Male Reproductive Organ
External Organs
1. Penis
a. Corpus spongiosum
b. Corpus cavernosum
c. ***Sensitive tissue located distal end of the organ –glands (shaft)-- covered by
prepuce (skin) — circumcision depends on culture or religion
d. Penile artery (blood supply)
e. Parasympathetic NS (res. for penile erection; stimulation)
f. Ischiocavernosus (muscle for erection; also in clitoris–center for sexual orgasm)
2. Scrotum
a. Rugated pouch suspended=ovaries(nakalawit–conception is possible); Capable of
contraction in cold weather–closer to the body; scrotal muscle relaxes in hot
weather (sperm survival; 1 degree F lower than the body temp for survival; one is
slightly larger so that the other would slide pass and the other would follow;
reduces umpugan)
b. Epididymis
c. Testis
d. Lower portion of the spermatic cord
3. Testes
a. Encased by a white fibrous capsule;
b. Interstitial cells/Leydig cells: res. Prod. of testosterone
c. Seminiferous tubules: producer of sperm cells
i. Spermatozoa
ii. Sex
iii. Seminiferous tubules
d. Producer of sperm
Internal Organs
1. Epididymis: tightly coiled tube; delivery/conduction of sperm to testes to vas deferens;
20 ft.; 12-20 days for traveling time– 60 days to reach maturity; once matured, prod. does
not stop; millions of sperm prod. Daily; azoospermia– absence of prod. Of sperm; sperm
is not immotile or not moving– move only by tail flagella; will move traveling to vas
deferens (blood alive) (add. Hollow tube surr. arteries; carries sperm to inguinal canal to
seminal vesicles to ejaculatory duct); 5% sperm; counterpart is fall. Tube— tight
diameter; gonorrhea (tulo)-- fem asymp.
2. Bulbourethral gland: will give 5% sperm
3. Prostate gland: prod. Seminal fluid 60%; alkaline fluid, low ph urethra=8in.;
4. Ejaculatory duct: two pass thru prostate gland; joins the urethra;
5. Seminal vesicles: 30% seminal fluid prod. Here; basic sugar and protein; when
ejaculated; weakened, tired (but satisfied)
6. Rectum
7. Vas Deferens
8. Urethra
**sperm is surrounded by seminal fluid on the outside structure for motility= for reproduction
60% prostate gland
30% seminal vesicles
5% epididymis
5% bulbourethral gland
Female Reproductive Organ
External Structures
1. Mons Veneris: pad of adipose tissue located over symp. pubis (pubic bone)--fundic height
(taas ng uterus pag nagbubuntis); covered by triangle of pores, curly hair; protect the
junction of bone from trauma
2. Labia Minora: folds are pink; internal mucous membrane; external skin
3. Labia Majora: Loose connective tissue; adapt to delivery (bulging of perineum)--easy
expansion; prone to trauma; childbirth/rape
4. Vaginal vestibule: flattened surface of the vagina wherein all orifices arise
5. Orifice of urethra: opening of the bladder;
6. Orifice of the vagina: opening of the uretus
7. Skene’s gland/paraurethral gland (sides of urethra)/
7.1 Bartholin’s gland (vulvovaginal gland) :secrete fluid that equal to alkalinity of sperm; no
lubricant=vaginismus (pag pinilit) (continued contraction of the muscles of the vagina)
8. Clitoris: center for sexual arousal in women; surrounded organ of erectile tissues;
ischiocavernosus muscle;
9. Hymen: tough but semi elastic tissue; often torn during first sexual intercourse; some
women torn while virgin; due to strenuous activity (exercises)
10. Fourchette: site of episiotomy (clean cut– ragged cut (lacerations)
(midline– lesser bleeding, incision easier to repair, rapid healing ;
mediolateral cut–more bleed, [Link] –keloid, slow healing, dyspareunia–painful sex;
preferred method)
11. Perineum: muscular area; easily stretched during childbirth; exercises aimed to strengthen
muscles here; kegel exercise–6 weeks or more, cap. Of home delivery; pubococcygeal
