PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

(NAAC 'A++' Grade with CGPA 3.61 (Cycle - 3)

State University - NIRF Rank 56 - State Public University Rank 25
SALEM - 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India

CENTRE FOR DISTANCE AND ONLINE EDUCATION

(CDOE)

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

SEMESTER – I

CORE – IV: LINUX AND SHELL PROGRAMMING LAB

(Candidates admitted from 2024 onwards)
 PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

CENTRE FOR DISTANCE AND ONLINE EDUCATION (CDOE)

MCA 2024 admission onwards

Core Course – IV LAB

LINUX AND SHELL PROGRAMMING LAB

Prepared by:
Centre for Distance and Online Education (CDOE)
Periyar University
Salem – 636011.

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 SYLLABUS

LINUX AND SHELL PROGRAMMING - LAB

COURSE OBJECTIVES
● To enable the students to study and understand the efficiency of Linux shell
script.
● To demonstrate the File Backup process.
● To develop and implement the shell script for GUI processing.
● To develop and implement the shell script for IPC and Networking.
● To demonstrate PostgreSQL.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Write a Shell Script program to calculate the number of days between two
dates.
2. Write a Shell Script program to check systems on local network using
control structures with user input.
3. Write a Shell Script program to check systems on local network using
control structures with file input.
4. Write a Shell Script program to demonstrate the script control commands.
5. Write a Shell Script program to demonstrate the Shell script function.
6. Write a Shell Script program to demonstrate the Regular Expressions.
7. Write a Shell Script program to demonstrate the sed and awk Commands.
8. Write a Shell Script program to demonstrate the File Backup process
through creating a daily archive location.
9. Write a Shell Script program to create a following
GUI tools. a) Creating text menus
b) Building text window widgets
10. Write a Shell Script program to demonstrate to connect a PostgreSQL
database and performing CRUD operations.

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COURSE OUTCOMES

On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to

CO1: To understand, apply and analyze the concepts and methodology

of Linux shell programming

CO2: To comprehend, impart and apply fundamentals of control

structure and script controls

CO3: To understand, analyses and evaluate the functions, graphical K1-K6

desktop interface and editors
To collaborate, apply and review the concepts and methodology of
CO4:
regular expression and advanced gawk
To comprehend, use and analyze the advance concepts such as
CO5:
alternate
shell script, dy and bash scripting using PostgreSQL
K1- Remember, K2- Understand, K3- Apply, K4- Analyze, K5- Evaluate, K6- Create

MAPPING WITH PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10
CO1 H H H L H L L L M L
CO2 H H H L H L L L M L
CO3 H H H L H L L L M H
CO4 H H H L H L L L M L
CO5 H H H L H L L L M H

H- High; M-Medium; L-Low

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 CONTENTS

PAGE NO
[Link] TITLE OF THE PROGRAM

CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO

1. 6
DATES

CHECK SYSTEM ON LOCAL NETWORK USING CONTROLS

2. STRUCTURE WITH USER INPUT 9

CHECK SYSTEM ON LOCAL NETWORK USING CONTROLS

3. STRUCTURE WITH FILE INPUT 12

4. THE SCRIPT CONTROL COMMAND 16

5. SHELL SCRIPT FUNCTION 20

6. REGULAR EXPRESSIONS 23

7. SED AND GAWK COMMANDS 26

DEMOSTRATE FILE BACKUP PROCESS THROUGH CREATING A

8. DAILY ARCHIEVE LOCATIONS 31

CREATE A FOLLOWING GUI TOOLS (A) CREATING TEXT

9. MENUS. 34
(B) BUILDING TEXT WINDOW WIDGETS

10. CONNECT A POSTGRESQL DATABASE AND PERFORMING

42
CRUD OPERATIONS

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1 CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO
DATES

AIM:
To write the shell script program calculate the number of days between to two dates.

