CHAPTER 1 Sets SYST ad Vhole Nina aa eT } Sire Classification is an important strategy we use to make sense of the relationships between different types of objects. In biology, we can classify animals according to their habitats, ic. land, water, or both. In music, wwe can classify the different musical pieces according to their genres. When we classify, we put things into different groups or collections so that we can see the properties of these things and examine the relationships between these different collections. In mathematics, we use the term ‘set’ to describe a collection of well- defined and distinct objects. For example, the set of natural numbers is the collection of numbers 1, , 3, and so on. The power of sets lies in how mathematicians represent these collections using precise set language, set notations and diagrams to clarify and communicate these relationships so that we can apply some of these ideas in real-world situations, such as more effective Internet searches. Learning Outcomes What will we learn in this chapter? + What sets and Venn diagrams are + How to use set language and notations to describe relationships in a variety of contexts + How to use Venn diagrams to represent a set, the universal set, the complement ofa set, a subset, and the intersection and union of two sets, + Why sets and Venn diagrams have useful applications in real life >Ina class of 40 students, 15 students listen to electronic music, 24 students listen to rock music, and 12 students listen to neither. Find the number of students in the class who listen to both genres of music. Sets and set notations A. Sets In everyday life, we often encounter a collection of objects such as a pile of books, a bunch of keys, a team of players and school of dolphins. In English, we use different terms such as'pile, ‘bunch, ‘team’ and ‘school’ to describe different collections of objects. In mathematics, we use the term ‘set’ to describe any collection of well-defined and distinct objects. ee For example, if we let Se the set ofall the vowels of the English alphabet, we can list" By convention, we use apital what wé . letters to represent ase, eg, 5, all the members (or what we call elements) of $ in set notation like this: pore emarseey S={a,,i,0, u} the elements in aset, eg, Sometimes, the elements can be . woe ‘ in capital eters Since the letter ‘a’ is an element of S, we write: a € S, where the notation € denotes ‘is Wealso use other notations an element of” sch as € and € to represent Since the leter‘¥ is not an element ofS, we write: b € S, where the notation € denotes ensipeimaconcssand ‘is not an element of {In this chapter, we wile Since there are 5 elements belonging to S, we write: n(S) = 5, where the notation n(S) few more set notations denotes ‘the number of elements belonging to the set S. GEIST 1. Ais the set of even positive integers less than 10. (i) _Listall the elements of A in set notation. Gii)_ State whether each of the following statements is true or false. Exercise 1A er (a) 8€A (b) 7€A a) () wea (@) 0¢A 2 CHAPTER z(Gii) Using the notation € or €, describe whether each of the following numbers is an element of, or is not an element of, A. (a) 2 ) 5 @ ul @ 6 (iv) State the value of n(A). a 2. Given that B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ..., 30}, find the value of ‘The set of all positive multiples a8). mcrae ofelements ands called an inte et On the other hand B=(3,6,9, 12,15,...,30}isa nite set ch Well-defined and distinct objects in a set 1, Let Hbe the collection of all the tll students ina class. Is Ha set? Hint: A setisa collection of well-defined objects. Is H well-defined? 2. Let Tbe a collection of 2 identical pens. How should we list the elements of T? {P, P|, {P} or {P,, PF Hint: How many elements does Thave? A set is a collection of distinct objects. Are the elements of (P, P} distinct? 3. Let Sbe the set of letters used to form the word ‘CLEVER’ How should we list the elements? Hint: Are there repeated letters in the word ‘CLEVER’? In general, a set is not any collection of objects. The objects in a set must be well: defined and distinct. In Question 2 of the above Class Discussion, we cannot write T= {P, P} because the [Although the 2 pens are elements of {P, P} are not distinct. As there are 2 distinct elements belonging to the set __entcal, they re stil distinc. To understand this consider a TT (the 2 identical pens are distinct), we have to write T= {P,, P, pair of dental twins, Nadia In Question 3 of the above Class Discussion, the same letter ‘E’ is used twice when and Sit, Nadia and Sit are forming the word ‘CLEVER’ Therefore, S = {C, L, E, V, R). a ee cach of them is