Chapter Three Retaining Walls
Example 3.1
For the cantilever retaining wall shown, calculate the factor of safety with respect to
2
overturning and sliding. Use k1 = k2 =
3
Solution
From Table (2.1);
For 1 = 30o , α = 10o Ka = 0.3495
𝜙2 20
For 2 = 20o , α = 0o 𝐾𝑝 = tan2 (45 + ) = tan2 (45 + ) = 2.040
2 2
H = H1 + H2 + H3
= 0.458 + 6 + 0.7 = 7.158 m
1 1
Pa = γ1 H2 Ka = (18) (7.158)2 (0.3495)
2 2
= 161.2 kN/m
Pv = Pa . sin α = 161.2 sin 10 = 28.0 kN/m
Ph = Pa . cos α = 161.2 cos 10 = 158.75 kN/m
1
Pp = γ2 D2 Kp + 2c2 √K 𝑝 . D
2
1
= (19) (1.5)2 (2.04) + 2(40)(1.5) √2.04
2
= 215.0 kN/m
7.158
Mo = Ph . y̅a = 158.75 ( ) = 378.78 kN.m/m
3
1. Overturning;
∑ MR 1132.88
FS(overturning) = = = 2.99 > 2.0 ok
Mo 378.78
2. Sliding;
(∑ 𝑉) tan (k1 ́ 2 )+B k2 ć2 +Pp
FS(sliding) =
Ph
1
Chapter Three Retaining Walls
2 2
(473.11) tan( × 20)+(4) ( ) (40)+215
3 3
= = 2.73 > 1.5 ok
158.75
Section Area Weight / unit length Moment arm from point c Moment
no. (m2) (kN/m) (m) (kN.m/m)
1 6 × 0.5 = 3 72 0.7+0.2+0.25= 1.15 82.8
2 0.5 (6) (0.2) = 0.6 14.4 (2/3)(0.2) + 0.7 = 0.833 12.0
3 4 × 0.7 = 2.8 67.2 2.0 134.4
4 6 × 2.6 = 15.6 280.8 (1/2) (2.6) +1.4 = 2.7 758.16
5 0.5 (2.6) (0.458) = 0.595 10.71 (2/3) (2.6) +1.4 = 3.13 33.52
Pv = 28.0 4 112
∑ 𝑉 = 473.11 ∑ M𝑅 = 1132.88
Example 3.2
For the gravity retaining wall shown, use Coulomb's active earth pressure theory to
determine;
a. The factor of safety against overturning.
b. The factor of safety against sliding.
2
Use k1 = k2 =
3
Solution
From Table (2.3);
2
For δ́ = ́ , 1 = 32o , α = 0o , β = 75o Ka = 0.4023
3
ϕ2 24
K p = tan2 (45 + ) = tan2 (45 + ) = 2.3712
2 2
H = H1 + H2 = 5 + 1.5 = 6.5 m
1 1
Pa = γ1 H2 Ka = (18.5) (6.5)2 (0.4023) = 157.22 kN/m
2 2
2
Chapter Three Retaining Walls
2
Pv = Pa . sin (δ́+15) = 157.22 sin ( × 32+15) = 93.15 kN/m
3
2
Ph = Pa . cos sin (δ́+15) = 157.22 cos ( × 32+15) = 126.65 kN/m
3
1
Pp = γ2 D2 Kp + 2c2 √K 𝑝 . D
2
1
Pp = (18) (1.5)2 (2.3712) + 2 (30)(1.5) √2.3712 = 186.60 kN/m
2
6.5
Mo = Ph . y̅a = 126.65 ( ) = 274.41 kN.m/m
3
Section Area Weight / unit length Moment arm from point c Moment
2
no. (m ) (kN/m) (m) (kN.m/m)
1 0.5 (5.7) (1.53) = 4.36 104.64 (1/3)(1.53) + 1.67 = 2.18 228.11
2 5.7 × 0.6 = 3.42 82.08 0.3 +1.07 = 1.37 112.45
3 0.5 (5.7) (0.27) = 0.77 18.48 (2/3)(0.27) + 0.8 = 0.98 18.11
4 ≈ 3.5 × 0.8 = 2.8 67.2 1.75 117.6
Pv = 93.15 2.833 263.89
∑ 𝑉 = 365.55 ∑ M𝑅 = 740.16
1. Overturning;
∑ MR 740.16
FS(overturning) = = = 2.7 > 2.0 ok
Mo 274.41
2. Sliding;
(∑ 𝑉) tan (k1 ́ 2 )+B k2 ć2 +Pp
FS(sliding) =
Ph
2 2
(365.55) tan( × 24)+(3.5) ( ) (30)+186.6
3 3
= = 2.85 > 1.5 ok
126.65
3
Chapter Three Retaining Walls
Example 3.3
For the gravity retaining wall shown, determine;
a. The factor of safety against overturning.
b. The factor of safety against sliding.
2
Use k1 = k2 =
3
Solution
For α = 0
𝜙1 32
𝐾𝑎 = tan2 (45 − ) = tan2 (45 − ) = 0.3072
2 2
𝜙2 24
𝐾𝑝 = tan2 (45 + ) = tan2 (45 + ) = 2.3712
2 2
H = 5.7 + 0.8 = 6.5 m
6.5
y̅a = = 2.167 m
3
1 1
Pa = γ1 H2 Ka = (18.5) (6.5)2 (0.3072)
2 2
= 120.0 kN/m
Pv = 0 kN/m
Ph = Pa = 120.0 kN/m
1
Pp = γ2 D2 Kp + 2c2 √K 𝑝 . D
2
1
= (18) (1.5)2 (2.3712) + 2(30)(1.5) √2.3712 = 186.61 kN/m
2
Mo = Ph . y̅a = 120 × 2.167 = 260.0 kN.m/m
4
Chapter Three Retaining Walls
Section Area Weight / unit length Moment arm from point c Moment
no. (m2) (kN/m) (m) (kN.m/m)
1 0.5 (5.7) (1.53) = 4.36 104.64 (1/3)(1.53) +1.67 = 2.18 228.12
2 0.6 × 5.7 = 3.42 82.08 0.3 + 1.07 = 1.37 112.45
3 0.5 (5.7) (0.27) = 0.77 18.48 (2/3)(0.27) + 0.8 = 0.98 18.11
4 0.8 × 3.5 = 2.8 67.2 1.75 117.6
5 0.5 (1.53) (5.7) = 4.36 80.66 (2/3)(1.53) + 1.67 = 2.69 216.98
6 0.3 × 5.7 = 1.71 31.64 (1/2) (0.3) + 3.2 = 3.35 105.99
∑ 𝑉 = 384.7 ∑ M𝑅 = 799.25
1. Overturning;
∑ MR 799.25
FS(overturning) = = = 3.07 > 2.0 ok
Mo 260
2. Sliding;
(∑ 𝑉) tan (k1 ́ 2 )+B k2 ć2 +Pp
FS(sliding) =
Ph
2 2
(384.7) tan( × 24)+(3.5) ( ) (30)+186.61
3 3
= = 3.05 > 1.5 ok
120