BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
1. SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
a) Earliest Classification was given by Aristotle
b) Divided -
i. Plants into - herbs, shrubs and trees
ii. Animals into - with RBCs & without RBCs
2. Two Kingdom Classification; as proposed by Carolous Linnaeus:
a) Animal Kingdom
b) Plant Kingdom
3. Five Kingdom Classification; as proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969):
a) Monera
b) Protista
c) Fungi
d) Plantae and
e) Animalia
5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION & IT’S CRITERIA
5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
COMPLEXITY OF
CELL
BODY
STRUCTURE
ORGA
NIZATI
ON
MODE OF
NUTR
ITION
FEATURES OF ORGANISMS – 5 KINGDOM
MONERA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA
TYPE PROKARYO. EUKARYOTE EUKARYOTE EUKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
CELLUARITY UNICELLU. UNICELLU. MULTICELL. MULTICELL. MULTICELL.
BODY CELLULAR CELLULAR TISSUE TISSUE ORGAN
ORGANI.
CELL WALL PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT ABSENT
/ABSENT
MODE OF AUTOTROP AUTOTROP SAPROPHYT AUTOTROP HETEROTR
NUTRITION HIC HIC IC HIC OPHIC
/HETEROTR /HETEROTR /PARASITE/
OPHIC OPHIC SYMBIOTIC
EXAMPLES BACTERIA, AMOEBA, FUNGI PLANTS ANIMALS
BLUE- EUGLENA,
GREEN PARAMOEC
ALGAE IUM,
DIATOMS
KINGDOM - MONERA
1. HABITATS - OMNIPRESENT
2. CLASSIFICATION: (SHAPES OF BACTERIA)
a. Spherical bacteria are called Coccus (pl.: cocci),
b. Rod-shaped bacteria are called Bacillus (pl.: bacilli),
c. Comma-shaped bacteria are called Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) and
d. Spiral shaped bacteria are called Spirillum (pl.: spirilla)
3. MODE OF NUTRITION –
a) AUTOTROPHIC – Photosynthetic/Chemosynthetic
b) HETEROTROPHS - Parasites/Saprophyte
4. GROUPS –
a) Archaebacteria
b) Eubacteria
c) Mycoplasma
ARCHAEBACTERIA
1. Ancient bacteria – Few in number
2. Different from eubacteria - as lack peptidoglycan in cell wall
3. Live in extreme environmental conditions - in most harsh habitats
a) HALOPHILES - Salt-loving
b) THERMOPHILES - Hot springs
c) ACIDOPHILES - High acidic condition
4. METHANOGEN - Bacteria
a) Found in marshy area
b) Found in the gut of ruminant and produces biogas
EUBACTERIA
1. True bacteria – Large in number
2. Have a rigid cell wall with peptidoglycan, and if motile, have a flagellum
3. Unicellular or colonial or filamentous – if in colonies, Colonies are surrounded
by gelatinous sheath
4. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
5. REPRODUCTION:
a) Asexual - by fission, spore formation in unfavorable condition
b) Sexually - by transfer of DNA form one bacteria to other, the process
called conjugation
TYPES OF EUBACTERIA
1. AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA
a) PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA- Produce food by sunlight - blue green algae
/cyanobacteria and
b) CHEMOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS - release energy as ATP by oxidizing
inorganic substances like nitrates, nitrites, ammonia - Pseudomonas,
nitrobacter
2. HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA
a) MOSTLY DECOMPOSER - help in Recycling of nutrients
b) Used in making curd from milk
c) PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS
d) N-FIXING BACTERIA: Symbiotically associated with leguminous plant and
fix atmospheric nitrogen by specialized cells called HETEROCYST -
Nostoc and Anabaena
e) Some are PATHOGEN causing diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tetanus.
DIVIDING BACTERIA
NOSTOC
MYCOPLASMA
1. Anaerobic
2. Completely lack cell wall
3. Smallest living cells
4. Can survive without oxygen
5. Pathogenic in animals and plants
KINGDOM - PROTISTA
1. Most diverse kingdom
2. All are unicellular except some like kelp and eukaryotic
3. Includes those eukaryotes which could not be categorized into fungi, plantae
and animalia
4. Mostly aquatic BUT can live in moist places
5. Divided into three different groups based on MODE OF NUTRITION
TYPES OF PROTISTA
on the basis of mode of nutrition
TYPES OF EXAMPLE FEATURE
ORGANISM
S
ANIMAL PROTOZO HETEROT CLASSIFIED ON THE
LIKE A ROPHIC BASIS OF METHOD
PROTISTS OF MOVEMENT
PLANT LIKE ALGAE AUTOTRO ON THE BASIS OF
PROTISTS PHIC COLOR PIGMENT
FUNGUS FORMS DECOMP ON THE BASIS OF
LIKE SPORES OSERS/PA METHOD OF
PROTISTS RASITES REPRODUCTION
CLASSFICATION OF PROTISTA
CHRYSOPHYTES
1. Photosynthetic
2. Diatoms are the chief ‘PRODUCERS’ in the oceans
3. Cell walls is made up of two halves which overlap to fit together like a soap box
4. Cell wall contains silica hence indestructible -- Their accumulation forms
‘Diatomaceous Earth’
5. Used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups
E.g. Includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids)
DINOFLAGELLATES
1. Photosynthetic
2. On the basis of color pigment – they may be yellow, green, brown, blue or red in
color
3. Have two flagella − one longitudinal and other transversely
4. Red Dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) form red tides
EUGLENOIDS
1. Photosynthetic till there is sunlight
2. NO CELL WALL, they have protein rich layer ‘PELLICLE’ which makes body
flexible
3. They have two flagella one short and one long
4. Photosynthetic in presence of sunlight but become heterotrophs if they do not get
sunlight e.g. Euglena
SLIME MOULDS
1. Saprophytes ---grow on decaying twigs and leaves
2. Form aggregates to form PLASMODIUM
3. Plasmodium forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips
4. Spores have true walls which are extremely resistant and survive for many years
PROTOZOANS
1. All are Heterotrophs ---PREDATORS or PARASITES
2. These are divided into four major groups on the basis of locomotory organs
a) AMOEBOID PROTOZOANS
i. Move and Catch prey using pseudopodia, e.g., Amoeba.