distinct. B. Describing a set There are a few ways to describe a set. + Describing a set in words, eg. Sis the set of posi even integers less than 10. + Listing all the elements of a set in set notation, e.g. $= (2, 4.6.8} + Describing the elements of a set in set notation, e.g. $= {x:.xis a positive even Do not write (is a positive integer less than 10}. ‘even integer less than 10) or {primes}. These are not proper We read this as “x is such that x is a positive even integer less than 10." eisai! C. Equal sets ‘Two sets A and B are equal if they contain exactly the same elements. We write A = B. For example, if A = (1,2, 3, 4) and B= {2, 4, 1,3}, then all the elements of A and of B are the same, ie. A = B, although the order of the elements of Ais different from that of B. Sete CHAPTER 3:Listing elements in set notation It is given that A = {x: x isa positive integer such that 2 (d) CHAPTER 5 |Exercise 4 List all the elements of each of the following sets in set notation. fit isan empty set, write the empty set in set notation, (a) Kisthe set of odd numbers that are multiples of. (b) L={x:xisan even prime number} (6) Mis the set of quadrilaterals with 5 vertices each. (a) N= {x:xisamonth of the year with more than 31 days} (B) Pisthe set of daysina week. (@)_Listall the elements of Pin set notation. i). Using the notation € or ¢, describe whether cach of the following is an element of, or is not an element of. (a) Tuesday (b) Sunday (©) March (@ Holiday (iii) State the value of n(P). 6 Qiis the set of perfect squares more than 1 and less than 50, () Is10€ Q? (Gi) Listall the elements of Qin set notation. (iii) State the value of n(Q). 0,2,4,6,8,...}and (Z Aeis given that (0, 2,4, 6, 8}. (i) Describe set R and set $ in words. (i) Is n(R) = n(S)? Explain, (iii) Is R= S? Explain, sets and subsets Venn diagrams, universal sets, complements of It is given that T'= {x: xisa perfect square between 10 and 15}, U= {x:.xisa positive integer less than 5 that is both a perfect square and a perfect cube}, and V= {0}. (Which sets are empty sets? Write the empty sets in set notation, (ii) Are Tand U equal sets? Explain. (Gili) Are U and V equal sets? Explain. State whether each of the following statements is true or false, fit is false, explain why. (@) cétoar (b) car € {c,a,r} © {d€toan (@) (oan Describe the elements of each of the following sets in set notation. (@) X= (2,3,5,7, 11,13, (b) (0, 4,8, 12, 16, ...} (© Z=(1,2,3,4,6, 12} (@)_ Wis the set of students in my current class who wear spectacles. State whether each of the following statements is true or false, Ifit is false, explain why. (b) O=1) (a) (0}=0 (©) (O}isan empty set. A. Venn diagrams, universal sets and complements of sets ‘We can represent a set using a Venn diagram as shown in Fig. 1.1. § al ‘A Venn diagram isa succinct visual representation of sets and their elements. Ata glance, we can see larly thatthe set A contains the elements 1, and 3, ‘but not 4 ands. 6 CHAPTER AANA1, the rectangle represents the set of all the elements that are under consideration for this particular situation, ie. (1,2, 3, 4, 5}. This is called the universal set and is denoted by the symbol & ie. § = ([Link], 5}. ‘The circle represents the set A = {1, 2, 3}. ‘We observe that the elements 4 and 5 are outside the circle but inside the rectangle, ie, 4 € A and 5 ¢ A. The set of al the elements belonging to & but not to A is called the complement of the set A, and is denoted by A’ (pronounced as‘ prime), ie. A’ = 4,5} Universal set and complement of a set Re] Conn 2 A= (x:x isa perfect square} | When drawing a Venn diagram, + do not put commas between the elements, + do not write the elements too close together, + write the elements inside the set, but label the set § and the set A outside the rectangle and circle respectively It is given that & = [x : xis an integer between 1 and 10 inclusive} and A 3 (@__List all the elements of the universal set and of the set A in set notation. (ii) Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets & and A. (iii) From the Venn diagram, list all the elements of A’ in set notation. (iv) Describe the set A’ in words. (V) State the values of n(§), n(A) and n(A’). (vi) Isn(A) + n(4") = n(€)? Explain. “Solution @ §=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10} A=(1.4,9) (ii) a 23 56 78 10 (iii) A’ = (2,3, 5,6,7, 8, 10) (9) The et A does not contain all the perfect squares because al the elements ‘under consideration for this particular situation (Le. belonging to the universal set) are only the integers between I and 10 inclusive (iy) A’ is the set of integers between 1 and 10 inclusive which are not perfect squares. (v) n(G) = 10, n(A) = 3 and n(A’) = 7 (vi) Yes. Since A and A’ contain all the elements of & and A and A’ do not contain any common elements, n(A) + n(A’) = n(€). Its given that = (x: ss an integer between Land 13 inclusive) and B= (x:xisa prime number}. Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets and B. cere (i) List all the elements of the universal set and of the set B in set notation. 1 (iii) From the Venn diagram, list all the elements of B" in set notation. (iv) Describe the set B’ in words (¥) State the values of n(§), n(B) and n(B"). (vi) Isn(B) + n(B') = n(€)? Explain. (i) Given that A = {1, 2, 3}, can we find A’ if we do not define what the universal set & is? Explain. (ii) For any set S, is it always true that n(S) + n(S') = n(€)? Explain. CHAPTER 73B. Subsets Consider the sets A = {1, 2,3, 4,5} and B= (1,2, 3}. How can we draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets A and B such that we do not repeat the common elements? Since all the elements in a set are distinct (ie. we cannot write the same element more than once), we can draw the ‘Venn diagram as shown in Fig. 1.2. ‘A Venn diagram can be used to display the relationship between, sets clearly. Ata glance, we can see that B isa subset of A because ‘Bis completely inside A. J Fig. 12 We observe that B is completely inside A, i subset of A. ‘Now, consider the sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and C= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Can we draw the set C completely inside the set A? Yes, we can draw the two sets as shown in Fig. 1.3. 4 =. Tn Fig. 13, we an ao draw A g completely inside C, 50 A is also subset of [Link] other words, if CCisa subset ofA and A is also a subset of, then A = C, every element of B is an element of 4, and B # A. We say that Bis a Fig. 1.3 Since Cis completely inside A, ie. every element of C is an element of A, then Cis also a subset of A. In this case, C = A (equal sets), unlike B+ A. We call both B and C subsets of A and we write BS Aand CCA. In addition, B is also a proper subset of A (because B + A, unlike C = A) and we write BC A, A =, Hy Youcan think of (bs) as consisting of two notations: € (proper subset) and = (equal ets). 8 CHAPTER seSubset and proper subset Itis given that X is the set of leters used to form the word ‘SINGAPORE’ and Y'is the set of letters used to form the word ‘PANS. (Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets X and Y. (ii) Is YC x? Explain. (iii) Is XY? Explain, "Solution w Y x 1G OR E (ii) Yes, Yc X because every element of Yis an element of X (i) In explaining whether one setis a proper subset of a ey another, we should use (iii) Yes, X € ¥ because there are elements in X (e.g. 1) that are adorei not elements of ¥. shown. We seldom say that ‘one set is completely inside another st. It is given that C= (1,2, 3, 4,5,6,7) and Similar and D=(1,3,5.7) crea (8) Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets C and D, (ii) Is D&C? Explain. (ii) Is CE D? Explain. 2. State whether each of the following statements is true or false. (a) {2,5} {[Link]} (b) {23,57} 17,5, 3,2} © 25}5 15.2} (@) (2,5) (2,3,5,7} 3. It is given that P = {x:.xisan integer such that 0< x= 13}, Q= (x: xisa prime number less than 13}, and xis a positive integer not more than 13}. (i) Listall the elements of P and of Qin set notation. (i) Is Qc Por PC Q Explain, (ii) List all the elements of R in set notation, (iv) Is PE Ror RE P? Explain, Understanding subset 1. Isasubset a set? 2. IfA is a proper subset of B, is A also a subset of B? 3. If Cis a subset of D, is C also a proper subset of D? 4, If Bisa subset of F, then every element of E is an element of F. Is every element of Falso an element of E? > me CHAPTER 93For each of the Venn diagrams shown in Fig. 1.4, is Pa proper subset of Q or vice versa? C20) (0) @ (b) Fig. 14 C. Listing all the subsets of a set Consider the set 5 = (1, 2}. What are all the subsets of S? Firstly, it is obvious that (1) and {2} are subsets of § as shown in Fig, 1.5(a) and (b). 8 s Ss Ss OQ empty set (@) (b) © (a) Fig. 15 In Fig. 1.5(c), we observe that we can draw a set A = {1, 2} inside the set S. Thus 1, 2} is also a subset of $, ie. S isa subset of itself. In Fig. 1.5(d), we observe that we can draw the empty set completely inside S, ‘Thus the empty set O is also a subset of S. Therefore, all the subsets of $= {1, 2} are @, {1}, {2} and {1, 2}. UicasAAonmsy List all the subsets of each of the following sets in set notation. 7 “There is no need to draw any (a) S= {7,8} © T=fb0) Ceetreeeetetesinege thesubsetsofaset Ifyou know hovr to code, write a program to count the number of subsets that can be formed from, a finite st of elements. 10 ree i