PROCEDURE:
STEP 1: Start the process.
STEP 2: Open the gedit editor with the [Link]
STEP 3: Enter the date 1 and read by the user input and store in variable d1.
STEP 4: Enter the date 2 and read by the user input and store in variable d2.
STEP 5: Calculate the difference in days between the two days.
STEP 6: Print the values of dates and save.
STEP 7: Set the permission using $ chmod -R 777 .
STEP 8: Run the shell using ./[Link]
STEP 9: Stop the process

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SOURCE CODE:

echo "Enter the date 1: " read

d1
echo "Enter the date 2: " read
d2
days=$(( ($(date -d $d2 +%s) - $(date -d $d1 +%s)) / 86400))
echo "The different between $d1 and $d2 is $days day"

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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2 CHECK SYSTEM ON LOCAL NETWORK USING
CONTROLS STRUCTURE WITH USER INPUT

AIM:
To write the shell script program to check system on local network using structure
with user input.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Checking system on local network by using control structure net user input.
Step 3: Check for command line option here by using gets opts.
Step 4: Ping or ping 6 command is a quick wave to determine if a system is up and
operating on the network.
Steps: After finishing the step 4 to get the permission using chmod -R 777 .
Step 6: Run the code using ./[Link]
Step 7: The ip address parameters are accidently not included. The user to produce a
message and exit (sh [Link] -tIPv4 IPaddress) or IPv4 domain name or IPv6
IPaddress.
Step 8: Stop the process.

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SOURCE CODE:

while getopts t: opt do

case "$opt" in t)
if [ $OPTARG = "IPv4" ]
then
pingcommand=$(which ping)
elif [ $OPTARG = "IPv6" ]
then
pingcommand=$(which ping6)

fi;;

*) echo "Usage: -t IPv4 or -t IPv6" echo

"Exiting script..."
exit;;
esac
shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "\nIP Address(es) parameters are missing." echo
"\nExiting script..."
exit
fi
for ipaddress in "$@" do
echo "\nChecking system at $ipaddress..." echo
$pingcommand -q -c 3 $ipaddress echo
done

exit
done

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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 3 CHECK SYSTEM ON LOCAL NETWORK
USING CONTROLS STRUCTURE WITH FILE INPUT

AIM:
To write the shell script program to check system on local network wing controls
structure with file input.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Creating file with text and inserting with group of Ip address
Step 3: Enter the <filename. Txt> if the file is readable and is not empty. It check the
system, Ip group file import.
Step 4: The ping or ping 6 command is quick way to determine if a system is up and
Operating a network.
Step 5: If the file is either not a file is empty or did not readable file import and then
exiting script.
Step 6: Stop the process

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SOURCE CODE:

echo "\nPlease enter the file name with an absolute directory

reference...\n"
choice=0
while [ $choice -eq 0 ]
do
read -p "Enter name of file:" filename if [ -z
$filename ]
then
quitanswer=""

else choice=1

fi
done

if [ -s $filename ] && [ -r $filename ]

then
echo "$filename is a file, is readable, and is not empty." echo
cat $filename | while read line do
ipaddress=$line
read line
iptype=$line
if [ $iptype = "IPv4" ]
then
pingcommand=$(which ping)

else
pingcommand=$(which ping6)

fi

echo "Checking system at $ipaddress..."

$pingcommand -q -c 3 $ipaddress done

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echo "\nFinished processing the file. All systems checked." else
echo "\n$filename is either not a file, is empty, or is not readable by you. Exiting
script..."
fi
exit

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OUTPUT:

➢ [Link] file

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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 4 THE SCRIPT CONTROL COMMAND

AIM:
To determine the script control command.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: The following script control commands are used..
a. sigint - interupt from keyboard
b. sigquit - quit from keyboard.
c. sigstop - stop process ( ctrl + c and ctrl + z )
Step 3: This command which is used to response to hardware signal and other events
by trap command
Step 4: Stop the process.

