BILD 321 Sustainable Engineering Systems Design Nga Punaha Whakarauora i te Taiao Simulation of Thermal Performance Understanding sustainable engineering systems design strategies necessary to access the design of engineering installations. Michael Donn Paar TRA D What is (Thermal) Simulation? * Approximate definition: a computer model of the energy processes within a building that are intended to provide a thermally comfortable environment for the occupants (or contents) of a building + Examples of building thermal simulation programs: EnergyPlus (and its interfaces LBT, OpenStudio, Design Builder, Climate Studio), IDA-ICE, Modelica, IES-VE, E- Quest, esp-R, TRNSYS, etc.Paes eerie fet a cde fait Taye Pere CCM kur en Taig ed fo 021209 emotion a dean eens ntsc pete ‘Question: what design decision does this model inform? Useful lie: what has been deliberately simplified or excluded? Baseline: what code, reference or comparison case is being used? ‘Assumptions: climate file, schedules, constructions, programmes, controls, HVAC and geometry. Sanity checks: units, lst/tree matching, energy balance, loads versus services energy, and physical plausibility. Sensitivity: which input changes alter the conclusion, and which do not? Communication: report a design recommendation, not a software workflow. ar Fatyive WELLINGTON array eres How does Simulation indicate how to save Energy? * Building thermal simulation allows one to model a building before it is built or before renovations are started * Simulation allows various energy alternatives to be investigated and options compared to one another * Simulation can lead to an energy-optimized building or inform the design process * Simulation is much less expensive and less time consuming than experimentation (every building is different) atts Fret einaited aN Ways to use (thermal) simulation * Design issues in simulation — how much do we need to model oA er + Determine Peok summer temperotures & frequency of Air Conditioning needed? occurrence with natural ventilation (For houses use TMS} * Most energy efficient a/c? ‘Compare degree of temperature and humidity contol for varius systems and evaluate requlred capacity ond energy consumption » Dayli i 2 Evaluate & compare UDI and Daylight Autonomy ‘scores’ Daylight maximised w/o glare? “tate & compare Uo} and Dayigt Autonom devices ene «UN ilrlinearree ns ceetiss inie lara renee ci’Pramas fete Vaal Goals of (Thermal) Simulation * Load Calculations * Generally used for determining sizing of equipment such as fans, chillers, boilers, etc. ° Energy Analysis * Helps evaluate the energy cost of the building over longer periods of time * Plant and System modelling * Cost (including Carbon) calculations Paar firs Why is Simulation Important? * Buildings consume roughly one-third of all the energy consumed nationally every year * Much of this energy is consumed maintaining the thermal conditions inside the building and lighting * Simulation can and has played a significant role in reducing the energy consumption of buildings * Yes of course — but... PV auNa CT i CaNOO CONDUCTION * Why simulation has so many approaches 20(x,1) _ ts 1 afa,a) * Staneeot temperature with distance heat conduction; moisture transport; theoretical basis; driving forces; Diffusion; capillary transport; , Change of flux with distance Fourier’s equation Conductivity -k Heat Capacity - C Density -D Diffusivity -" TaN fy artery’ CONDUCTIO * principal assumptions 1-dimensional - NOT multi-dimensional Thermophysical properties Variable - Assume Constant Use Laboratory not Field data Not normally moisture diffusion Air outside to well-mixed air inside Air/surface heat transfer convection/radiation ‘factor’ Paani Fees tk gs WELLINGTON frre rtyy CONDUCTION + The core of energy modelling Stability; © Same result next time Same result different operator » ‘Accuracy’; © BEWARE FALSE PRECISION computational effort. Rationale for simplifications in past © The key to quality: DOCUMENT your ‘ASSUMPTIONS! Evaluate Total Load aan) [Total ad ntersly QW] (070) 0 106.525155 f 10707 Jo 12.810951 0 cooling 1 24.438113 1 heating 2 26.959378 2 lighting |3 42.316713, 3 equipmentCLIMATE poms * Statistical nightmares Ty, TRY See “Typical”? TTT) sae ee we Documented? “er Beriods oe eben na Av multi-year sue al standard day/week pa “hourly” be = Solar radiation ? 0 ae ‘Main’ centres ser * extrapolation? Seas WELLINGTON Serr TC rere TMY2 (3?)- procedure + Sanda Nationa Laboratories ial etal- 1978 created the orignal TNs. Mosifiatlons othe Sandia, method were made to beter apumize Ue weighting ofthe Iees, to provide preferential election for ‘months th measured solar adlaen Sata, an to Scout for misiing ala +The Sandia method selects typiel month bazed on nin daly indies conning ofthe masimum, Trinmam, ara mean dry bulb and dew pert temperatures; the maximum and mean wind veloc; andthe {oral plat horton star adaton. + Sep 1 For each month ofthe calendar year, lve candidate months wih cumulative dtbution functions {Cs fe th aay inane tht are closet the long-term (20 year forthe NSROB)COFs ae selected, ‘The CDF gives the proportonof valves tat ae lesa than or equa to» specified valve ofan index. + step 2-The candidate months ae ranked for closeness ofthe month tothe long-term mean and median ~ Sep3-Te penitence of mean dey bb temgersture ad dlyslobl hoon radatin are vated bydetermining the