Number System (संख्या पद्ध ति)
Complete Concept Notes — Basic to Advanced (Hinglish)
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE
1. Classification of Numbers (Numbers ke Prakar)
Duniya ke saare numbers ko hum do badi categories me baant te hain:
Complex Numbers (स मिश्र संख्याएं)
|
+--------------------+--------------------+
| |
Real Numbers (वास्त वक) Imaginary Numbers (काल्प निक)
| (e.g., √-1 = i)
+--------+--------+
| |
Rational (प रिमिेय) Irrational (अप रिमिेय)
| (e.g., √2, √3, π)
Integers (पू ार्णांक)
|
+----+----+
| |
Negative Whole (पू र्ण)
|
+--+--+
| |
0 Natural (प्राकृ तक)
(A) Real vs Imaginary Numbers
• Real Numbers (वास्ति वक संख्याएं): Jin numbers ko aap Number Line par dikha sakte ho. (Examples:
-5, 0, 2.5, 1/2, √3).
• Imaginary Numbers (काल्प निक संख्याएं): Jo reality me exist nahi karte, bas math me suppose kiye
jaate hain. Jaise square root ke andar minus: √(-1) (ise i ya iota bolte hain).
(B) Rational vs Irrational Numbers
• Rational Numbers (प रिमेय): Jinhe aap Fraction (p/q) ke roop me likh sakte ho (jahan niche wala q ≠
0 ho).
Examples: 3/4, 5 (kyunki 5 = 5/1), 0.75, -2. Inka decimal ya to ruk jata hai (0.5) ya repeat hota hai
(0.333...).
• Irrational Numbers (अप रिमेय): Jinhe p/q me nahi likha ja sakta. Inka decimal kabhi khatam nahi
hota aur na hi repeat hota hai.
Examples: √2, √3, π, 0.1010010001...
Golden Note: π ek Irrational Number hai, lekin iski approximate value 22/7 ek Rational Number hai.
(C) Integers, Whole & Natural Numbers
• Natural Numbers (प्राकृ तिक): Counting wali numbers jo 1 se shuru hoti hain. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...)
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• Whole Numbers (पू र्ण): Agar Natural numbers me 0 ko bhi mila do. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...)
• Integers (पू ार्णांक): Poore numbers (bina point/fraction ke) chahe positive ho ya negative. (..., -3, -2, -1,
0, 1, 2, 3, ...)
2. Natural Numbers ke Types (Very Basic)
1. Even Numbers (सम): Jo 2 ke table me aate hain (Last digit: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8). Ex: 2, 4, 6, 8, ...
2. Odd Numbers ( वषम): Jo 2 se nahi kat te (Last digit: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9). Ex: 1, 3, 5, 7, ...
3. Prime Numbers (अभाज्य): Aisi numbers jinke Sirf 2 Factors hote hain — 1 aur wo Number khud!
Ex: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, ...
• 1 na to Prime hai na hi Composite.
• Sabse chhota Prime Number 2 hai (aur ye akela Even Prime Number hai).
• 1 se 50 tak = 15 Prime numbers | 1 se 100 tak = 25 Prime numbers.
4. Composite Numbers (भाज्य): Jinke 2 se jyada factors hote hain. Ex: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, ... (Sabse chhota
Composite Number = 4).
5. Co-Prime Numbers (सह-अभाज्य): Aisi do numbers ka joda (pair) jinka HCF = 1 ho. Ex: (8, 9), (15, 22).
6. Twin Prime Numbers: Aise do Prime numbers jinke beech me 2 ka gap ho. Ex: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13).