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SOURCE CODE:

#SIGINT
trap "echo ‘sorry! I have trapped ctrl+c’" INT
echo "This is a test script"
count=1
while [ $count -le 5 ]

do
echo "Loop #$count"
sleep 2
count=$(( $count+1 ))

done

echo "This is the end of the test script"

#SIGQUIT
trap "echo ‘sorry! I have trapped ctrl+\’" QUIT
echo "This is Quit process"
count=1
while [ $count -le 5 ]

do
echo "Loop #$count"
sleep 2
count=$(( $count+1 ))

done

echo "Quit the Process"

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#SIGSTOP
trap STOP
echo "This is Stop process"
count=1
while [ $count -le 5 ]

do
echo "Loop #$count"
sleep 2
count=$(( $count+1 ))

done

echo "Stop the Process"

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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 5 SHELL SCRIPT FUNCTION

AIM:
To determine the shell script function.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Declare the variables like
i=0
f1 = 0
f2 = 1 and n
Step 3: Read the value by the user input and store the value n.
Step 4: Declare the function called fib().
Step 5: While loop to check the condition, if the condition is true, it will go to
fibonacci calculation otherwise terminate.
Step 6: Stop the process.

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SOURCE CODE:

read -p "Enter the Fibonacci number: " n fib(){

i=0
f1=0
f2=1
echo "The Fibonacci Series for $n is:" while [
$i -le $n ]
do
echo "$f1"
temp=$(($f1+$f2))
f1=$f2
f2=$temp
i=$((i+1))

done
}
fib

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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 6 REGULAR EXPRESSION

AIM:
To write the Regular Expression.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Stop the process.
Step 2: Create a file with .txt and store fruits name in it
Step 3: Using grep command to identity the conditions to be given in the echo
command.
Step 4: By using pipe symbol (|) to grep the given command.
Step 5: Basic regular expression.
a. ‘.’ - find all Original word
b. ‘*’ - find out the match upto 0 or more occurrence.
c. ‘^’ - find out the starting of the string (character)
d. ‘\’ - find out single space.
e. ‘?’ - find out exactly one character in string.
f. ‘[]’ - find out the word
Step 6: Stop the process

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SOURCE CODE:

fruits_file=$(cat [Link] | grep App.e)

echo "\n1. Using '.' to find out all the original word wheres given word is 'App.e'"
echo "Output:\n$fruits_file" fruits_file=$(cat
[Link] | grep Ap*le)
echo "\n2. Using '*' to find out all the fruits name of 'Ap' one after another in it"
echo "Output:\n$fruits_file"
fruits_file=$(cat [Link] | grep ^B)
echo "\n3. Using '^' to find out all the words that start with the letter
'B'"
echo "output:\n$fruits_file" fruits_file=$(cat
[Link] | grep "\ ")
echo "\n4. Using '\' to find out all the fruits name that has single space in their full
name"
echo "Output:\n$fruits_file" fruits_file=$(cat
[Link] | grep -E Ch?)
echo "\n5. Using '?' to find out all the fruits name that has ‘Ch’ in it"
echo "Output:\n$fruits_file" fruits_file=$(cat [Link] |
grep -E "(fruit)")
echo "\n6. Using ‘()’ to find out all the fruits name that has word
‘fruit’ in it"
echo "Output:\n$fruits_file"

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OUTPUT:

➢ [Link] file

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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7 SED AND GAWK COMMANDS

AIM:
To determine the SED and AWK commands.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: start the process.
Step 2: Create file with .txt and type appropriate content to perform SED command.
Step 3: Use the command for substituting occurrence, string, duplicating replaced line,
printing replace line, range and delete line.
Step 4: Use the gawk command (to be install the following command, sudo apt install
gawk)
used to find the grade for mark which entered by user input.
Step 5: Stop the process

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SOURCE CODE (sed command) :

echo "[Link] or substituting string:" echo "------------------------------------

------" sed 's/unix/linux/' [Link]
echo
echo "[Link] the nth occurrence of a pattern in a line:" echo "-----------
-----------------------------------------------------" sed 's/unix/linux/2' [Link]
echo
echo "[Link] all the occurrence of the pattern in a line:" echo "----------
-------------------------------------------------------" sed 's/unix/linux/g' [Link]
echo
echo "[Link] from nth occurrence to all occurrences in a line:" echo "--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------" sed 's/unix/linux/3g'
[Link]
echo
echo "[Link] string on a specific line number:" echo "----------------------
---------------------------------" sed '3 s/unix/linux/' [Link]
echo
echo "[Link] the replaced line with /p flag:" echo "-------------------------
----------------------------" sed 's/unix/linux/p' [Link]
echo
echo "[Link] only the replaced lines:" echo "-------------------------------------
----" sed -n 's/unix/linux/p' [Link]
echo
echo "[Link] string on a range of lines:" echo "-------------------------------
---------------" sed '2,$ s/unix/linux/' [Link]
echo

echo "[Link] lines from a particular file:" echo "---------------------------------