reuency and in length above and below fee longterm percents. For mean daily fry Bulb temperature, te frequency and run length above the 67th percentile (consecutve warm days) ghd below the Sard percentle consecutive cool dai} were determined. fot lebal Morera radation, the Frequency and run length below the 38rd percent (consecutive low radiation days} were determined. +The persistance data are used 1a select trom the ve candidate months the month to be used nthe THY. ‘The highest ranked candidate month from sep 2 that mets the persistence ceria used the TMT. The perstence cer excludes the month smh the longest fu, the month wth the most ts, andthe math ith ao une + Step. The2 selected months are concatenated to make a complete year and smooth dcontinutes at ther month interfaces fo 6 hours each sie using curvettingtecnlgues, Ens Ns WELLINGTON TMY2/TMY3 Typical Meteorological Year Generation * Sandia Method Development and Refinement * Selection Criteria: Nine Daily Climate Indices + Step 1: Identify Five Candidate Months Using CDF Matching * Step 2: Rank Candidate Months by Long-Term Statistical Similarity + Step 3: Evaluate Weather Persistence and Extreme Conditions * Step 4: Select Representative Months * Step 5: Assemble the Typical Meteorological Year * Step 6: Smooth Month-to-Month TransitionsTRANSMISSION OF RAL + Light and heat through the aether Solar geometry well known Typically shading effective Geometry required Horizon lines defined W m-2 on window area Direct & diffuse Solar distribution Not often calculated But distribution is month by month estimated as default in HoneyBee ater Fens Wega tt CONVECTION * Not very complex model in thermal sim — but should be? * convective heat transfer; air flow; » flow of working fluids; * theoretical basis; » driving forces; principal approaches; Images from running an Eddy3D script generated by Daniel Cordwell as part of his Masters studies Ertan WELLINGTON Pree er cs CONVECTION * The missing element surface heat transfer coefficients; computational fluid dynamics; computational effort. “onion vs integrated approach * bulk flow representation - networks; *mass flow balance approach; flow field representation; accuracy;ESCHOOL OF Weenie BACHELOR OF BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAMME SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS SPECIALISATION 2026 Trimester 2 BILD321 ‘SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN NGA PUNAHA WHAKARAUORA | TE TAIAO Assignment 1— ECM Assessment Using Advanced Simulation Tools (30% of course grade) nemo This assignment is designed to progress you towards achieving Course Learning Objectives 1 and 3 of the course (see Course Outline), namely for you to: 1, Demonstrate sustainable engineering systems design strategies necessary to access the design of engineering installations 3. Use representational media to communicate research findings and design outcomes ANCES To develop and enable you to demonstrate your abilities to review and model sustainable engineering systems and energy lowering solutions, based on an understanding from the literature of the types of combinations that might be suitable for your assigned climates. Using at least two case studies of office design in practice, you will create a simple five zone model of a single storey of what would be a typical floor of a much taller building. The goal will be to identify what are the significant drivers of thermal and daylight comfor * Image generated via the following Google Gemini command: “Create an image of proportions approximately 20:5. wicthiheight ratio of sufficient resotution to provide @ heeding to an Ad page showing elements of ow energy, sustainable, commercial fice buildings in downtown Walington New Zeoland” Page 1 of 10compare performance in a typical and a hot year, and also a likely future year; and to translate this into fagade recommendations for your architectural colleagues. CREWS aa eas) Knowledge + Information literacy Creative and Critical Thinking + Problem solving + Critical evaluation + Work autonomously ‘Communication + _ Effective communication (written) Leadership + Ethical behaviour in a professional environment Eee GENERAL APPROACH Each student will form “Energy Lowering Solution Sets’ for their location in the country. ‘The ECMs and “Solution Set” language was developed in an International Energy Agency research project into Net Zero Energy Buildings (Solution Sets Link / IEA Research Project Link). ‘The underlying measures are divided into three main categori 1. Passive Design ECMs, 2. Energy Efficiency ECMs, and 3. Renewable ECMs, All students will apply and report on the utility of ALL standard Passive Design ECMs (in italics in the appended table). The more complex to model Measures, such as Passive Design measures like Trombe walls, green roots, some of the Renewable ECMs such as wind energy generation will be considered during assignment 2. These are provided for context. You will not build a simulation model of them. These complex ECMs are NOT in italies in the appended comprehensive table, and are present for context. Your primary task is to examine through a single storey 5 zone isolated case study of a representative floor in a much taller building the principles and practice of low energy OFFICE design. You will develop a basic “Solution Set” of ECM for a building that complies with