3. Divisibility Rules (Kisse Katega?)
Divisor Divisibility Rule & Shortcut
2 Last digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ho.
3 Sabhi digits ka sum (योग) 3 se katna chahiye. (Ex: 123 → 1+2+3 = 6)
4 Last ke 2 digits 4 se katne chahiye. (Ex: 4524 → 24 kat ta hai)
5 Last digit 0 ya 5 ho.
6 Number 2 aur 3 dono ke rules ko follow kare.
8 Last ke 3 digits 8 se katne chahiye.
9 Sabhi digits ka sum 9 se katna chahiye.
10 Last digit hamesha 0 ho.
Alternate digits ke sum ka difference 0 ya 11 ka multiple ho. (Ex: 1331 → (1+3)-(3+1) =
11
0)
4. Division Algorithm & Remainder (भाग औरि शेषफल)
Basic Division Formula:
Dividend (भाज्य) = [Divisor (भाजक) × Quotient (भागफल)] + Remainder (शेषफल)
D = (d × Q) + R
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Negative Remainder Concept: Calculation easy karne ke liye negative remainder use karte hain.
• Example: 49 / 10 → Positive Remainder = +9, Negative Remainder = -1.
• Final answer hamesha positive hoga: 10 - 1 = 9.
5. Unit Digit Trick (इकाई का अंक)
Kisi badi power wale question me last digit kaise nikale:
• Rule for 0, 1, 5, 6: Power kuch bhi ho, Unit Digit same rehta hai.
0n → 0, 1n → 1, 5n → 5, 6n → 6
• Rule for 4 & 9:
4Odd → 4 | 4Even → 6
9Odd → 9 | 9Even → 1
• Rule for 2, 3, 7, 8 (Cyclicity of 4):
Power ko 4 se divide karo aur Remainder dekho:
• Remainder 1 → Power 1 | Remainder 2 → Power 2 | Remainder 3 → Power 3
• Remainder 0 → Power 4 (Yaad rakhein: 0 aaye to power 4 leni hai).
6. Number of Factors (कुल गु निखंड)
Agar kisi number N ka Prime Factorization karein: N = ap × bq × cr
Formulas for Factors:
• Total Factors: (p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1)
• Sum of Factors: [(ap+1 - 1) / (a - 1)] × [(bq+1 - 1) / (b - 1)]
Example: 12 = 22 × 31 → Total Factors = (2+1)(1+1) = 3 × 2 = 6.
7. Number of Trailing Zeros (अं तिम शून्यों की संख्या)
Zero (0) hamesha 2 × 5 ke pair se banta hai.
Factorial (n!) me kitne Zeros honge, uske liye number ko 5 se tab tak divide karte hain jab tak quotient
5 se chhota na ho jaye:
Example (100! me Zeros):
100 / 5 = 20
20 / 5 = 4
Total Zeros = 20 + 4 = 24 Zeros
8. Important Sum Formulas (जोड़ के तिरिीके)
1. First n Natural numbers ka sum: S = [n(n + 1)] / 2
2. First n Even numbers ka sum: S = n(n + 1)
3. First n Odd numbers ka sum: S = n2
4. First n Natural numbers ke Squares ka sum: S = [n(n + 1)(2n + 1)] / 6
5. First n Natural numbers ke Cubes ka sum: S = [[n(n + 1)] / 2]2
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9. Recurring Decimals to Fraction (बारि वाले सवाल)
• Type 1 (Pure Recurring): 0.ā = a/9 and 0.āb̄ = ab/99
Examples: 0.7̄ = 7/9, 0.35̄ = 35/99
• Type 2 (Mixed Recurring): [Link]̄ = (ab - a) / 90
Example: 0.16̄ = (16 - 1) / 90 = 15/90 = 1/6
10. Practice Examples (Topic-wise Worked Problems)
Topic Question Solution
(7+8+6) - (3+2A) = 0 → 21 - 3 - 2A = 0 →
Divisibility (11 Rule) If 738A6A is divisible by 11, find A.
2A = 18 → A = 9
Number ÷ 56 leaves R=29. What Direct divide 29 by 8: 29 / 8 →
Remainder Theorem
is R when ÷ 8? Remainder = 5
Unit Digit Find unit digit of (234)102 + (234)103 4Even(6) + 4Odd(4) = 10 → Unit Digit = 0
Factors Find total factors of 72. 72 = 23 × 32 → (3+1)(2+1) = 4 × 3 = 12
Power Remainder Find remainder of (6767 + 67) / 68 (-1)67 + (-1) = -2 → 68 - 2 = 66
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