-------------" sed '2,4d' [Link]

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SOURCE CODE (gawk command) :

gawk 'BEGIN { print "Enter the mark:" getline

mark < "-"
if (mark >= 90) print "A+" else if( mark
>= 80) print "A" else if( mark >= 70)
print "B+" else if( mark >= 60) print "B"
else if( mark >= 50) print "C+" else
print "Fail" }'

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OUTPUT (sed command):

➢ [Link] file:

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OUTPUT (gawk command) :

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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 8 DEMOSTRATE FILE BACKUP PROCESS
THROUGH CREATING A DAILY ARCHIEVE
LOCATIONS
AIM:
To write the demonstrate file backup process through creating a daily archieve
locations.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: First select the files to backup and store txt format
Step 3: Give the file name to the archieve file and read the file name and
destination path
Step 4: The file will be archieve in destination path and archieved file is backup.
Step 5: To display archieve file in terminal user using tar -tzvf
Step 6: Stop the process.

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SOURCE CODE:

DATE=$(date +%y%m%d)
read -p "Give name to the archive file:" file
FILE=$file$[Link]
read -p "Enter the Filename: " SOURCE read -p
"Enter the Destination path: " des
DESTINATION=$des/$FILE
if [ -f $SOURCE ]
then
echo
else
echo "$SOURCE doesn't exist, BACKUP INCOMPLETE" exit

fi

FILE_NO=1
exec < $SOURCE read
FILE_NAME while [ $?
-eq 0 ]
do
if [ -f $FILE_NAME -o -d $FILE_NAME ]
then
FILE_LIST="$FILE_LIST $FILE_NAME"
else
echo "$FILE_NAME doesn’t exit, thus it is not included" echo
"BACKUP is still on process"
echo

fi

FILE_NO=$[$FILE_NO+1]
read FILE_NAME
done
echo "Starting Archive..."
tar -czf $DESTINATION $FILE_LIST 2>/dev/null echo "Archive
COMPLETED at $DESTINATION" exit

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OUTPUT:

➢ Creating the file to Store the backup file:

➢ Backup Files:

➢ Running the Script to Backup the Files

➢ Archive file ([Link]):

➢ Listing of the Archive contents from a Terminal Prompt Type:

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY
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9 CREATE A FOLLOWING GUI TOOLS
(A) CREATING TEXT MENUS.
(B) BUILDING TEXT WINDOW WIDGETS

AIM:
To write the shell script to create the following GUI Tools.
a) Creating text windows
b) Building text windows widget

PROCEDURE:
PART A: Creating text windows
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Define “diskspace”, " memusage", “menu functions”.
Step 3: While I condition is true, mem function will be executed.
Step 4: User must select option from the menu list.
1. Display diskspace (of -k)
2. Display logged on space (who)
3. Display memory reusage (mem info)
4. Exit program.
Step 5: Using case command to select the options.
Step 6: Stop the process.
PART B: Building text window widgets
Step 1: start the process.
Step 2: Install dialog box by using.
‘sudo apt-get install -y dialog" command.
Step 3: Insert dialog commands in the function “diskspace”, "whoseon",
"memusage":
Step 4: Use select command to display menu list and get input from user by using
case
commands.
Step 5: Stop the process.