muscle, bulbocavernosus muscle,)
Vulvar Blood Supply
1. Pudendal artery:
2. Inferior Rectus Artery
Venous return– pudendal vein (many blood supply; healing process
Vulvar Nerve Supply
1. Anterior Vulva:
a. Ilioinguinal (L-1 level)
b. Genitofermoral (L-1 level)
2. Posterior Vulva
a. Pudendal nerve (S-3 Level)
**many nerves– sensitive to touch; temperature, pain, and sensation
Episiotomy: not painful; excessive pounding of the fetal head against the perineum causes the
nerve ending for pain to deaden; after effect pain—anesthesia near the ischial spine (pudendal
nerve block–1 hr; second stage of labor w/ repair episiotory)
Female Internal Reproductive Organ
1. Ovary: gonads; produce mature and discharged ova (ovulation– size and shape of an
almond nut; kept by ligament, suspended position); can have masses, enlarged until
double in size, asymptomatic, ruptured=death) (leading cause of death= ovarian cancer)
2. Fallopian Tube: arises from each corner of uterine body; 10 cm in length in mature
women; convey ova;
a. Ampullar portion = fertilization (outer third of fallopian tube)
b. Isthmus = ligation;
***Ascending infection; open end of fallopian tube; open vagina opening
3. Uterus: cervix is part of uterus; lower pelvis; childhood=olive; cervix larger portion of
the organ; 8 yrs= increase in size; organ of menstruation and containment of product of
conception; implantation and nourishment for fetal growth; expels fetus at maturity for
women’s body; muscles= menstruation pain= prevent regurgitation of blood (blood to
fallopian tubes=endometriosis); contraction of uterus= woven muscles
a. perimetrium= connective tissue
b. myometrium= muscle fibers
c. endometrium= mucous membrane (lower part is not covered in mucous; similar to
vagina=epithelium; endocervix= m.m. lining the cervix; filled with mucus when
pregnant (mucus plug/operculum– seal against bacterial infection; true sign of
labor when expelled; bloody show/show–pinkish vaginal discharge (rupture of
capillary) UTI= [Link]; responsive during mens cycle= 700 mL mucus (estrogen
and progesterone= blood supply; support pregnancy; shed when women do not
get pregnant) *decidua when pregnant
4. Vagina: canal; cervix to vulva; intercourse, expands as birth canal; rugated, expands to
deliver the baby; c. epithelium = discharge d. Pregnancy (leukorrea=white, nothing to
worry about); rich in glycogen content (sugar); attraction of bacteria; doderlein bacilli
(lactose fermenting bacilli=acidic in nature–ph care;lactacyd overuse=candidiasis; drop
palm full of water)
Uterine Blood Supply
1. Descending abdominal aorta
2. Two iliac arteries
3. Uterine arteries
Uterine Nerve supply
1. Afferent Nerve (sensory; T11 and T12); anesthesia of pain (f. contraction)
2. Efferent Nerve (motor; T5 and T10)
Epidural Anesthesia
- Allows the mother to be aware of surroundings without feeling any pain; enables mother
to conserve energy
Uterine Support
- Suspended by several ligaments that help support the bladder and is also supported by
fascia and muscles
- If ligaments become overstretched during pregnancy, they many not support the bladder
well, and the bladder can herniate into the anterior vagina (a cystocele)
- Rectum pouches into the vaginal wall; rectocele
- Fold of the peritoneum behind the uterus forms the posterior ligament= pouch (Douglas’
cul-de-sac= ectopic pregnancy) between the rectum and uterus.
Position deviations of the uterus
1. Anteversion: uterus is tipped far forward
2. Retroversion: uterus is tipped backward
3. Anteflexion: body of uterus is bent sharply forward at the junction with the cervix
4. Retroflexion: body of uterus is bent sharply backward above cervix