research instrument employed in the study was a self-constructed

semi-structured interview guide designed by the researcher. Its main purpose was to obtain

in-depth narratives, perceptions, and experiences of respondents regarding legal cynicism and

online vigilantism in Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City, Batangas. The semi-structured format

enabled the researcher to maintain alignment with the study’s objectives while allowing flexibility

to ask probing questions and explore emerging insights during the interviews (George, 2022). The

content of the interview guide was developed based on existing literature and previous studies on

legal cynicism, instant justice, and trust in the criminal justice system, as well as relevant

theoretical perspectives on public views of law enforcement and informal justice practices. It was

also informed by Philippine laws and institutions related to crime reporting, law enforcement, and

responsible online behavior, ensuring that the instrument was both academically grounded and

contextually appropriate.

2.7 Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will conduct a semi-structured interview with the selected participants to

gather relevant data for the study. Prior to data collection, permission will be sought from the
 27

barangay officials of Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City. After securing approval, a pre-survey will

be administered to assess the population and determine the research gap. The total population of

Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City will be identified, and the appropriate sample size will be

computed using a standard sampling method. Based on the results, the target respondents will be

selected through purposive sampling. Before conducting the interviews, the researchers will

explain the purpose of the study to the participants and obtain their informed consent. The

interviews will be conducted in a convenient and comfortable setting to ensure honest and

meaningful responses. With the participants’ permission, responses will be audio-recorded and

supplemented by note-taking for accuracy. After the data collection, the recorded interviews will

be transcribed and organized for analysis. All information gathered will be treated with

confidentiality and will be used solely for academic purposes.

2.8 Treatment of the Data

After the data have been collected, the researchers will organize, review, and analyze the

information obtained from the participants. The recorded interviews will be transcribed verbatim

to ensure accuracy and completeness of responses. The transcripts will then be carefully

examined and coded according to emerging themes and patterns related to legal cynicism and

online vigilantism. Then a thematic analysis approach will be used to interpret the qualitative

data. Similar responses will be grouped together and categorized based on common ideas,

perceptions, and experiences expressed by the participants. These categories will serve as the

basis for identifying significant themes that address the objectives of the study. To ensure validity

and reliability, the researchers will conduct repeated reviews of the data and cross-check the

interpretations. Selected excerpts from the interviews will be used to support the findings and

strengthen the credibility of the analysis. All data will be handled with strict confidentiality.
 28

Personal information of the respondents will be removed and replaced with codes. The analyzed

data will be presented in narrative and descriptive form to provide a clear and comprehensive

discussion of the results.

2.9 Ethical Considerations

The researchers will strictly observe ethical standards throughout the conduct of the study.

Prior to data collection, permission will be obtained from the appropriate authorities and barangay

officials. All participants will be informed about the purpose, procedures, and significance of the

study before their participation. Informed consent will be secured from each respondent.

Participation in the study will be purely voluntary, and respondents will be given the right to

refuse or withdraw from the research at any time without any penalty. No participant will be

forced or pressured to take part in the study.

The privacy and confidentiality of the respondents will be fully protected. Personal information

will not be disclosed, and all data collected will be treated with strict confidentiality. Codes or

pseudonyms will be used instead of real names to ensure anonymity. The gathered data will be

stored securely and will be accessed only by the researchers. The researchers will ensure that no

physical, emotional, or psychological harm will be caused to the participants. Sensitive questions

will be handled with care and respect. The study will be conducted in a fair, honest, and objective

manner, and all results will be reported truthfully without fabrication, falsification, or

misrepresentation. All information obtained will be used solely for academic purposes and in

compliance with institutional and research ethics guidelines.

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2.10 Dissemination of the Research Outcome

The findings of the study will be disseminated through various appropriate and accessible

methods to ensure that the findings are shared with relevant stakeholders and used for community

development and academic advancement. One of the methods of dissemination is academic

publication, wherein the completed research can be used to contribute to academic discourse

through the publication of the completed research in local and national academic journals. This

way, researchers and students can access reliable information that can be used to support

academic research and instruction. Moreover, community-based dissemination of the study

findings will also be conducted through the creation of a formal letter or summary report of the

research that contains the salient findings and recommendations, which will be shared with

relevant stakeholders. These relevant stakeholders are the Barangay Officials and Local Leaders

of Barangay Darasa, Local Government Units of Tanauan City, and law enforcement agencies

such as the Philippine National Police.

The beneficiaries of the dissemination of the output include the various sectors identified

in the significance of the study. The people of Barangay Darasa will benefit by becoming aware

of the effects of legal cynicism and online vigilantism. This will encourage them to resolve

conflicts legally and to use social media properly. Barangay officials and leaders may benefit by

using the output to improve their ways of governance. Law enforcement authorities may benefit

by becoming aware of the reasons of cynicism and may improve their ways of dealing with the

people. Local Government Units may benefit by using this output as a basis for policy

formulation. This output may also benefit students, educators, and academic institutions as a

guide in learning and for future research undertakings. This output may benefit policy makers and
 30

program developers in creating laws and programs to encourage people to become law-abiding

citizens. Lastly, the researchers themselves may benefit by enriching their ways of conducting

research.