Work, Energy and

Power
Energy:
-Refers to the ability to perform work or cause change in an object.
-Energy can be transformed from one form to another.
e.g. a car engine uses fuel and form energy to make the car work.
-Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be conserved.

Work:
-Work is done when a force is applied to an object.
-That force causes the object to move in the direction of the said force being
applied on it.
e.g. we push a box, so we are working to move it.

Transferring Energy:
-When you do work on an object, you transfer energy to it.
-this can causes changes in the motion of an object.
-When you exert force on an object and it moves, you are transferring energy
to that object and energy is being conserved in another form.
-This transfers happens due to work being involved on the object.
e.g. If you rub a piece of cloth, it will heat up. So, energy is being
transferred.
If you lift a box of the ground, you’re working against Gravity. So, you’re
transferring

Change in Energy:
e.g. when you switch on a lightbulb, electrical energy changes to thermal
energy and light energy

Force, Distance and Direction:

Force: It is a push or pull that accelerates or deaccelerates an object.
Distance: The amount that an object had moved.
-Scalar quantity
e.g. If a person walks 3m forward and 3 m backward, our distance travelled
is 6m.
Displacement: Refers to a straight line distance that an object moved in the
direction of applied force.
-Vector quantity
e.g. If we walk 3m forward and 3m backward, our displacement is 0m, as we
have returned to our original point.
-The direction would indicate where the object has travelled (slope, road,
plain)
Direction: A particular path that an object follows due to applied force./Where
and how the force is applied and how the object moves.
e.g If a car moves 500m to the east, the direction of its movement is east.
-F is a force which is applied and d is the displacement of the object and
Theta is the angle between the applied force and the displacement.
-If the force is applied in the same direction, when a force is applied on an
object, it causes the object to move, which results in displacement.
-If the force is applied in the opposite direction of displacement, so work
done will be negative.

Gravitational Potential Energy: Is the energy that an object possess due to its
position opposite to the gravitational field.
-The higher it is from the ground, the more G.P.E it has.
-This is the force that helps us move in the opposite direction of Gravitational
Energy.
-Suppose you lift a ball of 2kg upto height 5m. When you lift the ball, you are
working against gravity, transferring energy to the ball and increasing it
G.P.E.
- when the ball falls, it will completely loose the G.P.E.

Kinetic Energy: Energy possessed due to an objects motion

e.g. A car moving down a slope had K.E.
The faster it moves, or the bigger it is, the more K.E.
An airplane in flight has a significant amount of K.E even with it’s large
mass due to it’s height and the speed as it travels.
The faster the motion, the more the K.E
Gravitational Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy:
- An object is at a height it had G.P.E as it falls this G.P.E is converted to K.E.
-If the ball starts at rest, its speed increases at it falls.
-G.P.E lost = K.E gained

e.g Roller-coaster.
-Two hills track hills two climb
-When we reach the 1st top, we have G.P.E at the moment.
-A small push I all we need to move the cart and convert to K.E

When a pendulum falls, its G.P.E decreases and K.E increases.

-Energy lost = Energy gained

Energy Transfer: Process by which energy moves from one place/ object to
another.
-Can transfer in different ways, depending on the situation from one form to
another.
-Transfer of heat:
- transfer of heat from material without the movement of the object.
Transfer of energy through the movement of objects.
-Radiations
-Sunrays
-Through electro-magnetic waves.
-Occurs when a person exerts energy on a box and the box moves
-Energy transfer by heat:
e.g you have a hot cup of tea, heat from tea transfers to the spoon.
-heats will move through the spoon and your hand will feel warm.

-Burner transfer energy to pot

-pot transfer to water
-water transfers to water molecules from the base to the top
-energy travels through, work, heat, heat through liquid movement,
radiation.

Dam, covers a 1000 ft. Has a flow motion, but the space is very little, to
increase it’s motion.

Conservation of Energy:
-The law of conservation of an energy says, energy can neither be created nor
destroyed and that the total energy of a system by itself remains constant.
- can only be transformed from one form to another, or transferred from one
object to another.
e.g Pendulum moving back and forth.
at its highest point it has max P.E and zero K.E
as it swings downward P.E converts to K.E and as a result the pendulum
speeds up.
at the lowest point the pendulum has max K.E as it’s moving at it’s fastest
rate and has zero
P.E as it is at its lowest point.
As the pendulum swings upward again K.E is turned back to P.E
-rollercoaster
-throwing a ball

Power:
-The rate at which energy is transferred or converted.
- If we push an object on the point where the energy is converting from one
form to another and is at it’s peak, at that point the amount of energy is
called power.
-It measure how quickly work is done or energy is used.
-Power tells us how quickly energy is being transferred from one system to
another, or how quickly an object can perform work.
-The unit of power is Watt.
-Higher power means more energy is being transferred per unit time.

Moving Power:
-An aircraft is moving forward with the force of it’s engnes, pushing air
backwards.
The greater the force and the fater the aircraft s moving the greater the
power supplied by its engines.

-Car moving, engine applies force, car has speed.

-Moving power is calculated by the multiplying the Force applied by engine
and the velocity/speed of the car = Power

Human Power:
- The amount of energy or work a human can produce through physical effort
over time.
- This is the measurement of the rate at which human can perform work or
transfer energy through different activites.
e.g lifting, running, cycling, pushing.

Dynamics
-Study of forces and how it affects the motion of objects.
-Also deals with the relationship between forces acting on an object and its
result.
Force:
-Any attraction that will change the motion of an object, and ca cause an
object to speed up or slow down, or change direction.
e.g, pushing a cart.

Mass:
-Measure of the amount of matter in an object
-Scalar quantity
-e.g we have two objects, a feather and a rock.
-feather has less mass
-Apply same amount of force to them, rock will move les because it has
more mass.

Acceleration:
-Rate at which an objects velocity changes over time.
-Vector quantity.

-Relationship between force, mass and acceleration.

F=ma

Upthrust:
-A force that pushes upward on an object submerged in a fluid.

WEIGHT FRICTION AND GRAVITY:

-Weight is the force, exerted on an object due to gravity.

-Friction is the force that resists the relative motionor the tendency of such
motions between two surfaces in contact.
-Friction depends on naure of surfaces in contact, the fore prssig the surfaces
together and the material.
e.g rubbing hands/ moving parts of machinery/
-It occur because the surfces are not perfectly smooth, at microscopic level
and irregularities on surfaces, interfere with each other as they try to move.
-he resistive force that opposes the motion of an object in contact with a
surface.

-GRAVITY, is the force of attraction that pulls object that pulls objects to the
centre of the erath or any other massive body.
e.g apple falling from a tree.