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SOURCE CODE:

A) Creating Text Menus

diskspace() {

} diskspace whoseon() {

} whoseon memusage() {

} memusage menu(){

}
menu
clear df -k

clear who

clear
cat /proc/meminfo

clear echo
echo “\t\t\t\tSys Admin Menu\n"
echo “\t\t1. Display disk space"
echo “\t\t2. Display logged on users" echo “\t\t3. Display memory usage"
echo “\t\t0. Exit program\n\n"
echo
echo "\t\t\tEnter option: " read option
echo

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 while [ True ]
do
menu
case $option in
0)
break ;;
1)
diskspace ;;
2)
whoseon ;;
3)
memusage ;;
*)
clear
echo "Sorry, wrong selection";;
esac
echo "\n\n\t\t\tHit any key to continue" read
line
do
ne
cle
ar

B) Text window widgets temp=$(mktemp -t

[Link]) temp2=$(mktemp -t
[Link]) function diskspace {
clear
df -k> $temp
dialog --textbox $temp 20 50
}
function whoseon {
clear
who> $temp
dialog --textbox $temp 20 50

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}
function memusage {
clear
cat /proc/meminfo> $temp dialog --
textbox $temp 20 50
}
while [ 1 ]
do
clear
dialog --menu "Sys Admin Menu" 20 30 10 1 "Display diskspace" 2
"Display users" 3 "Display memory usage"
2> $temp2
if [ $? -eq 1 ]
then
break
fi
selection=$(cat $temp2)
case $selection in
1) diskspace ;;
2) whoseon ;;
3) memusage ;;
*) dialog --msgbox "Sorry, invalid selection" 10 30
esac
done
clear
rm -f $temp 2> /dev/null rm -f
$temp2 2> /dev/null

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OUTPUT:

A) Text Menus

1. Displaying Disk Space

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2. Displaying Logged Users

3. Displaying Memory Usage

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B) Text Window Widgets

1. Displaying Disk Space:

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2. Displaying Logged Users:

3. Displaying Memory Usage

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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10 CONNECT A POSTGRESQL DATABASE AND
PERFORMING CRUD OPERATIONS

AIM:
To write the shell script to demonstrate to connect it program postgresql database
and performing.

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Install to connect postgresql by using “sudo apt install postgresql
postgresql-contrib".
Step 3: Launch sql shell (psqd program tool by using “sudo -i -u postgre”)
Step 4: Create database and name it.
Steps: Then create table and insert one field and insert the values by using INSERT
operation.
Step 6: Update the table by using UPDATE operation.
Step 7: Delete the values from table by using DROP operation.
Step 8: Display the values by using QUERY select from < table-name >
Step 9: Delete the database by using drop < database name >
Step 10: Stop the process.

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 SOURCE CODEAND OUTPUTS:

➢ To view the list of databases by using \l command:

➢ Creating Database:

➢ Listing the Database and Checking Database Which Created by User:

➢ Changing Path to the Created Database(bank_details):

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 ➢
➢ Creating Table:

➢ Inserting Values to Table:

➢ Inserting Multiple Values to Table:

➢ Updating the Colum in Table:

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45 Periyar University – CDOE| Self-Learning Material
➢ Deleting the Colum in Table:

➢ Deleting the Table:

➢ Checking the Table if Exist or Not:

➢ Deleting the Database and Listing of Databases:

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➢ Quit from Database:

➢ Logout from psql:

RESULT:
THUS THE ABOVE SHELL SCRIPT HAS BEEN EXECUTED
SUCESSFULLY

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Reference Books:

1. Michael Kerrisk, “The Linux Programming Interface”, No Starch Press, Inc.,

2010.
2. Richard Blum and Christine Bresnahan, “Linux Command Line and Shell
Scripting Bible”, Third Edition, Wiley, 2015.
3. W. Richard Stevens, Stephen A. Rago, “Advanced Programming in the UNIX
Environment”, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series,
2013.
4. Shantanu Tushar and Sarath Lakshman, “Linux Shell Scripting Cook Book”, 2nd
edition, Packt Publishing, 2013.
5. Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Trent R. Hein, Ben Whaley and Dan Mackin, “UNIX
and Linux System Administration Handbook”, 5th Edition, Pearson Education,
Inc. 2018.

Website References:

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]

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