ii. Some of them are parasitic e.g. Entamoeba
b) FLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS :
i. Either free living or parasitic
ii. They have flagella
iii. Cause disease like sleeping sickness e.g., Trypanosome
c) CILIATED PROTOZOANS :
i. These are aquatic, actively moving organisms due to presence of
thousands of cilia
ii. e.g., Paramecium.
iii. They have a cavity called gullet that opens to outside the cell
d) SPOROZOANS :
i. Lack any locomotery organelle
ii. All members are parasitic
iii. Have infective spore like stage in life cycle, e.g., Plasmodium which
causes Malaria
KINGDOM - FUNGI
1. Multicellular and filamentous EXCEPT YEASTS which are unicellular & thallus
2. Filaments – HYPHA, Network of hyphae - MYCELIUM
3. Non chlorophyllous therefore, Saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic (Lichen)
4. Symbionts:-
a) Lichens = Algae + fungi
b) Mycorrhizae = Pine trees roots + fungi - to absorb water & minerals
5. Cell wall made of complex polysaccharide - chitin
6. Cosmopolitan - Grow in warm and humid places
REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
a) Asexual by spores – conidia,sporangiospores or zoospores
b) Sexual by oospores - ascospores and basidiospores
SEXUAL CYCLE
Sexual cycle involves the following thee steps:
1. Plasmogamy: fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes -
DIKARYON
2. Karyogamy: fusion of two nuclei
3. Meiosis: zygote undergoes meiosis resulting haploid spores
e.g., Puccinia (rust causing), Penicillium
CLASSFICATION OF FUNGI
PHYCOMYCETES
1. Mycelium - Aseptate and Coenocytic
2. Asexual reproduction by : zoospores (motile), aplanospores (non-motile)
3. Spores are produced endogenously in sporangium
4. Zygospore produced by fusion of gametes
e.g., Rhizopus, Albugo
ASCOMYCETES
1. Commonly known as ‘SAC FUNGI’
2. Mycelium branched and septate
3. Unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (e.g. Penicillium)
4. Asexual spores - conidia produced exogenously on the conidiophores
5. Sexual spores -ascospores produced endogenously in ascus - Ascocarp
e.g., Aspergillus, Neurospora.
BASIDIOMYCETES
1. Common known as MUSHROOMS/ BRACKET FUNGI /PUFFBALLS
2. Mycelium septate and branched
3. Asexual spores generally are not found
4. Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation
5. Sexual reproduction by fusion of vegetative or somatic cells of different strains to
form basidium produced in basidiocarp
6. Basidium produces four basidiospores after meiosis
7. e.g., Agaricus, Ustilago.
DEUTEROMYCETES
1. Common known as ‘FUNGI IMPERFECTI’----- as sexual form (perfect stage) is
not known
2. Mycelium is septate and branched
3. Are saprophytic, parasitic or decomposers
e.g., Alternaria, Colletotrichum
KINGDOM - PLANTAE
1. SIZE varies from herbs to tall trees
2. Multicellular eukaryotes
3. AUTOTROPHS - Chlorophyllous
4. LIFE CYCLE shows ALTERNATION OF GENERATION having gametophytic (n)
and sporophytic (2n) phase
5. Cell wall –Cellulose
6. Reproduce sexually as well as asexually (vegetative propagation)
KINGDOM - ANIMALIA
1. Multicellular eukaryotes
2. Heterotrophs
3. Locomotory
4. Holozoic nutrition
5. Reproduce sexually
VIRUSES
1. A link between livings and non-livings - No place in classification
2. FEATURE LIKE LIVING BEING- Take over the machinery of host cell on
entering and replicate itself (Reproduce)
3. FEATURE LIKE NON-LIVINGS – out side the host body, it lives as inert
crystalline structure – showed by W. M. Stanely (1935)
4. Pasteur gave the term ‘Virus’ i.e., poisonous fluid
5. D. J. Ivanowsky (1892) found out that certain microbes caused Tobacco Mosaic
Disease
STRUCTURE OF VIRUS
1. It is a NUCLEOPROTEIN i.e.-
a) Protein – CAPSID (unit CAPSOMERES) arranged in helical or
polygeometric forms
b) DNA or RNA – ss/ds
2. TYPE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL IN VIRUS –
a) Plant viruses - ssRNA
b) Bacteriophage - dsDNA
c) Animal viruses - ss/dsRNA or dsDNA
3. Diseases caused :
Mumps
Small pox
AIDS etc
VIROIDS
1. Infectious in nature - Infects plants and disturb their growth e.g. Causes potato
spindle tuber disease
2. Free RNA (lack protein coat)
3. RNA has low molecular weight
4. Discovered by T. O. Diener in 1971
LICHENS
1. SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION -
Algae + Fungi
2. ALGAL COMPONENT - PHYCOBIONT - provides food
3. FUNGAL COMPONENT - MYCOBIONT - provides shelter and absorb nutrients
for algae
4. LICHEN – “Good pollution indicator” -do not grow in polluted areas