the requirements of NZBC Clause H1, Verification Method 2 . We wil examine in lectures and your personal reading in theory how the individual low energy basic principles might combine into a Solution Set for your climate. All students will be assigned 2 New Zealand climates within which to examine the potential success of their Solution Set. The goal will be to report for one of those climates what ECMSs work for each of THREE climate scenarios: 1) a typical version of the climate, 2) a hot ‘summer and 3) a future potential climate change scenario. This will be contrasted to a typical version of a radically different climate, Page 2 of 10In carrying out this investigation, aim to answer the following questions: ‘+ How does the SOLUTION SET work in combining all the simple (italicised and not numbered) ECMs? And, how has it been modelled to appropriately simulate its effect on performance? Ensure you also record the: © Quality assurance steps taken why should we believe your calculations 0 The assumptions about operation hours, number of people, window operation, temperature set-points and so on. + How does the SOLUTION SET you have developed work under different climate scenarios. ‘0 What are the performance changes expected for a typical Design Summer Year? © What are the performance changes for the long-term future climate change scenario developed by NIWA for your climate? ‘+ Based on your model, how well does this Solution Set work? © What are the main advantages and disadvantages of the Solution Set? Each student will prepare a succinct. fastidiously referenced, written report. © Submission of WORKING models of your Solution Set for review by two ‘of your peers plus completion of your assigned weekly reviews forms part of the assessment of the assignment. [ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE Unless otherwise stated, lectures and tutorials will be held on Mondays and Thursdays. during part of the regular 12:40pm to 14:30pm class sessions up until the 17 August deadline for the written report. EURVESENEascaeen Hand in requirements: ~ Written Report {20%) - Completion of the weekly simulation model exercises (10%) eee) ‘Your written submission should be in the form of a summary report, which will include illustrations and diagrams integrated into the text. Limit the total submission to no more than 2,500 words. This is not an exercise in copying graphs from your calculation tool into an A4 format - you will outline the key principles and issues in your own words. (READ THE GUIDANCE IN THE RUBRIC AND BE SURE THAT THERE IS A SECTION OF YOUR REPORT THAT COVERS: EACH SECTION OF THE RUBRIC} NOTE: Plagiarism will not be tolerated. However, for the purposes of this exercise, you may make use of relevant diagrams, simplified where appropriate and with the source clearly identified and acknowledged, from published articles. Remember too that your systematic evaluation of the Energy Conservation Solution Set for the various climate scenarios is being sought. Comment critically with systematic evaluation and challenge the assertions ‘made in the theories presented in the literature and in class where you do not agree and Page 3 of 10have supporting evidence for in your simulations. Your report should be self-contained and with the following content. © Part 1: Course, Keywords, Author, Abstract (150 words maximum), Summary graphic + Part 2: Introduction. Overview of a basic 5-zone OFFICE for a building that complies with the requirements of NZBC Clause H1, Verification Method 2 and its anticjoated ‘thermal (energy AND comfort) and daylight performance issues in your climate scenarios and two climates - what your calculations tested. Include documentation of reasonable assumptions about: type of glazing, insulation of opaque fabric; usage patterns; and schedules of internal gains. Place this in the context of your reading of the literature over the 5 weeks of the assignment. ‘+ Part 3: Documentation of the insights gained about the overall energy and daylight performance of a 5 zone office building from varying ONLY the relevant Energy Conservation Measures in italics in the Appendix to the assignment briof that have been identified as a priority in Part 2 - for your climate scenarios. NOTE: DO NOT COPY and PASTE ANY Ladybug tools components or grasshopper script images in your report. ‘+ Part 4: Describe what lessons can be drawn about the major design drivers of the performance of a medium scale non-residential building that could be used by your architecture colleagues in the design of such a building, + Part 5: Results: identify the differences in Solution Sets between an office, a shop and a residence optimised for your climates based on your simulation results, ‘+ Part 6: Report quality Discussion, summary and conclusions, acknowledgements, limitations, future research; key reference list - use the Harvard system (“Chicago 8” in https /Mibquides, [Link]. nz/referencing-citing/stvles/chicago) . All hand-ins are on Nuku - the report should be submitted as a pdf document Eo ‘As we are learning to use Al in our work, and as there are strict rules around appropriate use both in industry and in the university, you are REQUIRED to append the provided Al reporting pro-forma to your report. fe ‘Typical content of the Al Appendices will be: APPENDIX D: Computational Scripts (Logic & Simulation workflows)